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Surrealism: Difference between revisions
npov thrived > continued through, leading character > major participant, famous > + references to popularity of Picasso and Dali; added citations; + details about Guillaume Apollinaire and André Breton and who was credited with the term 'surrealism'; added headers; ced intro; fixed citation format
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(npov thrived > continued through, leading character > major participant, famous > + references to popularity of Picasso and Dali; added citations; + details about Guillaume Apollinaire and André Breton and who was credited with the term 'surrealism'; added headers; ced intro; fixed citation format) |
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[[Image:Persistence_of_Memory.jpg|thumb|right|"Persistence of Memory" by Salvador Dali (1931)]] | [[Image:Persistence_of_Memory.jpg|thumb|right|"Persistence of Memory" by Salvador Dali (1931)]] '''Surrealism''' was a movement in literature and visual art that started in France in the second decade of the twentieth century and continued through the inter-war period. It originated from [[Dadaism]], a movement that began during the First World War that created anti-art and negated reasoning. Surrealism took a different path from its precursor, using the new "'positive' ideas which were to implement the purely negative and destructive outlook of Dadaism."<ref>{{cite book |last=Samuel |first=R.H. |date=1973 |chapter=Surrealism |title=Cassell’s Encyclopedia of World Literature |volume=1 |page=537}}</ref> | ||
The term | The creation of the term ‘surrealism’ is credited to [[Guillaume Apollinaire]] in 1917,<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.thecollector.com/guillaume-apollinaire-surrealism-french-poet/ | title = Guillaume Apollinaire: Cubist, Orphist, Surrealist | last = Ellison | first = Thomas | date = Aug 19, 2021 | website = TheCollector | publisher = TheCollector | access-date = Nov 7, 2023 }}</ref> but ‘surrealism’ was defined by [[André Breton]], a former Dadaist, in his ''[https://www2.hawaii.edu/~freeman/courses/phil330/MANIFESTO%20OF%20SURREALISM.pdf Manifesto of Surrealism]'' in 1924.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://magazine.artland.com/art-movement-surrealism/ | title = Guillaume Art Movement: Surrealism | last = Wolfe | first = Shira | website = Artland Magazine | publisher = Artland | access-date = Nov 7, 2023 }}</ref> He defined this new movement as: “Psychic automatism in its pure state, by which one proposes to express -- verbally, by means of the written word, or in any other manner -- the actual functioning of thought. Dictated by the thought, in the absence of any control exercised by reason, exempt from any aesthetic or moral concern.” | ||
Surrealism was based on a belief that the world of the unconscious mind, where dreams and fantasies resided, is much better than the world of the conscious mind dictated by logic and reason. | Surrealism was based on a belief that the world of the unconscious mind, where dreams and fantasies resided, is much better than the world of the conscious mind dictated by logic and reason. {{Citation needed}} | ||
In literature, | ==Surrealism in Literature== | ||
In literature, a major participant was André Breton, who defined surrealism not as a "poetic form," but a "machine" that recorded thoughts.{{sfn|Samuel|1973}} There were no aesthetic or moral boundaries that limited writers because it was spontaneity that was important. Therefore, in pursuit of spontaneity, many writers often applied the theories of [[Sigmund Freud]] and wrote in hypnoses.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.apollo-magazine.com/surrealism-andre-breton/ | title = The violence and creativity of André Breton’s Surrealism | |||
| last = Polizzotti | first = Mark | date = April 5, 2022 | website = Apollo the International Art Magazine | publisher = Apollo | access-date = Nov 7, 2023 }}</ref> Other writers representing surrealism were [[Paul Éluard]], [[Jean Cocteau]], Guillaume Apollinaire, and [[Louis Aragon]]. | |||
In paintings, surrealists tried to capture the dreams and fantasies and then reproduce them in forms available to the conscious mind | ==Surrealism in Visual Arts== | ||
In paintings, surrealists tried to capture the dreams and fantasies and then reproduce them in forms available to the conscious mind.<ref>{{cite book |last= Cuddon |first= J.A. |date=1991 |chapter=Surrealism |title= A Dictionary of Literary Terms and Literary Theory |edition=3rd |page=936}}</ref> Thus, strange objects with abnormal shapes, colors, and proportions were very common in paintings. They combined two realities together and made a ‘super-reality’ or surrealism. Among painters of surrealism there were Joan Miró, Max Ernst, [http://www.picasso.fr/anglais/ Pablo Picasso], and [http://www.dali-gallery.com/html/dali.php Salvador Dali]. At his death, Pablo Picasso had created around 45,000 pieces of artwork, and in 1980 his estate was appraised to be worth $250 million though experts believe it to be worth billions.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.vanityfair.com/culture/2016/03/picasso-multi-billion-dollar-empire-battle | title = The Battle for Picasso’s Multi-Billion-Dollar Empire | last = Esterow | first = Milton | date = March 7, 2016 | website = Vanity Fair | publisher = Vanity Fair | access-date = Nov 7, 2023 }}</ref> Salvador Dali has two museums devoted to his work: the [https://www.salvador-dali.org/en/museums/dali-theatre-museum-in-figueres/ Dali Theatre-Museum] and the [https://thedali.org/ Salvador Dali Museum]. | |||
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[[Literary Terms]] | [[Literary Terms]] | ||
== | ==References== | ||
===Citations=== | |||
{{Reflist}} | |||
[[Category:Literary Terms]][[Category:World Literature]] | [[Category:Literary Terms]][[Category:World Literature]] | ||