Masculinity
Masculinity is "the quality, state, or degree of being masculine" [1]. The term is used to differentiate the male and female. Contrary to masculine are terms such as emasculate or feminine. A synonymous term for masculine is virile. There are many contexts to which the notion of the masculine male refers. For example, Shakespeare, in many of his plays, depicts societies in which his male characters are deemed as hegemonic.
Examples of Masculinity in Shakespeare
William Shakespeare is perhaps the most recognized and influential writer to have ever existed. One of his writing trademarks, so to speak, is his employment of the motif of masculinity in many of his plays. For example, he differentiates the gender roles or qualities of his male and female characters by either showing the large disparity between the two genders or presenting moments where his male characters are emasculated such as his King Lear. An exemplary moment of Lear's emasculation is when he is taunted by The Fool and he says "O, how this mother swells up toward my heart!/ Histerica passio down, thou climbing sorrow;/ Thy element's below," which is read by Bruce R. Smith, in his book 'Shakespeare and Masculinity, as Lear's division of his upper and lower body, meaning that Lear sees his upper body as a representation of "reason" and logic, and his lower body as passion[2]. Smith goes on to say that Lear sees the division of his upper and lower body to be gendered: "the heart that he calls 'mine' is threatened by 'this mother' from below. Lear's loss of reason...can be seen...as the triumph of this female passion within, a loss of both [ patriarchy] and masculine identity."