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Technical Writing in the Digital Age

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Technical Writing in the Digital Age represents the dynamic and evolving discipline of creating written materials that convey complex information, instructions, and technical concepts in the context of contemporary digital technologies.[1] Its purview encompasses the creation, dissemination, and management of technical documents and content within an expansive digital landscape.

Major considerations within this domain revolve around adapting traditional principles of rhetoric to digital platforms, ensuring effective communication in an era defined by rapid technological advancements. Key factors include integrating multimedia elements, user-centered design principles, and ethical considerations like accessibility and inclusivity.[2] This discipline also extends to collaborative writing processes and version control systems, acknowledging the necessity of teamwork in producing accurate and up-to-date technical documentation. The use of multi-modality and the interfacing of multiple media platforms and sources also plays a role in digital technical writing.[3] In essence, technical writing in the digital age encapsulates the art and science of conveying technical information in a manner that is comprehensible and accessible to diverse audiences in our digitally driven society. [4]

Overview

Types of Technical Communication

Common types of technical communication include instructions, user guides, reports, proposals, memos, and procedures. [5] [6]

Aims of Technical Communication

As much as technical communication is a discipline in and of itself, it also exists within many other disciplines. Examples of technical communication communities can be found among such fields as varied as education, business, and science. Technical documentation within any domain typically embodies a similar aim: to help its audience act toward some sort of task or goal. [7]

Characteristics of Technical Communication

Because technical communication is intended to guide an audience, it must be assembled in such a way that it is very easily understood. Successful technical documentation is accurate, logically sound, and appropriate. [8] Communication can be said to be accurate in two different understandings: accurate in description and accurate in content. Accurate descriptions are easy to understand. Accurate content provides for the intended result. Communication that is delivered logically is well-organized and clear and can be approached in a manner that will be coherent for most users. Technical information that is appropriate contains elements and steps that are suitable for the intended purpose and audience.

Features of Technical Communication

There are many features of technical communication which lead to it being accurate, sound, and appropriate. [9]

Accuracy

Standards Compliant

Many technical fields have industry specific regulations and guidelines which are determined by governing bodies and that also have an impact on their technical communication.

Detailed

Accurate information that is delivered with precision and specificity is essential to providing communication that is unambiguous and free of inconsistencies.

Objective

Objective communication is presented in an unbiased and impartial manner and is free of personal opinions. It relies upon facts and evidence and avoids an overly emotional tone.

Concise

Good technical communication expresses meaning in a way that is straightforward and that avoids redundant words or excessive explanations. It is easy to both absorb and process.

Clear

Clear language is organized logically, is not unnecessarily involved, and is easily understood by the target audience. It will avoid needless jargon and complexity.

Soundness

Format

Technical documents should be formatted in a way that is consistent with the norms and standards of applicable professional fields. Additionally, formatting should adhere to guidelines which enhance usability.

Visuals

Technical communication utilizes visuals strategically to facilitate understanding of textual content. When presented properly, they can elucidate difficult concepts and make material accessible to a more diverse audience.

Appropriateness

Audience-specific

Where possible, technical communication should be customized to align with the knowledge and needs of its audience.

Historical Context

Technical Writing Profession

Joseph P. Chapline is considered to be one of the first technical writers, having written in 1949 the first ever user manual for the Binary Automatic Computer (BINAC), an early personal computer.[10] In the 1950s, technical writing as a distinct profession began to take shape when technical writers founded formal organizations, academic programs, and conferences dedicated to the art. One of these key writing associations was the Association of Technical Writers and Editors, also formed in the 1950s. Several of these groups eventually merged, forming the Society of Technical Communication in 1960.[11]

Digital Technologies and Technical Writing

With the rise of digital technology, technical writing has had to adapt to the needs of a digital era. The predominant impact of this revolution was that it made technical communication more accessible by increasing the breadth of its viewers. The world-wide web is public, and thus, it can be accessed by anyone with access to the internet.

Online word processors such as Google Docs and SharePoint allow documents to be easily disseminated. Comment capability allows audience members to interact with one another as well as with the document author. Hypertext permits online authors to link the works of various others to their personal websites and vice versa. In all, technical documentation posted online can grow a considerable audience over time. However, many aspects of effective technical writing, such as clarity, conciseness, completeness, and correctness, still need to be applied to technical writing created for digital interfaces. [12]

Personas in Digital Writing

Personas in the context of digital writing refer to semi-fictional characters that encapsulate the characteristics, behaviors, and needs of target audience segments.[13]

Rhetorical Strategies in the Digital Age

Rhetoric is a communication strategy whose primary goal is to persuade an audience. It is grounded in three foundational concepts first defined by the Greek philosopher Aristotle. These concepts are logos, which engages with the reader’s sense of logic or reason; pathos, which appeals to the reader’s emotions; and ethos, which addresses the audience’s values and the writer’s credibility. Within this framework, writers utilize specific techniques or devices to influence and engage readers. Examples include appealing to an audience’s sense of logic by using factual examples to support a point or evoking emotion through descriptive visual language. [14]

In today’s digital age, writers can use digital technologies as rhetorical devices to influence the reader. Electronic images and informational graphics can be incorporated into digital and online documents to illustrate or reinforce points made in the text.[1] Hyperlinks can be used to provide additional information that supports the author's ideas. Nevertheless, the writer's basic task of informing and persuading an audience is the same in digital communication as in other forms of writing.[15]

Rhetorical analysis involves analyzing the demographics and habits of an intended audience. The information gathered allows writers to craft messages that appeal to the target audience. In the digital age, websites and social media platforms convey rhetorical messages. [16]

Digital Documentation

Digital documentation is the conversion of physical documents into digital files, enabling easier access, retrieval, and sharing of information. It includes features like searchability, version control, and security measures to ensure data integrity and confidentiality.[17]

==Search Engine Optimization (SEO) and Technical Writing in the Digital Age SEO refers to the practice of optimizing online content to enhance its visibility and ranking on search engine results pages (SERPs), making it a crucial skill for digital writers. [18]

Characteristics of Digital Documents

Accessibility

Website content should be designed in accordance with Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) to ensure that individuals with disabilities are able to access the same information as those without disabilities.[19] It is a legal requirement to include accessibility features in website design.[20] There are four different types of impairment that can affect how a user interacts and perceives digital documents: vision, mobility, auditory, and cognitive.[21]Digital documents will need to be optimized so that information can be accessed by hardware and software tools used by people with disabilities.[22]

Readability

Digital documents rely on the "Seven Cs" of precise writing to be effective and increase readability. Forms of technical writing must have readability. Readability is a term used to determine whether the content has clarity, conciseness and courtesy.[23] The other four Cs are coherent, concrete, correct and complete.[24]

Scannability

A document's scannability is determined by the ease in which it can be scanned to determine meaning. Readers often scan pages for words and phrases that align with their task or interests, as well as for trigger words that are deeply ingrained.[25]The most effective web content is concise and simple to scan, making it easy for users to find the important information. Breaking up text into interesting, easy-to-read sections helps users quickly find information. [26]

Hyperlinking

Hyperlinking is a quick and efficient method for directing readers to relevant information in digital documents, facilitating seamless navigation between sections, references, and external resources.[27]

Multimedia

Digital documents can incorporate multimedia elements like images, audio, video, and interactive content, enhancing engagement through visual and auditory elements. Multiple media formats work best when sharing new, complicated ideas.[28]

Examples of Digital Documents

In technical and professional writing, digital documentation takes various forms. These methods streamline the sharing of technical information, enhance collaboration, and ensure easy accessibility within professional settings, contributing to efficient communication and knowledge dissemination.

Infographics

Infographics, shared as digital documents, typically combine text, graphics, and illustrations to convey complex concepts or data in a concise and visually appealing format. Infographics are often used to simplify information, making it more accessible to a broader audience, and are found in presentations, reports, websites, and educational materials. [29]

Presentations

Presentations created with PowerPoint or Google Slides are vital for professional communication and knowledge sharing. They condense complex information into visually appealing slides for effective presentations by using photos, videos, graphics, charts, and graphs. [30]

User Experience

User experience is how a product works from the perspective of the user. Digital documents can be created with efficient user experiences by focusing on user-centered design and designing the document with the user in mind. [31]

Collaboration and Version Control

Collaboration

One form of collaborative technical writing is a wiki, which is a "Web site developed collaboratively by a community of users, allowing any user to add and edit content."[32]

One of the predominant elements of a wiki is that it is defined as being open source. As a result, anyone can modify it.

Version Control

Version control is a characteristic of digital documents that allows for the tracking of edits and revisions to digital documents. In collaborative writing, version control helps maintain the document with accountability and transparency.[33]

Ethical Considerations

Technical communicators have ethical standards to which they must abide. The standards are divided into three primary categories. They are the employer, the public, and the environment.[34]

Obligations to one's employer include competence and diligence, honesty and candor, confidentiality, and loyalty.[34] The technical communicator must adhere to these obligations so that he/she does not harm the reputation or operation of the employer.

Organizations are obligated to treat customers fairly. Technical communicators must convey that the products or services an organization sells are safe and effective.[34]

Technical communicators may occasionally work for an organization with strict privacy policies that prohibit they from using the documents they create outside of the organization. It is important for ethical communicators to follow the privacy policy for their organization because unauthorized release of information could lead to consequences up to an including termination.[35]

Technical communicators have an obligation to the environment. This obligation includes alerting their supervisors, managers, and executive leadership to products or processes that are detrimental to the environment. Disposal of hazardous waste is far more costly than dumping it. Organizations could be tempted to skirt the legal procedures.[34] One would hope that the penalty of 5 years and/or up to $50,000 per day for knowingly disposing of hazardous waste in a way contrary to U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's regulations would be a sufficient deterrent. "Criminal Provisions of the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act", United States Environmental Protection Agency, retrieved November 6, 2023

In technical workplaces, resolving ethical dilemmas will be part of one's job. Resources, time, and reputations are at stake, so one will feel pressure to overpromise, underdeliver, bend the rules, cook the numbers, or exaggerate results. Technical fields are also highly competitive, so people sometimes stretch a little further than they should. Ethical dilemmas can force one into situations in which all choices seem unsatisfactory[36].

The Society for Technical Communication (STC) is the world's oldest professional association dedicated to advancing the field of technical communication.[37] The STC promotes adherence to a list of ethical principles. They are legality, honesty, confidentiality, quality, fairness, and professionalism.[38]

Technical communicators also have to be careful to avoid plagiarism, or taking ideas, thoughts, or words from someone else and passing them off as ones own.[39]

Disinformation

One major ethical concern in all forms of writing, but especially in digital writing, is the creation and spread of disinformation. Disinformation, often referred to as "fake news," is information that is purposefully spread as false or misleading and is a sub-type of misinformation.[40] Modern communication technologies allow for the spread of information to occur at a fast pace. Social media is one area where the spread of disinformation occurs regularly. Some social media sites, such as Facebook, have begun to flag certain articles posted on the site as being questionable in their representation of facts or occurrences. Despite the widespread understanding and use of disinformation available today, digital writers need to be aware of their intent and the audience's needs and wants from their digital communication.[41] Ethical considerations regarding citing sources, cross-referencing information, and using primary sources are good practices for maintaining ethical standing and credibility as a digital writer.

To help mitigate the problem of disinformation, technical writers should utilize gatekeepers. These individuals verify the accuracy of the information before it is distributed to primary readers. This helps protect the author from any ethical and/or legal issues.[35]

Pedagogical Approaches

Barriers to teaching technical communications include the speed at which digital tools evolve and the complexity of software. [42]

Informal writing, such as some emailing, instant messaging, and texting, has crept into academic writing. In a study conducted by the Pew Internet & America Life Project, almost half of the respondents admitted to omitting proper punctuation and capitalization. Others even used emoticons. Colleges and universities now must focus on educating students on the different forms of written communication and when best to employ them.[39]

Future Trends and Challenges

Future Trends

Between 2022 and 2032, the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics is projecting a 7% job growth for technical writers. [43]

Challenges

Among others, a prominent barrier to technical writers is the dependency on input information accuracy. Outdated, incorrect, or inconsistent data delays the publication, requires more reparative efforts, and decreases productivity. [44] Also, Technical writers often have to contend with complex, outdated or unsuitable tools. This can make their job more difficult and time-consuming, and can lead to frustration and errors.[45]

Artificial Intelligence

Artificial intelligence programs, utilizing natural language processing, are capable of producing technical writing and have advanced in recent years becoming more adept.[46] One such program is ChatGPT, which uses machine learning to produce texts with human-like style and tone. [47] Another leader in this area, Contentbot, uses a WordPress plugin which gives blog writers ideas to enhance their posts which are shared via email. [48]

Plagiarism

Because of the ability of chatbots to imitate human-like language, some education administrators have taken precautions to minimize the occurrence of students passing off artificially generated texts as their own. In some instances, educators have taken the view that material drawn from artificial intelligence software must be handled in the same way as sources from human authors. [49] In such cases, students who incorporate artificially generated text into their work have been made to denote credit for the artificial intelligence program utilized.

Credit

The advent of chatbots has complicated the issue of credit where creative work is concerned. Because chatbots can simulate human speech, their ability to create cinematic dialogues and other types of creative writing have threatened the credits and financial condition of professional writers. According to an article by Aaron Mok and Jacob Zinkula on Business Insider, writing jobs are among the top 10 roles that AI is most likely to replace. [50]

References

Citations

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Markel, Mike, and Selber, Stuart. (2021). Technical Communication (13th ed). Boston/New York. Bedford/St. Martin's: 182-186. ISBN: 978-1-319-30769-1
  2. ↑ Carroll, Brian, (2010). Writing for Digital Media. New York: Routledge.
  3. ↑ Lucas, Gerald-R (September 19, 2023). "multimodal-approaches-in-technical-writing". Gerald-R-Lucas. ghost. Retrieved October 30, 2023.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  4. ↑ Lucas, Gerald-R (September 14, 2023). "Defining Technical Writing". Gerald-R-Lucas. ghost. Retrieved November 7, 2023.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  5. ↑ Lannon, John; Gurak, Laura (2022). Technical Communication (15th ed.). Essex, United Kingdom: Pearson Education Limited. p. 30. ISBN 1-292-36359-2.
  6. ↑ Mussack, Brigitte. (2021). Introduction to Technical and Professional Communication: Technical Communication through a Social Justice Lens. Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial, 2021. n.p.
  7. ↑ Markel, M (2007). Technical communication, 8th ed. Boston: Beford/St. Martin’s, p. 5.
  8. ↑ Perelman, Leslie, et al. The Mayfield Handbook of Technical and Scientific Writing. 1998, ci.nii.ac.jp/ncid/BA73264379?l=en.
  9. ↑ smirti. “Features of Technical Communication.” Management Note, 27 Feb. 2022, www.managementnote.com/features-of-technical-communication. Accessed 3 Nov. 2023.
  10. ↑ Malone, Ed (2008). "Joseph D. Chapline: Technical Communication's Mozart" (PDF). IEEE Professional Communication Society Newsletter. Retrieved October 31, 2023..
  11. ↑ Edward, Malone (November 2011). "The First Wave (1953–1961) of the Professionalization Movement in Technical Communication" (PDF). Technical Communication. 58 (4): 285–306. Retrieved October 11, 2023.
  12. ↑ Carroll 2010, p. 24.
  13. ↑ https://grlucas.net/grl/CompFAQ/Digital_Writing/Personas
  14. ↑ Gagich, Melanie (n.d.). "Rhetorical Appeals: Logos, Pathos, and Ethos Defined". Writing Arguments in Stem. Digital Commons. pp. 34–37.
  15. ↑ Devos, Danielle (2010). Because Digital Writing Matters: Improving Student Writing in Online and Multimedia Environments. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. p. 105. ISBN 9780470892237.
  16. ↑ Lawrence, Dan (2022). Digital Writing. Peterborough, Ontario, Canada: Broadview Press. p. 6-14. ISBN 9781770488229.
  17. ↑ Lucas 2014.
  18. ↑ https://grlucas.net/grl/CompFAQ/Digital_Writing/SEO
  19. ↑ WAI 2022.
  20. ↑ WAI.
  21. ↑ Robbins 2018, p. 42.
  22. ↑ Barr 2010, p. 103-104.
  23. ↑ Zeleznik, J. M., Burnett, R. E., & Benson, P. J. (1999). Technical Writing : What It Is and How to Do It. National Book Network. p. 207.
  24. ↑ Last, Suzan (2019). Technical Writing Essentials. Victoria, B.C. University of Victoria. ISBN: 9781550586657 https://pressbooks.bccampus.ca/technicalwriting/chapter/communicatingprecision/
  25. ↑ Krug 2014, p. 23.
  26. ↑ Barr 2010, p. 103.
  27. ↑ Carroll 2010, p. 79.
  28. ↑ Carroll 2010, p. 36.
  29. ↑ Lannon, John M.; Gurak, Laura J. (2020). Technical Communication Fifteenth Edition. United States: Pearson. pp. 292–293. ISBN 978-0-13-520322-4.
  30. ↑ Parkinson, Mike (2018). A Trainer’s Guide to PowerPoint: Best Practices for Master Presenters. United States: Association for Talent Development. pp. Chapter 4. PowerPoint Tips, Tricks, and Secrets.
  31. ↑ Garrett, Jesse James (2011). The Elements of User Experience: User-Centered Design for the Web and Beyond (2nd ed.). Berkeley, CA: New Riders. p. 17.
  32. ↑ Lucas, Gerald (May 18, 2021). "writing on a wiki". Gerald-R-Lucas. MediaWiki. Retrieved October 31, 2023. Web site developed collaboratively by a community of users, allowing any user to add and edit content.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  33. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :2
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 34.2 34.3 Markel, Mike. Technical Communication. 9th ed., Bedford/St. Martin’s, Boston, 2009. p.22-25.
  35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 "Ethics" Balzotti, Jon (2022). Technical Communication: A Design-Centric Approach. New York. Routledge. p. 83. ISBN 978-1-003-00606-0
  36. ↑ Johnson-Sheehan, Richard. “Managing Ethical Challenges.” Technical Communication Today, 6th ed., Pearson, Boston, MA, 2018, pp. 71–84.
  37. ↑ “About STC.” Society for Technical Communication, 19 May 2021, www.stc.org/about-stc/ Retrieved October 27, 2023.
  38. ↑ “Ethical Principles.” Society for Technical Communication, 20 May 2021, www.stc.org/about-stc/ethical-principles/ Retrieved October 27, 2023.
  39. ↑ 39.0 39.1 Carroll, Brian. Writing for Digital Media. Routledge, New York, 2010. p. 280.
  40. ↑ Lawrence, Dan. (2022). Digital Writing: A Guide to Writing for Social Media and the Web. Broadview Press.
  41. ↑ Lucas, Gerald. (September 13, 2023). "Audience-Centric Style in Digital Writing" in From Reading to Writing: A Composition FAQ Textbook. Retrieved October 22, 2023. https://grlucas.net/grl/CompFAQ/Digital_Writing/Style
  42. ↑ Hovde, Marjorie; Renguette, Corinne (2017). "Technological Literacy: A Framework for Teaching Technical Communication Software Tools". Technical Communication Quarterly. 26: 395–411. doi:10.1080/10572252.2017.1385998.
  43. ↑ "Occupational Outlook Handbook". Bureau of Labor Statistics. September 6, 2023. Retrieved November 7, 2023.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  44. ↑ Common problems in technical writing and how to resolve them (componize.com)
  45. ↑ [1]
  46. ↑ Marr, Bernard (January 23, 2023). "How ChatGPT And Natural Language Technology Might Affect Your Job If You Are A Computer Programmer". Forbes. Retrieved October 31, 2023.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  47. ↑ "Chat GPT: What is it?". University of Central Arkansas. Retrieved October 9, 2023.
  48. ↑ Siddiqui, Zafar (January 2022). "Will Best Artificial Intelligence Take Over any Technical Content Writer?" The Writing Cooperative. https://writingcooperative.com/intricacies-of-ai-tools-can-ai-tools-take-over-the-jobs-of-technical-writers-af36836f625c
  49. ↑ Klein, Alyson. “ChatGPT Cheating: What to Do When It Happens.” Education Week (Bethesda, MD), 21 Feb. 2023. EBSCOhost, search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=ip,shib&db=pwh&AN=2W64116997758&site=eds-live&scope=site.
  50. ↑ Mok, Aaron, and Jacob Zinkula. “ChatGPT May Be Coming for Our Jobs. Here Are the 10 Roles That AI Is Most Likely to Replace.” Business Insider, 4 Sept. 2023, www.businessinsider.com/chatgpt-jobs-at-risk-replacement-artificial-intelligence-ai-labor-trends-2023-02.

Bibliography

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