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Iona and the Book of Kells

2006-09-28T20:12:04Z

Sperlman:

= '''Iona and the Book of Kells''' =

== '''Influences''' ==

Pictish and Northumbrian elements can be seen in the stone sculptures and other relics in Iona, but the role of Irish influence is not certain. The ringed cross, which can be seen on rectangular Pictish cross slabs, is a form that is also used by the Irish sculptors of the Ahenny group, and by Iona sculptors as well. There are two conflicting theories for this. First of these is that some believe that the ringed cross originated in Pictland, and erected on Iona by imported Pictish craftsmen, and “decorated with the Pictish snake and boss patterns also used on the carvings at Nigg and the St Andrews sarcophagus. Then the Ahenny group copied the style in their workshops. The second theory is that the Ahenny bosses inspired Iona’s.

== '''Placement of Bosses''' ==

'''Ahenny''':
The bosses are at the junction of ring and arm or shaft, suggesting a functional role.

'''Pictish''':
The bosses are in places in a decorative manner. Animals play an important role.

'''Iona''':
The bosses are in places so that they serve in both a decorative manner as well as functional, but not at precise points of intersection with the arms. Animals do not play an important role.

== '''Iona Crosses and Other Relics'''==

[[Image:oc3.jpg]]
'''St. Oran’s cross:'''

[[Image:SJeast.jpg]]
'''St John’s cross:'''

[[Image:cross-kildalton9.jpg]]
'''Kildalton cross:'''

[[Image:keils.jpg]]
'''Keills cross:'''

'''St. Germain mounts:'''

[[Image:gallen.jpg]]
'''Gallen Priory (slab):'''

[[Image:SMAReast.jpg]]
'''St. Martin’s Cross:'''

[[Image:mathkells.jpg]]
'''Book of Kells:'''

=== '''Animals and Their Meaning''' ===

Iona and the Book of Kells

2006-09-28T20:06:40Z

Sperlman:

= '''Iona and the Book of Kells''' =

== '''Influences''' ==

Pictish and Northumbrian elements can be seen in the stone sculptures and other relics in Iona, but the role of Irish influence is not certain. The ringed cross, which can be seen on rectangular Pictish cross slabs, is a form that is also used by the Irish sculptors of the Ahenny group, and by Iona sculptors as well. There are two conflicting theories for this. First of these is that some believe that the ringed cross originated in Pictland, and erected on Iona by imported Pictish craftsmen, and “decorated with the Pictish snake and boss patterns also used on the carvings at Nigg and the St Andrews sarcophagus. Then the Ahenny group copied the style in their workshops. The second theory is that the Ahenny bosses inspired Iona’s.

== '''Placement of Bosses''' ==

'''Ahenny''':
The bosses are at the junction of ring and arm or shaft, suggesting a functional role.

'''Pictish''':
The bosses are in places in a decorative manner. Animals play an important role.

'''Iona''':
The bosses are in places so that they serve in both a decorative manner as well as functional, but not at precise points of intersection with the arms. Animals do not play an important role.

== '''Iona Crosses and Other Relics'''==

[[Image:oc3.jpg]]
'''[St. Oran’s cross]:'''

[[Image:SJeast.jpg]]
'''[St John’s cross]:'''

[[Image:cross-kildalton9.jpg]]
'''Kildalton cross:'''

[[Image:keils.jpg]]
'''Keills cross:'''

'''St. Germain mounts:'''

[[Image:gallen.jpg]]
'''Gallen Priory (slab):'''

[[Image:SMAReast.jpg]]
'''[St. Martin’s Cross]:'''

[[Image:mathkells.jpg]]
'''Book of Kells:'''

=== '''Animals and Their Meaning''' ===

Iona and the Book of Kells

2006-09-28T20:02:30Z

Sperlman:

File:Mathkells.jpg

2006-09-28T19:52:37Z

Sperlman:

File:Keils.jpg

2006-09-28T19:52:02Z

Sperlman:

Iona and the Book of Kells

2006-09-28T19:47:38Z

Sperlman:

File:SMAReast.jpg

2006-09-28T19:45:39Z

Sperlman:

File:Gallen.jpg

2006-09-28T19:45:21Z

Sperlman:

File:Cross-kildalton9.jpg

2006-09-28T19:44:08Z

Sperlman: Kildalton cross

Kildalton cross

File:SJeast.jpg

2006-09-28T19:43:27Z

Sperlman: East side of St. John's Cross

East side of St. John's Cross

Iona and the Book of Kells

2006-09-28T19:42:14Z

Sperlman:

= '''Iona and the Book of Kells''' =

== '''Influences''' ==

Pictish and Northumbrian elements can be seen in the stone sculptures and other relics in Iona, but the role of Irish influence is not certain. The ringed cross, which can be seen on rectangular Pictish cross slabs, is a form that is also used by the Irish sculptors of the Ahenny group, and by Iona sculptors as well. There are two conflicting theories for this. First of these is that some believe that the ringed cross originated in Pictland, and erected on Iona by imported Pictish craftsmen, and “decorated with the Pictish snake and boss patterns also used on the carvings at Nigg and the St Andrews sarcophagus. Then the Ahenny group copied the style in their workshops. The second theory is that the Ahenny bosses inspired Iona’s.

== '''Placement of Bosses''' ==

'''Ahenny''':
The bosses are at the junction of ring and arm or shaft, suggesting a functional role.

'''Pictish''':
The bosses are in places in a decorative manner. Animals play an important role.

'''Iona''':
The bosses are in places so that they serve in both a decorative manner as well as functional, but not at precise points of intersection with the arms. Animals do not play an important role.

== '''Iona Crosses and Other Relics'''==

[[Image:oc3.jpg]]
'''St. Oran’s cross:'''

[[Image:SJeast.jpg]]
'''St John’s cross:'''

[[Image:cross-kildalton9.jpg]]
'''Kildalton cross:'''

[[Image:mathkells.jpg]]
'''Keills cross:'''

'''St. Germain mounts:'''

[[Image:gallen.jpg]]
'''Gallen Priory (slab):'''

[[Image:SMAReast.jpg]]
'''St. Martin’s Cross:'''

[[Image:Example.jpg]]
'''Book of Kells:'''

Iona and the Book of Kells

2006-09-28T19:38:15Z

Sperlman: About Iona and the Book of Kells with anotated bibliography.

= '''Iona and the Book of Kells''' =

== '''Influences''' ==

Pictish and Northumbrian elements can be seen in the stone sculptures and other relics in Iona, but the role of Irish influence is not certain. The ringed cross, which can be seen on rectangular Pictish cross slabs, is a form that is also used by the Irish sculptors of the Ahenny group, and by Iona sculptors as well. There are two conflicting theories for this. First of these is that some believe that the ringed cross originated in Pictland, and erected on Iona by imported Pictish craftsmen, and “decorated with the Pictish snake and boss patterns also used on the carvings at Nigg and the St Andrews sarcophagus. Then the Ahenny group copied the style in their workshops. The second theory is that the Ahenny bosses inspired Iona’s.

== '''Placement of Bosses''' ==

'''Ahenny''':
The bosses are at the junction of ring and arm or shaft, suggesting a functional role.

'''Pictish''':
The bosses are in places in a decorative manner. Animals play an important role.

'''Iona''':
The bosses are in places so that they serve in both a decorative manner as well as functional, but not at precise points of intersection with the arms. Animals do not play an important role.

== '''Iona Crosses and Other Relics'''==

[[Image:oc3.jpg]]
'''St. Oran’s cross:'''

'''St John’s cross:'''

'''Kildalton cross:'''

'''Keills cross:'''

'''St. Germain mounts:'''

'''Gallen Priory (slab):'''

'''St. Martin’s Cross:'''

'''Book of Kells:'''

File:Oc3.jpg

2006-09-28T19:35:37Z

Sperlman:

Medieval Media

2006-09-28T18:40:33Z

Sperlman:

===People, Places, Things===
* [[Egil]]
* [[Olaf]]
* [[Battle of Brunanburh, date,site, description]]
* [[halberd and other weapons]]
* [[King Athelstan]]
* [[Hring and Adils]]
* [[kenning]]
* [[variation and repetition]]
* [[Hrothgar]]
* [[Geats]]
* [[wergild]]
* [[women in _Beowulf_]]
* [[Grendel]]
* [[comitatus]]
* [[Apocrypha]]
* [[elements of heroic poetry]]
* [[beot, pledge]]
* [[envelope patterns and alliteration]]
* [[Paper and Parchment Making]]
* [[St. Cuthbert]]

===Manuscripts===
* '''[[The Garden of Paradise]]'''

* [[Insular iconography Style I]]
* [[Insular iconography Style II]]
* [[Animals in Medieval Art, Sixth Century]]
* [[Animals in Medieval Art, Seventh Century]]
* [[Animals in Medieval Art, Eighth and Early Ninth Centuries]]
* [[insular minuscule script]]
* [[The Echternach Lion]]
* [[Filigree Animal Ornament From Ireland and Scotland of the Late-Seventh to Ninth Centuries]]
* [[Image:Insular_s_variation.jpg]]
* [[Jesus Christ as a Lamb]]
* [[The Apocalyptic Lamb]]
* [[Jesus, as the Good Shepherd]]
* [[Jesus Christ as a Lion]]
* [[Jesus, Figured by the Fish]]
* [[Iona and the Book of Kells]]

King Athelstan

2006-08-31T06:05:28Z

Sperlman:

== King Athelstan ==

King Athelstan (895 - 939) was grandson to Alfred the Great, son of Edward the Elder, and was the first true king to all of England. He reigned between 925 and 939.

King Athelstan was a shrewd ruler. Though outmatched, he won the [[Battle of Brunanburh]] through cunning offers and the help of [[Egil]] and his brother, Thorolf. After the battle, he gave presents to [[Egil]] to take back to his father as compensation for the death of Thorolf, who died after being ambushed by Earl Adils during the battle.

King Athelstan

2006-08-31T06:05:02Z

Sperlman:

== King Athelstan ==

King Athelstan (895 - 939) was grandson to Alfred the Great, son of Edward the Elder, and was the first true king to all of England. He reigned between 925 and 939.

King Athelstan was a shrewd ruler. Though outmatched, he won the Battle of Brunanburh through cunning offers and the help of Egil and his brother, Thorolf. After the battle, he gave presents to [[Egil]] to take back to his father as compensation for the death of Thorolf, who died after being ambushed by Earl Adils during the battle.

Halberd and other weapons

2006-08-31T05:56:25Z

Sperlman:

== Halberd and Other Weapons ==

A halberd, sometimes called a vouge, is a two-handed pole-style weapon. The shaft of the spear was made of wood and the head was made of iron. It was used as a thrusting spear as well as in hand-to-hand combat. Thorolf, Egil's brother used this type of weapon in battle, but the shaft of his was bound with iron.

Javelins were used for close combat and in horse fighting. They were held under the shoulder.
throwing axes

Protective gear, such as helmets, chain mail, and shields are described in the poems. The helmet was styled after Roman helmets.

Battle of Brunanburh, date,site, description

2006-08-31T05:47:15Z

Sperlman:

== Battle of Brunanburh ==

In 937AD, the bloody battle of Brunanburh in which five kings and a large number of warriors were slaughtered, celebrates the victory over a Norse-Scot coalition, led by Viking [[Olaf]] (Anlaf) and Scottish King Constantine II. The battle was led by [[King Athelstan]] and his brother, Prince Edmund, who were both Anglo-Saxon. The bloody battle lasted from sun up to sundown. At the end of this battle, [[King Athelstan]] and Prince Edward headed for home, leaving behind them the corpses of their enemy to be feasted upon by animals and England was established as an Anglo-Saxon nation.

Egil

2006-08-31T05:38:33Z

Sperlman:

== Egil ==

Egil Skallagrímsson (circa 910 - 990) was born in Iceland.

Egil was a viking and a poet. He enjoyed killing people. He fought alongside his brother Thorolf against King [[Olaf]] in the Battle of Brunnanburh in which his brother got killed.

After the battle, Egil was rewarded greatly for the loss of his brother by [[King Athelstan]]. The King bestowed upon him a gold braclet and two chests filled with silver that he was to take back to his father as compensation for his brother's death. Egil stayed with [[King Athelstan]] for some time after the battle and the two became close friends. When it came time for Egil to leave [[King Athelstan]] asked that he stay and pick whatever position he chose, but Egil refused the offer and set off for Norway with his troops.

Egil

2006-08-31T05:33:04Z

Sperlman:

== Egil ==

Egil Skallagrímsson (circa 910 - 990) was born in Iceland.

Egil was a viking and a poet. He enjoyed killing people. He fought alongside his brother Thorolf against King [[Olaf]] in the [[Battle of Brunnanburh]] in which his brother got killed.

After the [[Battle of Brunnanburh]], Egil was rewarded greatly for the loss of his brother by [[King Athelstan]]. The King bestowed upon him a gold braclet and two chests filled with silver that he was to take back to his father as compensation for his brother's death. Egil stayed with [[King Athelstan]] for some time after the battle and the two became close friends. When it came time for Egil to leave [[King Athelstan]] asked that he stay and pick whatever position he chose, but Egil refused the offer and set off for Norway with his troops.

Egil

2006-08-31T05:32:09Z

Sperlman: Links to the other pages

== Egil ==

Egil Skallagrímsson (circa 910 - 990) was born in Iceland.

Egil was a viking and a poet. He enjoyed killing people. He fought alongside his brother Thorolf against King [[Olaf]] in the [[Battle of Brunnanburh]] in which his brother got killed.

After the battle of Brunnanburh, Egil was rewarded greatly for the loss of his brother by [[King Athelstan]]. The King bestowed upon him a gold braclet and two chests filled with silver that he was to take back to his father as compensation for his brother's death. Egil stayed with [[King Athelstan]] for some time after the battle and the two became close friends. When it came time for Egil to leave [[King Athelstan]] asked that he stay and pick whatever position he chose, but Egil refused the offer and set off for Norway with his troops.

Egil

2006-08-31T05:30:43Z

Sperlman:

== Egil ==

Egil Skallagrímsson (circa 910 - 990) was born in Iceland.

Egil was a viking and a poet. He enjoyed killing people. He fought alongside his brother Thorolf against King [[Olaf]] in the Battle of Brunnanburh in which his brother got killed.

After the battle of Brunnanburh, Egil was rewarded greatly for the loss of his brother by King Athelstan. The King bestowed upon him a gold braclet and two chests filled with silver that he was to take back to his father as compensation for his brother's death. Egil stayed with King Athelstan for some time after the battle and the two became close friends. When it came time for Egil to leave King Athelstan asked that he stay and pick whatever position he chose, but Egil refused the offer and set off for Norway with his troops.

Egil

2006-08-31T05:30:04Z

Sperlman:

== Egil ==

Egil Skallagrímsson (circa 910 - 990) was born in Iceland.

Egil was a viking and a poet. He enjoyed killing people. He fought alongside his brother Thorolf against King Olaf in the Battle of Brunnanburh in which his brother got killed.

After the battle of Brunnanburh, Egil was rewarded greatly for the loss of his brother by King Athelstan. The King bestowed upon him a gold braclet and two chests filled with silver that he was to take back to his father as compensation for his brother's death. Egil stayed with King Athelstan for some time after the battle and the two became close friends. When it came time for Egil to leave King Athelstan asked that he stay and pick whatever position he chose, but Egil refused the offer and set off for Norway with his troops.

Olaf

2006-08-31T05:27:33Z

Sperlman:

== Olaf the Red ==

Olaf the Red (also called Anlaf) was the Viking King of Scots. He invaded England in 937 AD where he defeated Earl Godreck and Earl Alfgeir and took control of Northumberland. King Olaf was killed and his troops defeated at the Battle of Brunanburh in Vin Moor by King Athelstan and his troops, led by the brothers [[Egil]] and Thorolf.

Olaf

2006-08-31T05:25:02Z

Sperlman:

Egil

2006-08-31T05:11:17Z

Sperlman: The friendship between King Athelstan and Egil

== Egil ==

Egil Skallagrímsson (circa 910 - 990) was born in Iceland.

Egil was a viking and a poet. He enjoyed killing people. He fought with his brother Thorolf as a companion in the Battle of Brunnanburh in which his brother got killed.

After the battle of Brunnanburh, Egil was rewarded greatly for the loss of his brother by King Athelstan. The King bestowed upon him a gold braclet and two chests filled with silver that he was to take back to his father as compensation for his brother's death. Egil stayed with King Athelstan for some time after the battle and the two became close friends. When it came time for Egil to leave King Athelstan asked that he stay and pick whatever position he chose, but Egil refused the offer and set off for Norway with his troops.

User:Sperlman

2006-08-24T22:53:04Z

Sperlman:

== Susan Perlman ==