Millennium Approaches 2.6

Summary

The scene takes place in a fancy Manhattan restaurant. Joe, Roy and a new character, Martin, are discussing politics. Roy reveals his disbarment hearings and his plans for Joe's help in the case. He wants Joe to go to Washington, take the job in the Justice Department, and intervene on his behalf. Joe is very trepiditious about such a venture; he is worried about the moral and ethical ramifications. Roy and Martin push until Joe agrees to think about it.

Notes

• Liberalism (69) - an ideology, philosophy, and political tradition which holds liberty as the primary political value.

• New Deal Socialism (69) - the name given to the series of programs implemented between 1933-37 under President Franklin D. Roosevelt with the goal of relief, recovery and reform of the United States economy during the Great Depression.

• Bolsheviks (70) - members of the Marxist Russian Social-Democratic Labour Party's Bolshevik faction. Bolsheviks had an extreme socialist and internationalist outlook, and were opponents of the Russian traditional statehood and the Russian Orthodox Church.

• "...turned St. Petersburg into Leningrad..." (70) - Roy is referring to St. Petersburg, Russia, which became known as Leningrad in 1924 in honor of the Bolshevik leader Vladimir Lenin, who led the October Revolution. It was later changed back to St. Petersburg in 1991, after the collapse of the Soviet Union.

• Marx and Engels (70) - Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels were the co-founders of Marxism and the authors of The Communist Manifesto.

• Lenin and Trotsky (70) - Vladimir Lenin and Leon Trotsky were both Bolshevik revolutionaries in Russia during the early 20th century.

• Josef Stalin and Franklin D. Roosevelt (70) - Stalin, leader of the Soviet Union from 1924 to 1953, and Roosevelt, the U.S. President from 1933 to 1945, were allies during World War II.

• New York State Bar Association (71) - Founded in Albany in November of 1871, the NYSBA is now the largest association of lawyers in the U.S., with about 72,000 members.

• Brahmin (73) - a [1] member of a certain division of the Hindu caste system.

• "ipso facto secular humanism" (73) - The phrase "ipso facto" is Latin in origin and, when used in a religious context, indicates an individual guilty of specified actions considered unlawful by a committee, resulting in removal of membership from the religious group. Secular humanism is a humanist philosophy that upholds reason, ethics, and justice and rejects rituals and ceremonies as a means to affirm their life stance.

Commentary

Religion, Judaism in particular, plays a very important role in Tony Kushner's Angels in America. Kushner himself is Jewish, even though he doesn't care much for the religion and instead calls himself a "serious agnostic" (Glenn).

Tony Kushner

One of the characters through which Judaism is represented is Roy Cohn, a divorce lawyer who has been diagnosed with AIDS. Roy is very ambitious, which is shown through his enthusiastic overuse of the telephone system in his office. He uses everything and everyone, especially the law, to his best advantage.

While Roy claims to not be a religious person, he actually just has a very different way of identifying with his Jewish faith (Glenn). He realizes that his faith, as well as his sexuality, would most likely get in the way of his political aspirations so he chooses not to fully embrace these lifestyles. "I'm about to be tried, Joe, by a jury that is not a jury of my peers. The disbarment committee: genteel gentlemen Brahmin lawyers, country-club men. I offend them, to these men ... I'm what, Martin, some sort of filthy little Jewish troll?" (72-73). He believes that his job is affected by his religion, the same way he believes it would be in jeopardy if he publicly announced that he is "homosexual" and has AIDS. As a result, he attempts to hide it all in hope that it will not threaten his political reputation.

Another Jewish character is Louis Ironson. He is also rather detached from his faith, calling himself "an intensely secular Jew" (256) and instead developing "his own philosophy of life" (Glenn). He doesn't speak any Yiddish, he didn't have a Bar Mitzvah, and he does not know the Kaddish (nor what language it's in, for that matter). He criticizes Judaism, insisting that "It should be the questions and shape of a life, its total complexity gathered, arranged, and considered, which matters in the end, not some stamp of salvation or damnation which disperses all the complexity in some unsatisfying little decision - the balancing of the scale" (44-45).

Kushner says that Louis is "the closest thing to an autobiographical character he has ever created" (Glenn). They are both homosexual Jews who are uncertain about their family's religion. Kushner also claims that his family went to a very "Reform" Jewish congregation. "We didn't know Yiddish, we didn't know Hebrew, we didn't know prayers" (Glenn).

Though Louis and Roy are very different characters, they both, like Kushner, have strayed from their Jewish roots and developed their own views on life.

Study Questions

1. Why does Roy ask Martin to rub his back?
2. Who is Roy's letter from? What does it say?
3. Why does Roy say he is being disbarred?
4. What is the actual reason for his being disbarred?
5. Why does Roy want Joe to take the job in Washington?

External Resources

• Jewish Virtual Library

Works Cited

• Glenn, Lane A.. "Angels in America." Drama for Students. Gale, 1999.
• Kushner, Tony. Angels in America. New York: Theatre Communications Group, 1995.

In Vitro Act 2 Scene 7