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What's the difference between a semicolon and a comma?: Difference between revisions
What's the difference between a semicolon and a comma? (view source)
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*after an introductory word group | *after an introductory word group | ||
*between all items in a series | *between all items in a series | ||
* | *to set off nonrestrictive elements | ||
* | *to set off transitional and parenthetical expressions, absolute phrases, and contrasted elements | ||
* | *to set off nouns of direct address, the words ''yes'' and ''no'', interrogative tags, and mild interjections | ||
* | *with expressions such as ''he said'' to set off direct quotations | ||
* | *with dates, addresses, titles, and numbers | ||
* | *to pervent confusion (Hacker 235-245). | ||
==Usuage== | ==Usuage Semicolon== | ||
= | ===Items in a Series=== | ||
==Items in a Series== | |||
The semicolon is always used instead of the comma after items in a series when these items are long or complicated (Word Book). | The semicolon is always used instead of the comma after items in a series when these items are long or complicated (Word Book). | ||
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Classic science fiction sagas are ''Star Trek'', with Mr. Spock and his large pointed ears; Battlestar Galactica, with its Cylon Raiders; and ''Star Wars'', with Han Solo, Luke Skywalker, and Darth Vader (Hacker 252). | Classic science fiction sagas are ''Star Trek'', with Mr. Spock and his large pointed ears; Battlestar Galactica, with its Cylon Raiders; and ''Star Wars'', with Han Solo, Luke Skywalker, and Darth Vader (Hacker 252). | ||
==Closely Related Independent Clauses== | ===Closely Related Independent Clauses=== | ||
A semicolon must be used whenever a coordinating conjunction has been omitted between independent clauses. To use merely a comma creates a kind of run-on sentence known as a comma splice (Hacker 251). | A semicolon must be used whenever a coordinating conjunction has been omitted between independent clauses. To use merely a comma creates a kind of run-on sentence known as a comma splice (Hacker 251). | ||
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In 1800, a traveler needed six weeks to get from New York City to Chicago; in 1860, the trip railroad took two days (Hacker 251). | In 1800, a traveler needed six weeks to get from New York City to Chicago; in 1860, the trip railroad took two days (Hacker 251). | ||
==Transitional Expressions== | ===Transitional Expressions=== | ||
When a transitional expression appears in the middle or at the end of the second independent clause, the semicolon ''goes between the clause'' (Hacker 252). | When a transitional expression appears in the middle or at the end of the second independent clause, the semicolon ''goes between the clause'' (Hacker 252). | ||
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Most singers gain fame through hard work and dedication; Evita, however, found other means (Hacker 252). | Most singers gain fame through hard work and dedication; Evita, however, found other means (Hacker 252). | ||
==Commas== | == Usage Commas== | ||
==Coordinate Adjectives== | ===Coordinate Adjectives=== | ||
When two or more adjectives each modify a noun separately, they are coordinate (Hacker 238). | When two or more adjectives each modify a noun separately, they are coordinate (Hacker 238). | ||
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Roberto is a ''warm, gentle, affectionate'' father (Hacker 238). | Roberto is a ''warm, gentle, affectionate'' father (Hacker 238). | ||
==Coordinating Conjunction== | ===Coordinating Conjunction=== | ||
When a coordinating conjunction connects two or more independent clauses- word groups that could stand alone as seperate sentences- a comma must precede it (Hacker 235). | When a coordinating conjunction connects two or more independent clauses- word groups that could stand alone as seperate sentences- a comma must precede it (Hacker 235). | ||
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Nearly everyone has heard of love at first sight, but I fell in love at first dance (Hacker 236). | Nearly everyone has heard of love at first sight, but I fell in love at first dance (Hacker 236). | ||
==Introductory Word Groups== | ===Introductory Word Groups=== | ||
The most common introductory word groups are clauses and phrases functioning as adverbs (Hacker 236). | The most common introductory word groups are clauses and phrases functioning as adverbs (Hacker 236). | ||
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When Keishawnna was ready to play kickball, her sister held the ball and started to cry. | When Keishawnna was ready to play kickball, her sister held the ball and started to cry. | ||
==Items in a Series== | ===Items in a Series=== | ||
Unless you are writing for a publication that follows another convention, seperate all items in a series- including the last two- with commas (Hacker 237). | Unless you are writing for a publication that follows another convention, seperate all items in a series- including the last two- with commas (Hacker 237). | ||
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Bubbles of air, leaves, ferns, bits of wood, and insects are often found trapped in amber (Hacker 237). | Bubbles of air, leaves, ferns, bits of wood, and insects are often found trapped in amber (Hacker 237). | ||
==Nonrestrictive Elements== | ===Nonrestrictive Elements=== | ||
Because it contains nonessential or parenthetical information, a nonrestrictive element is set off with commas (Hacker 239). | Because it contains nonessential or parenthetical information, a nonrestrictive element is set off with commas (Hacker 239). | ||
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For camp the children needed sturdy shoes, ''which were expensive'' (Hacker 239). | For camp the children needed sturdy shoes, ''which were expensive'' (Hacker 239). | ||
==Transitional and Parenthetical Expressions, Absolute Phrases,and Constrasted Elements== | ===Transitional and Parenthetical Expressions, Absolute Phrases,and Constrasted Elements=== | ||
Transitional expressions serve as bridges between sentences or parts of sentences (Hacker 242). | Transitional expressions serve as bridges between sentences or parts of sentences (Hacker 242). | ||
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Sharp constrasts beginning with words such as'' not'' and ''unlike'' are set off with commas (Hacker 243). | Sharp constrasts beginning with words such as'' not'' and ''unlike'' are set off with commas (Hacker 243). | ||
==Nouns of Direct Adress, Words'' Yes'' and ''No'', Interrogative Tags, and Mild Interjections== | ===Nouns of Direct Adress, Words'' Yes'' and ''No'', Interrogative Tags, and Mild Interjections=== | ||
Forgive us, Mr. Williams, for burning the Apple pie. | Forgive us, Mr. Williams, for burning the Apple pie. | ||
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Well, cases like these are difficult to decide (Hacker 244). | Well, cases like these are difficult to decide (Hacker 244). | ||
==Direct Quotations== | ===Direct Quotations=== | ||
"Convictions are more dangerous foes of the truth than lies," wrote philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche (Hacker 244). | "Convictions are more dangerous foes of the truth than lies," wrote philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche (Hacker 244). | ||
==Dates, Addresses, Titles, and Numbers== | ===Dates, Addresses, Titles, and Numbers=== | ||
In dates, the year is set off from the rest of the sentence with a pair of commas (Hacker 244). | In dates, the year is set off from the rest of the sentence with a pair of commas (Hacker 244). | ||
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*500,000 | *500,000 | ||
==Confusion== | ===Confusion=== | ||
Sometimes a sentence will not make sence without a comma. | Sometimes a sentence will not make sence without a comma. | ||
To err is human; to forgive, is divine (Hacker 245). | To err is human; to forgive, is divine (Hacker 245). | ||
==Links== | ==Links== | ||
*[ | *Commas vs. Semicolons in Compound Sentences [http://OWL.english.purdue.edu/handouts/print/grammar/g_commacomp.html] | ||
[[ | *Using Commas [http://OWL.english.purdue.edu/handouts/grammar/g_comma.html] | ||
*[ | *Wiki encyclopedia [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comma_%28punctuation%29] | ||
*Punctuation [http://www.aolsvc.worldbook.aol.com/wb/Article?id=ar451700] | |||
==Works Cited== | ==Works Cited== | ||
*Hacker,Diana. ''A Writer's Reference.'' 5th Ed. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's, 2003 | *Hacker,Diana. ''A Writer's Reference.'' 5th Ed. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's, 2003 | ||
*"Using Commas. | *"Commas vs. Semicolons in Compound Sentences." OWL.1995-2005 Purdue University ''Online Writing Lab''.7/13/06 | ||
<http://owl.english.purdue.edu/handouts/print/grammar/g_commacomp.html> | |||
*"Using Commas". OWL.1994-2005 Purdue University ''Online Writing Lab''.7/13/06.<http://owl.english.purdue.edu/handouts/grammar/g_comma.html> | |||
*Cooley, Marianne. "Punctuation." ''Word Book Online'' Reference Center. 2006. Word Book Inc.12 July, 2006 <http://www.aolsvc.worldbook.aol.com/wb/Article?id=ar451700> | *Cooley, Marianne. "Punctuation." ''Word Book Online'' Reference Center. 2006. Word Book Inc.12 July, 2006 <http://www.aolsvc.worldbook.aol.com/wb/Article?id=ar451700> | ||
*"Comma(Puctuation)".Wikipedia.15 July,2006.WikiMedia.''Free Online Encyclopedia''.7/13/06.<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comma_%28punctuation%29> | |||