The Iliad: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 16:52, 2 August 2021

Charles-Antoine Coypel, Fury of Achilles (1737)

The Iliad (a song about Ilium, or Troy) along with its companion epic the Odyssey form the foundation of ancient Greek culture and address the extremes of human experience through war and peace. Both epic are primary, or oral, epic that draw on an enormous wealth of cultural stories in unified structures that we attribute to the poet Homer, in eighth century B.C.E. The epic are written in an unsentimental style: the Iliad depicts the ambivalence of war in meticulously accurate details. Both the nightmare of war and its excitement find expression in the Iliad, just as the Odyssey’s pages quest for a home, or a peace that seems hard-won after the devastation of war.

Summary

In book one of the Iliad, we discover that because of Agamemnon’s refusal to relinquish Chryseis, Apollo has rained a plague upon the Achaean forces. Because he is eventually challenged by Achilles — who represents the wishes of the rest of the men — Agamemnon decides to claim Achilles’ prize (a girl named Briseis) to reassert his authority and put Achilles in his place for his challenge. Achilles shows cunning and restraint — qualities that are usually associated with Odysseus — in his argument with Agamemnon, while the latter rages and rails like a wounded child. Yet, when Agamemnon’s men take Briseis, Achilles, also child-like, begins to pout by his ships, cries to his mother, and refuses to play the war game anymore. This final decision precipitates the death of many Achaeans, including Achilles’ friend Patroclus. Achilles’ resulting rage ends with the death of Hector in book twenty-two, and Achilles’ own apocryphal death under the bow of Paris before the war’s end.

Themes

The Epic Theme

As the narrator states first thing: the subject of the Iliad is the rage of Achilles and the consequences of that rage for both the Achaeans and the Trojans. War effects not only the men who fight the battles, but also the women and children whose lives are then shaped by its outcome. War represents the worst and, ironically, the best of humanity: ugly brutality and terrible beauty. We both pity with Hector and sympathize with Achilles; neither side of the war holds all of our sentiments. The final outcome of the war, then, becomes truly tragic: only one culture can continue while the other is destroyed or enslaved.

The brutality of Achilles and its consequences are most evident in Book XXII of the Iliad. Achilles’ rage blinds him to anything but the death of Hector, the Trojan champion that kills Patroclus. Replete with epic similes of the hunt, book twenty-two illustrates Hector’s own reluctance to do what he sees as his duty to face Achilles, yet thinks only of himself and what his people might think if he doesn’t face the Greek killing machine (cf. ll. 108-156). Hector’s resolve is soon shaken as he sees Achilles closing, bloody rage the only thing that Achilles sees. Hector flees, but is soon tricked by Athena into stopping to face Achilles, perhaps a commentary on Hector’s need for companionship and Achilles’ desire for only personal vengeance and renown. Hector is mercilessly murdered in front of Troy’s walls, like a fawn at the jaws of a lion.

The death of Hector, then, is given a final cultural context from Hector’s widow Andromache. She now sees the demise of Troy, but personally she sees no future for their son Astyanax. The death of the father, then, is a weighty metaphor for the Trojans: the order that they secured will soon be rendered useless by the barbarity of war; the father’s death leads to the destruction of social order. This theme will be taken up in the Odyssey as well: what is the responsibility of the son for maintaining order in the absence or death of the father? As Andromache sees no future for Astyanax, life does continue even after the carnage of war, yet a new order is imposed on the losers — those who escape death. This theme of continuity is also addressed by Virgil in his Aeneid.

Is war, then, a necessary component of human life? Just because it has been historically up until this point, are we to be like Achilles who could not hear reason through his bloody thoughts: “No truce / till one or the other falls and gluts with blood” (XXII.313-14)? When do we decide that war is better than order?

Consequences of Rage

. . .

Characters

The Iliad’s participants are the nobility of both cultures, or the aristoi: “the best people.” They are the hereditary holders of wealth and power, and their decisions effect all of the culture. For example, Agamemnon’s decision to infuriate Achilles at the outset of the Iliad has lasting effects on the Greek warriors during the last weeks of the Trojan War. Like most epic, of which the Iliad is really the definitive example, the action begins in medias res, a few weeks before the end of a ten-year campaign, with all of the epic’s traditional accouterments. The Iliad poses questions, as will the Odyssey, about the nature of political order and what humans must do to maintain that vision and structure. The initial contention in the Iliad is between the Greek champion Achilles and the Greek commander Agamemnon. Who has the stronger claim to right: Agamemnon who has the hereditary position, or Achilles, the one with merit? Ultimately does it matter? When swords are drawn, reason becomes irrelevant.

Achaeans

Trojans

The Gods

External Links

. . .

General Bibliography

Ceram, C.W. Gods, Graves, and Scholars. New York: Alfred A. knopf 1967.
Graves, Robert. Greek Mythology. London: Penguin Books 1981.
Grimal, Pierre. Larousse World Mythology. New Jersey: Chartwheel Books Inc. 1973.
Lucas, Gerald R. (2000). "Homer's Iliad". G. R. Lucas. Retrieved 1 August 2021.
Willcock, Malcolm M. A Companion to the Iliad. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press 1976.

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-The ''Iliad'' (a song about Ilium, or Troy) along with its companion [[Epic Poetry|epic]] the <i>[[Odyssey]]</i> form the foundation of ancient Greek culture and address the extremes of human experience through war and peace. Both [[Epic Poetry|epic]] are primary, or oral, [[Epic Poetry|epic]] that draw on an enormous wealth of cultural stories in unified structures that we attribute to the poet [[Homer]], in eighth century B.C.E. The [[Epic Poetry|epic]] are written in an unsentimental style: the ''Iliad'' depicts the ambivalence of war in meticulously accurate details. Both the nightmare of war and its excitement find expression in the ''Iliad'', just as the <i>[[Odyssey]]</i>’s pages quest for a home, or a peace that seems hard-won after the devastation of war.
+{{DISPLAYTITLE:''The Iliad''}}
+[[File:Coypel, Charles-Antoine - Fury of Achilles - 1737.jpg|Charles-Antoine Coypel, ''Fury of Achilles'' (1737)|thumb|500px]]
+The ''Iliad'' (a song about Ilium, or Troy) along with its companion [[Epic Poetry|epic]] the ''[[Odyssey]]'' form the foundation of ancient Greek culture and address the extremes of human experience through war and peace. Both [[Epic Poetry|epic]] are primary, or oral, epic that draw on an enormous wealth of cultural stories in unified structures that we attribute to the poet [[Homer]], in eighth century B.C.E. The [[Epic Poetry|epic]] are written in an unsentimental style: the ''Iliad'' depicts the ambivalence of war in meticulously accurate details. Both the nightmare of war and its excitement find expression in the ''Iliad'', just as the ''[[Odyssey]]''’s pages quest for a home, or a peace that seems hard-won after the devastation of war.
+== Summary ==
+In book one of the ''Iliad'', we discover that because of [[Agamemnon]]’s refusal to relinquish [[Chryseis]], [[Apollo]] has rained a plague upon the Achaean forces. Because he is eventually challenged by [[Achilles]] — who represents the wishes of the rest of the men — Agamemnon decides to claim Achilles’ prize (a girl named [[Briseis]]) to reassert his authority and put Achilles in his place for his challenge. Achilles shows cunning and restraint — qualities that are usually associated with Odysseus — in his argument with Agamemnon, while the latter rages and rails like a wounded child. Yet, when Agamemnon’s men take Briseis, Achilles, also child-like, begins to pout by his ships, cries to his mother, and refuses to play the war game anymore. This final decision precipitates the death of many Achaeans, including Achilles’ friend [[Patroclus]]. Achilles’ resulting rage ends with the death of Hector in book twenty-two, and Achilles’ own apocryphal death under the bow of [[Paris]] before the war’s end.
+{{div col|colwidth=10em}}
+* [[/Book 1/]]
+* [[/Book 2/]]
+* [[/Book 3/]]
+* [[/Book 4/]]
+* [[/Book 5/]]
+* [[/Book 6/]]
+* [[/Book 7/]]
+* [[/Book 8/]]
+* [[/Book 9/]]
+* [[/Book 10/]]
+* [[/Book 11/]]
+* [[/Book 12/]]
+* [[/Book 13/]]
+* [[/Book 14/]]
+* [[/Book 15/]]
+* [[/Book 16/]]
+* [[/Book 17/]]
+* [[/Book 18/]]
+* [[/Book 19/]]
+* [[/Book 20/]]
+* [[/Book 21/]]
+* [[/Book 22/]]
+* [[/Book 23/]]
+* [[/Book 24/]]
+{{div col end}}
 ==Themes==
 ===The Epic Theme===
-As the narrator states first thing: the subject of the ''Iliad'' is the rage of [[Achilles]] and the consequences of that rage for both the Achaeans and the Trojans. War effects not only the men who fight the battles, but also the women and children whose lives are then shaped by its outcome. War represents the worst and, ironically, the best of humanity: ugly brutality and terrible beauty. We both pity with [[Hector]] and sympathize with [[Achilles]]; neither side of the war holds all of our sentiments. The final outcome of the war, then, becomes truly tragic: only one culture can continue while the other is destroyed or enslaved.
+As the narrator states first thing: the subject of the ''Iliad'' is the rage of Achilles and the consequences of that rage for both the Achaeans and the Trojans. War effects not only the men who fight the battles, but also the women and children whose lives are then shaped by its outcome. War represents the worst and, ironically, the best of humanity: ugly brutality and terrible beauty. We both pity with Hector and sympathize with Achilles; neither side of the war holds all of our sentiments. The final outcome of the war, then, becomes truly tragic: only one culture can continue while the other is destroyed or enslaved.
-The brutality of [[Achilles]] and its consequences are most evident in Book XXII of the ''Iliad''. [[Achilles]]’ rage blinds him to anything but the death of [[Hector]], the Trojan champion that kills [[Patroclus]]. Replete with [[Epic Poetry|epic]] [[simile|similes]] of the hunt, book twenty-two illustrates [[Hector]]’s own reluctance to do what he sees as his duty to face [[Achilles]], yet thinks only of himself and what his people might think if he doesn’t face the Greek killing machine (cf. ll. 108-156). [[Hector]]’s resolve is soon shaken as he sees [[Achilles]] closing, bloody rage the only thing that [[Achilles]] sees. [[Hector]] flees, but is soon tricked by [[Athena]] into stopping to face [[Achilles]], perhaps a commentary on [[Hector]]’s need for companionship and [[Achilles]]’ desire for only personal vengeance and renown. [[Hector]] is mercilessly murdered in front of Troy’s walls, like a fawn at the jaws of a lion.
+The brutality of Achilles and its consequences are most evident in Book XXII of the ''Iliad''. Achilles’ rage blinds him to anything but the death of Hector, the Trojan champion that kills [[Patroclus]]. Replete with [[Epic Poetry|epic]] [[simile|similes]] of the hunt, book twenty-two illustrates Hector’s own reluctance to do what he sees as his duty to face Achilles, yet thinks only of himself and what his people might think if he doesn’t face the Greek killing machine (cf. ll. 108-156). Hector’s resolve is soon shaken as he sees Achilles closing, bloody rage the only thing that Achilles sees. Hector flees, but is soon tricked by [[Athena]] into stopping to face Achilles, perhaps a commentary on Hector’s need for companionship and Achilles’ desire for only personal vengeance and renown. Hector is mercilessly murdered in front of Troy’s walls, like a fawn at the jaws of a lion.
-The death of [[Hector]], then, is given a final cultural context from [[Hector]]’s widow [[Andromache]]. She now sees the demise of Troy, but personally she sees no future for their son [[Astyanax]]. The death of the father, then, is a weighty metaphor for the Trojans: the order that they secured will soon be rendered useless by the barbarity of war; the father’s death leads to the destruction of social order. This theme will be taken up in the <i>[[Odyssey]]</i> as well: what is the responsibility of the son for maintaining order in the absence or death of the father? As [[Andromache]] sees no future for [[Astyanax]], life does continue even after the carnage of war, yet a new order is imposed on the losers — those who escape death. This theme of continuity is also addressed by [[Virgil]] in his <i>[[Aeneid]]</i>.
+The death of Hector, then, is given a final cultural context from Hector’s widow [[Andromache]]. She now sees the demise of Troy, but personally she sees no future for their son [[Astyanax]]. The death of the father, then, is a weighty metaphor for the Trojans: the order that they secured will soon be rendered useless by the barbarity of war; the father’s death leads to the destruction of social order. This theme will be taken up in the ''[[Odyssey]]'' as well: what is the responsibility of the son for maintaining order in the absence or death of the father? As [[Andromache]] sees no future for [[Astyanax]], life does continue even after the carnage of war, yet a new order is imposed on the losers — those who escape death. This theme of continuity is also addressed by [[Virgil]] in his ''[[Aeneid]]''.
-Is war, then, a necessary component of human life? Just because it has been historically up until this point, are we to be like [[Achilles]] who could not hear reason through his bloody thoughts: “No truce / till one or the other falls and gluts with blood” (XXII.313-14)? When do we decide that war is better than order?
+Is war, then, a necessary component of human life? Just because it has been historically up until this point, are we to be like Achilles who could not hear reason through his bloody thoughts: “No truce / till one or the other falls and gluts with blood” (XXII.313-14)? When do we decide that war is better than order?
 ===Consequences of Rage===
+. . .
-== Summary ==
-In book one of the ''Iliad'', we discover that because of [[Agamemnon]]’s refusal to relinquish Chryseis, [[Apollo]] has rained a plague upon the Achaean forces. Because he is eventually challenged by [[Achilles]] — who represents the wishes of the rest of the men — [[Agamemnon]] decides to claim Achilles’ prize (a girl named Briseis) to reassert his authority and put Achilles in his place for his challenge. Achilles shows cunning and restraint — qualities that are usually associated with [[Odysseus]] — in his argument with [[Agamemnon]], while the latter rages and rails like a wounded child. Yet, when [[Agamemnon]]’s men take Briseis, [[Achilles]], also child-like, begins to pout by his ships, cries to his mother, and refuses to play the war game anymore. This final decision precipitates the death of many Achaeans, including Achilles’ friend [[Patroclus]]. Achilles’ resulting rage ends with the death of [[Hector]] in book twenty-two, and Achilles’ own apocryphal death under the bow of [[Paris]] before the war’s end. See more in [[The Iliad Summary]].
 == Characters ==
-The ''Iliad''’s participants are the nobility of both cultures, or the ''aristoi'': “the best people.” They are the hereditary holders of wealth and power, and their decisions effect all of the culture. For example, [[Agamemnon]]’s decision to infuriate [[Achilles]] at the outset of the ''Iliad'' has lasting effects on the Greek warriors during the last weeks of the Trojan War. Like most [[Epic Poetry|epic]], of which the ''Iliad'' is really the definitive example, the action begins <i>[[in medias res]]</i>, a few weeks before the end of a ten-year campaign, with all of the [[Epic Poetry|epic]]’s traditional accouterments. The ''Iliad'' poses questions, as will the <i>[[Odyssey]]</i>, about the nature of political order and what humans must do to maintain that vision and structure. The initial contention in the ''Iliad'' is between the Greek champion [[Achilles]] and the Greek commander [[Agamemnon]]. Who has the stronger claim to right: [[Agamemnon]] who has the hereditary position, or [[Achilles]], the one with merit? Ultimately does it matter? When swords are drawn, reason becomes irrelevant.
+The ''Iliad''’s participants are the nobility of both cultures, or the ''aristoi'': “the best people.” They are the hereditary holders of wealth and power, and their decisions effect all of the culture. For example, Agamemnon’s decision to infuriate Achilles at the outset of the ''Iliad'' has lasting effects on the Greek warriors during the last weeks of the Trojan War. Like most [[Epic Poetry|epic]], of which the ''Iliad'' is really the definitive example, the action begins ''[[in medias res]]'', a few weeks before the end of a ten-year campaign, with all of the [[Epic Poetry|epic]]’s traditional accouterments. The ''Iliad'' poses questions, as will the ''[[Odyssey]]'', about the nature of political order and what humans must do to maintain that vision and structure. The initial contention in the ''Iliad'' is between the Greek champion Achilles and the Greek commander Agamemnon. Who has the stronger claim to right: Agamemnon who has the hereditary position, or Achilles, the one with merit? Ultimately does it matter? When swords are drawn, reason becomes irrelevant.
 === Achaeans ===
@@ Line 31: / Line 60: @@
 === Trojans ===
 * [[Hector]]
+* [[Andromache]]
 * [[Hecuba]]
 * [[Helen]]
@@ Line 43: / Line 73: @@
 * [[Thetis]]
 * [[Zeus]]
-* [[The Humaness of Iliad's Gods]]
+* [[The Humaness of Iliad's Gods|The Humaness of the ''Iliad''’s Gods]]
+* [[Achelous]]
-== Internal Links ==
-* [[Homer]]
-* [[The Iliad Summary]]
 == External Links ==
+. . .
-* [http://library.thinkquest.org/19300/data/homer.htm Homer’s <i>Iliad</i> and <i>Odyssey</i>]
+== General Bibliography ==
-* [http://earthshine.org/node/109 The <i>Iliad</i>: Rage and War]
+{{refbegin|indent=yes|30em}}
-* [http://earthshine.org/node/110 Hector: Family Man, but Hero First]
-* [http://earthshine.org/node/394 Fighting Beyond Their Fates]
-* [http://earthshine.org/node/111 Friendship and Two Epics]
-== Suggested Reading ==
-== Works Cited ==
 * Ceram, C.W. ''Gods, Graves, and Scholars''. New York: Alfred A. knopf 1967.
 * Graves, Robert. ''Greek Mythology''. London: Penguin Books 1981.
 * Grimal, Pierre. ''Larousse World Mythology''. New Jersey: Chartwheel Books Inc. 1973.
+* {{cite web |url=https://grlucas.net/grl/Homer%27s_Iliad |title=Homer’s ''Iliad'' |last=Lucas |first=Gerald R. |date={{date|2000}} |website=G. R. Lucas |publisher= |access-date={{date|2021-08-01}} }}
 * Willcock, Malcolm M. ''A Companion to the Iliad''. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press 1976.
+{{refend}}
+{{DEFAULTSORT:Iliad, The}}
-----
+[[Category:Epic]]
-[[Category:World Literature]]
+[[Category:BCE]]
+[[Category:Classical]]
+[[Category:Literary]]