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St. Cuthbert

2006-10-05T17:41:55Z

Rtsmith:

== Saint Cuthbert ==

Burton, Edward. "Saint Cuthbert." ''The Catholic Encyclopedia.'' ?: Robert Appleton Co. 1908.

[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/04578a.htm St. Cuthbert, bishop of Lindisfarne] (634/635 - 687), as a young man, entered the monastery of Melrose (Mailros) in Northumbria after having a divine vision while herding sheep. He was for a while a soldier for Northumbria during their four year war with Mercia. In 664, the [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/15610a.htm Synod of Whitby]chose the Roman form of Christianity over Celtic Christianity. Cuthbert was then sent by the Synod of Whitby to be the Prior at Lidesfarne to help introduce Roman customs to the Celts there. In 676, Cuthbert chose to leave his Priory and lead a more contemplative life. He would be one of the world's first conservationist. He was called from his retirement and elected Bishop of Lindisfarne.

Throughout his life, Cuthbert was said to perform miracles. Oddly enough, his body continued to perform miracles even after his death. When his relics were moved years after his death, his exhumed body was found to be incorrupt.

St. Augustine

2006-10-05T17:00:11Z

Rtsmith:

== Aurelius Augustinus / St. Augustine of Hippo ==

Portalie, Eugene. "Life of St. Augustine of Hippo." ''The Catholic Encyclopedia''. ?: Robert Appleton Co. 1908.

[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/02084a.htm St. Augustine] (354 - 430) was a Christian philosopher and the author of several books of "Confessions" (these books are now generally issued together as one text entitled ''The Confessions of St. Augustine'') and ''The City of God''. ''The Confessions'' are widely considered to be the first autobiographies in Western Literature.

Medieval Media

2006-10-05T16:44:31Z

Rtsmith:

===People, Places, Things===
* [[Egil]]
* [[Olaf]]
* [[Battle of Brunanburh, date,site, description]]
* [[halberd and other weapons]]
* [[King Athelstan]]
* [[Hring and Adils]]
* [[kenning]]
* [[variation and repetition]]
* [[Hrothgar]]
* [[Geats]]
* [[wergild]]
* [[women in _Beowulf_]]
* [[Grendel]]
* [[comitatus]]
* [[Apocrypha]]
* [[elements of heroic poetry]]
* [[beot, pledge]]
* [[envelope patterns and alliteration]]
* [[Paper and Parchment Making]]
* [[St. Cuthbert]]
* [[bestiary]]
* [[St. Augustine]]

===Manuscripts===
* '''[[The Garden of Paradise]]'''

* [[Insular iconography Style I]]
* [[Insular iconography Style II]]
* [[Animals in Medieval Art, Sixth Century]]
* [[Animals in Medieval Art, Seventh Century]]
* [[Animals in Medieval Art, Eighth and Early Ninth Centuries]]
* [[insular minuscule script]]
* [[The Echternach Lion]]
* [[Filigree Animal Ornament From Ireland and Scotland of the Late-Seventh to Ninth Centuries]]
* [[Image:Insular_s_variation.jpg]]
* [[Jesus Christ as a Lamb]]
* [[The Apocalyptic Lamb]]
* [[Jesus, as the Good Shepherd]]
* [[Jesus Christ as a Lion]]
* [[Jesus, Figured by the Fish]]
* [[Iona and the Book of Kells]]
* [[Irish manuscript found in peat bog]]

===Research Tools===
* [[Web Resources]]
* [[Bibliography from books]]
* [[Books on Reserve]]

St. Cuthbert

2006-10-05T16:43:39Z

Rtsmith:

== Saint Cuthbert ==

Burton, Edward. "Saint Cuthbert." ''The Catholic Encyclopedia.'' ?: Robert Appleton Co. 1908.

[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/04578a.htm St. Cuthbert, bishop of Lindisfarne] (634/635 - 687), as a young man, entered the monastery of Melrose (Mailros) in Northumbria after having a divine vision while herding sheep. He was for a while a soldier for Northumbria during their four year war with Mercia. In 664, the [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/15610a.htm Synod of Whitby]chose the Roman form of Christianity over Celtic Christianity. Cuthbert was then sent by the Synod of Whitby to be the Prior at Lidesfarne to help introduce Roman customs to the Celts there. In 676, Cuthbert chose to leave his Priory and lead a more contemplative life. He would be one of the world's first conservationist. He was called from his retirement and elected Bishop of Lindisfarne.

Throughout his life, Cuthbert was said to perform miracles. Oddly enough, his body continued to perform miracles even after his death. When his relics were moved ten to eleven years after his death, his exhumed body was found to be incorrupt.

St. Cuthbert

2006-10-05T16:36:35Z

Rtsmith:

== Saint Cuthbert ==

[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/04578a.htm St. Cuthbert, bishop of Lindisfarne] (634/635 - 687), as a young man, entered the monastery of Melrose (Mailros) in Northumbria after having a divine vision while herding sheep. He was for a while a soldier for Northumbria during their four year war with Mercia. In 664, the [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/15610a.htm Synod of Whitby]chose the Roman form of Christianity over Celtic Christianity. Cuthbert was then sent by the Synod of Whitby to be the Prior at Lidesfarne to help introduce Roman customs to the Celts there. In 676, Cuthbert chose to leave his Priory and lead a more contemplative life. He would be one of the world's first conservationist. He was called from his retirement and elected Bishop of Lindisfarne.

Throughout his life, Cuthbert was said to perform miracles. Oddly enough, his body continued to perform miracles even after his death. When his relics were moved ten to eleven years after his death, his exhumed body was found to be incorrupt.

Paper and Parchment Making

2006-09-28T23:47:42Z

Rtsmith:

== Paper and Parchment Making ==

De Hamel, Christopher. "Paper and Parchment Makers." ''Scribes and Illuminators''. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1992.

== The Process of Parchment Making ==

Parchment making was a long complicated process. The animal skin, the most common skin being that of a sheep, had to be bathed, rubbed, dried, stretched, and chalked before any writing could be done. The whole process would take the animal skin and transform it into a "clean white suitable" piece of material (8).

The process began by selecting a good piece of skin; one without disease, tears, or ticks. Once a piece of skin was chosen it was soaked in a tub full of lime and water for about three to ten days. This would loosen the hair and flesh from both sides of the skin. The percamenarius, parchment-maker, would then lay the skin over a curved piece of wood and scrape at the skin with a knife. The skin was then dried, stretched, and tightened. All three actions required the skin to be hung from clips and stretched out by turning knobs attached to the clips. Stretching the skin would sometimes create holes in the skin where it was weak or previously torn. Once the skin was dry, a crescent knife was used to rid the skin of any excess flesh and hair. The amount of scraping depended on the finesses of the parchment. Once this was completed the skin, or should it know be referred to as a parchment, was rolled up and put on the shelf to be sold (8-12).

Envelope patterns and alliteration

2006-09-28T18:17:41Z

Rtsmith:

== Envelope Patterns and Alliteration ==

[http://www.tnellen.com/cybereng/lit_terms/alliteration.html Alliteration]is defined as follows by the ''American Heritage Dictionary'': the repetition of the same sounds or of the same kinds of sounds at the beginning of words or in stressed syllables, as in “on scrolls of silver snowy sentences” (Hart Crane). Modern alliteration is predominantly consonantal; certain literary traditions, such as Old English verse, also alliterate using vowel sounds.

St. Cuthbert

2006-09-28T18:01:10Z

Rtsmith:

== Saint Cuthbert ==

[http://www.britainexpress.com/History/saxon/cuthbert.htm Cuthbert], [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/04578a.htm bishop of Lindisfarne],

Medieval Media

2006-09-28T17:40:13Z

Rtsmith:

===People, Places, Things===
* [[Egil]]
* [[Olaf]]
* [[Battle of Brunanburh, date,site, description]]
* [[halberd and other weapons]]
* [[King Athelstan]]
* [[Hring and Adils]]
* [[kenning]]
* [[variation and repetition]]
* [[Hrothgar]]
* [[Geats]]
* [[wergild]]
* [[women in _Beowulf_]]
* [[Grendel]]
* [[comitatus]]
* [[Apocrypha]]
* [[elements of heroic poetry]]
* [[beot, pledge]]
* [[envelope patterns and alliteration]]
* [[Paper and Parchment Making]]
* [[St. Cuthbert]]

===Manuscripts===
* '''[[The Garden of Paradise]]'''

* [[Insular iconography Style I]]
* [[Insular iconography Style II]]
* [[Animals in Medieval Art, Sixth Century]]
* [[Animals in Medieval Art, Seventh Century]]
* [[Animals in Medieval Art, Eighth and Early Ninth Centuries]]
* [[insular minuscule script]]
* [[The Echternach Lion]]
* [[Filigree Animal Ornament From Ireland and Scotland of the Late-Seventh to Ninth Centuries]]
* [[Image:Insular_s_variation.jpg]]
* [[Jesus Christ as a Lamb]]
* [[The Apocalyptic Lamb]]
* [[Jesus, as the Good Shepherd]]
* [[Jesus Christ as a Lion]]
* [[Jesus, Figured by the Fish]]

Paper and Parchment Making

2006-09-28T17:39:28Z

Rtsmith:

== Paper and Parchment Making ==

De Hamel, Christopher. "Paper and Parchment Makers." ''Scribes and Illuminators''. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1992.

"Parchment is made from the skin of an animal" (8).

"In normal usage, the terms 'parchment' and 'vellum' are interchangeable" (8).

Pergamenum (i.e. parchment) "derives its name from the city of Pergamum, whose ancient King Eumenes II is said by Pliny to have invented it in the second century BC during a trade blockade on papyrus" (8).

"Old-fashioned books about medieval manuscripts assert that the finest medieval parchment was made from the skin of aborted calves..." (16).

"Not all medieval manuscripts were written on parchment. The Middle Ages opened with a long legacy of papyrus book production, and this fragile Egyptian reed material lingered on in occasional use until the seventh or even eighth century" (16).

"The smaller the book, the more elaborately it was ruled" (20).

"Splendidly illuminated manuscripts have grids of guide lines" (22).

Paper and Parchment Making

2006-09-28T17:29:42Z

Rtsmith:

== Paper and Parchment Making ==

De Hamel, Christopher. "Paper and Parchment Making." ''Scribes and Illuminators''. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1992.

Parchment is made from the skin of an animal.

Medieval Media

2006-09-28T17:26:26Z

Rtsmith:

===People, Places, Things===
* [[Egil]]
* [[Olaf]]
* [[Battle of Brunanburh, date,site, description]]
* [[halberd and other weapons]]
* [[King Athelstan]]
* [[Hring and Adils]]
* [[kenning]]
* [[variation and repetition]]
* [[Hrothgar]]
* [[Geats]]
* [[wergild]]
* [[women in _Beowulf_]]
* [[Grendel]]
* [[comitatus]]
* [[Apocrypha]]
* [[elements of heroic poetry]]
* [[beot, pledge]]
* [[envelope patterns and alliteration]]
* [[Paper and Parchment Making]]

===Manuscripts===
* '''[[The Garden of Paradise]]'''

* [[Insular iconography Style I]]
* [[Insular iconography Style II]]
* [[Animals in Medieval Art, Sixth Century]]
* [[Animals in Medieval Art, Seventh Century]]
* [[Animals in Medieval Art, Eighth and Early Ninth Centuries]]
* [[insular minuscule script]]
* [[The Echternach Lion]]
* [[Filigree Animal Ornament From Ireland and Scotland of the Late-Seventh to Ninth Centuries]]
* [[Image:Insular_s_variation.jpg]]
* [[Jesus Christ as a Lamb]]
* [[The Apocalyptic Lamb]]
* [[Jesus, as the Good Shepherd]]
* [[Jesus Christ as a Lion]]
* [[Jesus, Figured by the Fish]]

Grendel

2006-09-27T02:24:03Z

Rtsmith:

== GRENDEL ==

The anti-hero of ''Beowulf'', a member of "Cain's clan," Grendel is part-monster, part-man (mostly monster). He reigns terror down upon the meadhall of Hrothgar, killing Hrothgar's men with little effort. He eventually battles Beowulf only to have his arm torn from his body at the shoulder, after which he crawls back to his mere-cave and dies. Beowulf, after killing Grendel's mother in the sea-cave, takes Grendel's head as a prize.

Cooper, JC. ''Brewer's Myth and Legend''. London: Cassell Publishing Ltd, 1992.

"The mythical half-human monster killed by Beowulf. Grendel nightly raided the king's hall and killed the sleepers."

Gardner, John. ''Grendel''. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1971.

In 1971, John Gardner published his novel ''Grendel'', which retells the Beowulf story from the first-person perspective of Grendel. In it, Gardner uses many of the stylistic characteristics of Anglo Saxon poetry, including repetition and alliteration. Most of the major characters from ''Beowulf'' are accounted for in Gardner's novel. His portrayal of Grendel's mother as a language-less, vile, sea-hag of a creature is particularly memorable. Gardner's use of first-person narration makes Grendel seem much more sympathetic than in the original work. At the end of Gardner's novel, one may very well question which character is the true hero of the story, Beowulf or Grendel.

Grendel

2006-09-26T03:24:24Z

Rtsmith:

== GRENDEL ==

The anti-hero of ''Beowulf'', a member of "Cain's clan," Grendel is part-monster, part-man (mostly monster). He reigns terror down upon the meadhall of Hrothgar, killing Hrothgar's men with little effort. He eventually battles Beowulf only to have his arm torn from his body at the shoulder, after which he crawls back to his mere-cave and dies. Beowulf, after killing Grendel's mother in the sea-cave, takes Grendel's head as a prize.

Gardner, John. ''Grendel''. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1971.

In 1971, John Gardner published his novel ''Grendel'', which retells the Beowulf story from the first-person perspective of Grendel. In it, Gardner uses many of the stylistic characteristics of Anglo Saxon poetry, including repetition and alliteration. Most of the major characters from ''Beowulf'' are accounted for in Gardner's novel. His portrayal of Grendel's mother as a language-less, vile, sea-hag of a creature is particularly memorable. Gardner's use of first-person narration makes Grendel seem much more sympathetic than in the original work. At the end of Gardner's novel, one may very well question which character is the true hero of the story, Beowulf or Grendel.

Grendel

2006-09-26T03:21:50Z

Rtsmith:

== GRENDEL ==

The anti-hero of ''Beowulf'', a member of "Cain's clan," Grendel is part-monster, part-man (mostly monster). He reigns terror down upon the meadhall of Hrothgar, killing Hrothgar's men with little effort. He eventually battles Beowulf only to have his arm torn from his body at the shoulder, after which he crawls back to his mere-cave and dies. Beowulf, after killing Grendel's mother in the sea-cave, takes Grendel's head as a prize.

In 1971, John Gardner published his novel ''Grendel'', which retells the Beowulf story from the first-person perspective of Grendel. In it, Gardner uses many of the stylistic characteristics of Anglo Saxon poetry, including repetition and alliteration. Most of the major characters from ''Beowulf'' are accounted for in Gardner's novel. His portrayal of Grendel's mother as a language-less, vile, sea-hag of a creature is particularly memorable. Gardner's use of first-person narration makes Grendel seem much more sympathetic than in the original work. At the end of Gardner's novel, one may very well question which character is the true hero of the story, Beowulf or Grendel.

Grendel

2006-09-26T03:13:55Z

Rtsmith:

== GRENDEL ==

The anti-hero of ''Beowulf'', a member of "Cain's clan," Grendel is part-monster, part-man. He reigns terror down upon the meadhall of Hrothgar, killing Hrothgar's men with little effort. He eventually battles Beowulf only to have his arm torn from his body at the shoulder, after which he crawls back to his mere-cave and dies. Beowulf, after killing Grendel's mother in the cave, takes Grendel's head as a prize.

In 1971, John Gardner published his novel ''Grendel'', which retells the Beowulf story from the first-person perspective of Grendel. In it, Gardner uses many of the stylistic characteristics of Anglo Saxon poetry, including repetition and alliteration. Most of the major characters from ''Beowulf'' are accounted for in Gardner's novel. His portrayal of Grendel's mother as a language-less, vile, sea-hag of a creature is particularly memorable. At the end of Gardner's novel, one may very well question which character is the true hero of the story, Beowulf or Grendel.

Grendel

2006-09-26T03:09:24Z

Rtsmith:

== GRENDEL ==

The anti-hero of ''Beowulf'', a member of "Cain's clan," Grendel is part-monster, part-man. He reigns terror down upon the meadhall of Hrothgar, killing Hrothgar's men with little effort. He eventually battles Beowulf only to have his arm torn from his body at the shoulder, after which he crawls back to his mere-cave and dies. Beowulf, after killing Grendel's mother in the cave, takes Grendel's head as a prize.

In 1971, John Gardner published his novel ''Grendel'', which retells the Beowulf story from the perspective of Grendel. In it, Gardner uses many of the stylistic characteristics of Anglo Saxon poetry, including repetition and alliteration. Most of the major characters from ''Beowulf'' are accounted for in Gardner's novel. His portrayal of Grendel's mother as a language-less, vile, sea-hag of a creature is particularly memorable. At the end of Gardner's novel, one may very well question which character is the true hero of the story, Beowulf or Grendel.

Grendel

2006-09-26T03:00:22Z

Rtsmith:

== GRENDEL ==

Grendel

2006-09-26T02:59:12Z

Rtsmith:

GRENDEL

Medieval Media

2006-09-26T02:57:50Z

Rtsmith:

===People, Places, Things===
* [[Egil]]
* [[Olaf]]
* [[Battle of Brunanburh, date,site, description]]
* [[halberd and other weapons]]
* [[King Athelstan]]
* [[Hring and Adils]]
* [[kenning]]
* [[variation and repetition]]
* [[Hrothgar]]
* [[Geats]]
* [[wergild]]
* [[women in _Beowulf_]]
* [[Grendel]]
* [[comitatus]]
* [[Apocrypha]]
* [[elements of heroic poetry]]
* [[beot, pledge]]
* [[envelope patterns and alliteration]]

===Manuscripts===
* '''[[The Garden of Paradise]]'''

* [[Insular iconography Style I]]
* [[Insular iconography Style II]]
* [[Animals in Medieval Art, Sixth Century]]
* [[Animals in Medieval Art, Seventh Century]]
* [[insular minuscule script]]
* [[The Echternach Lion]]
* [[Filigree Animal Ornament From Ireland and Scotland of the Late-Seventh to Ninth Centuries]]
* [[Image:Insular_s_variation.jpg]]
* [[Jesus Christ as a Lamb]]
* [[The Apocalyptic Lamb]]
* [[Jesus, as the Good Shepherd]]
* [[Jesus Christ as a Lion]]
* [[Jesus, Figured by the Fish]]

Women in Beowulf

2006-09-21T23:24:58Z

Rtsmith:

The women play the role of peace-keepers.For example, Wealhtheow, Hrothgar's queen. Beowulf lines 607, 620-628) Women in Beowulf represents a female perspective of honor, loyalty and social welfare. Wealhtheow is the picturesque queen. One sees this when she meets the nobles after Beowulf has defeated Grendel. Wealhtheow is a role model of courtly behaviors and duties.

Women also represent monsters. Grendal's mother and Thryth both committed terrible crimes, each involved the killing of men by using physical force. Thryth, the daughter of a king, went around killing liegemen who dared to lift their eyes to her face. Her actions were condemned because they lacked the ways of queens and the custom of lovely ladies.

[http://csis.pace.edu/grendel/projs1a/grendel.html Grendel's mother] is an evil, monstrous woman. She is a descendent of Cain thus an outcast from society and its rules. She is very greedy and powerful. The Danes feared her more than they feared Grendal, for she was a stronger and deadlier opponent. This made her very capable of avenging her son's death.

Egil

2006-09-21T23:16:25Z

Rtsmith:

== Egil ==

Egil Skallagrímsson (circa 910 - 990) was born in Iceland.

Egil was a viking and a poet. He enjoyed killing people. He fought alongside his brother Thorolf against King [[Olaf]] in the Battle of Brunnanburh in which his brother got killed.

After the battle, Egil was rewarded greatly for the loss of his brother by [[King Athelstan]]. The King bestowed upon him a gold braclet and two chests filled with silver that he was to take back to his father as compensation for his brother's death. Egil stayed with [[King Athelstan]] for some time after the battle and the two became close friends. When it came time for Egil to leave [[King Athelstan]] asked that he stay and pick whatever position he chose, but Egil refused. He instead set off for Norway to fullfil his duty of caring for his dead brother's family.

Egil had strange, fearsome features, including a [http://www.viking.ucla.edu/Scientific_American/Egils_Bones.htm skull] that could resist blows from an ax. He may have suffered from [http://www.paget.org/ Paget's disease].

Wergild

2006-09-21T23:09:20Z

Rtsmith:

== Wergild ==

A payment of reparation for a death. It was part of a warrior code. There is money to be paid for loss of life to the family of the victim.

Example: King Hrothgar pays the Geats a wergild (also spelled weregild and wergeld) for Grendel's murder of one of their party.

"And compensation,

a price in gold, was settled for the Geat

Grendel had cruelly killed earlier--

as he would have killed more, had not mindful God

and one man's daring prevented that doom."

-Beowulf [http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/entertainment/jan-june00/beowulf.html (Seamus Heaney translation)]

Animals in Medieval Art, Seventh Century

2006-09-21T22:47:05Z

Rtsmith:

== Animals in Medieval Art, Seventh Century ==

Hicks, Carola. "The Seventh Century." ''Animals in Early Medieval Art''. Edinburgh:Edinburgh University Press, 1993

In Chapter Two of ''Animals in Medieval Art'', [http://www.newn.cam.ac.uk/seniormembers/cmh19.shtml Carola Hicks] informs the reader that by the end of the seventh century England will become a "Christian country" (57). The [http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/best/hd_best.htm use of animals in the art] of this era provides what Hicks calls "a dual interpretation of belief for pagans and Christians" (57). For instance, there are Christian and pagan elements found in the ornamental yet functional weaponry of the [http://www.suttonhoo.org/ Sutton Hoo] ship burial. In fact, Hicks calls Sutton Hoo "a metaphor for the art of the period; animal ornament is an integral part of the decoration of these different styles" (58). This dual interpretation can also be seen in the architectural sculptures on churches of the seventh century. The animals used were "chosen because of their symbolic function, which would have been interpreted by the onlooker in the light of his own knowledge and belief" (79). These depictions of animals were "retained as a means of transferring primitive belief into the official religion" (81). The dual interpretation continues into the manuscripts of the era, particularly the [http://celtdigital.org/Durrow.htm Book of Durrow], one of Ireland's oldest surviving gospels. The animal ornamentation in the manuscript "combines elements which show familiarity with Irish metalworking and with [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picts Pictish] stone carving, as well as an awareness of Continental material" (95). The Pictish stones of the seventh century are believed by Hicks to primarily be [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pictish_stones Class I] stones which transitioned into [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pictish_stones Class II] stones near the end of the century due to "a variety of impulses" (105) [...].

Animals in Medieval Art, Seventh Century

2006-09-19T01:39:42Z

Rtsmith:

== Animals in Medieval Art, Seventh Century ==

In Chapter Two of ''Animals in Medieval Art'', [http://www.newn.cam.ac.uk/seniormembers/cmh19.shtml Carola Hicks] informs the reader that by the end of the seventh century England will become a "Christian country" (57). The [http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/best/hd_best.htm use of animals in the art] of this era provides what Hicks calls "a dual interpretation of belief for pagans and Christians" (57). For instance, there are Christian and pagan elements found in the ornamental yet functional weaponry of the [http://www.suttonhoo.org/ Sutton Hoo] ship burial. In fact, Hicks calls Sutton Hoo "a metaphor for the art of the period; animal ornament is an integral part of the decoration of these different styles" (58). This dual interpretation can also be seen in the architectural sculptures on churches of the seventh century. The animals used were "chosen because of their symbolic function, which would have been interpreted by the onlooker in the light of his own knowledge and belief" (79). These depictions of animals were "retained as a means of transferring primitive belief into the official religion" (81). The dual interpretation continues into the manuscripts of the era, particularly the [http://celtdigital.org/Durrow.htm Book of Durrow], one of Ireland's oldest surviving gospels. The animal ornamentation in the manuscript "combines elements which show familiarity with Irish metalworking and with [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picts Pictish] stone carving, as well as an awareness of Continental material" (95). The Pictish stones of the seventh century are believed by Hicks to primarily be [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pictish_stones Class I] stones which transitioned into [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pictish_stones Class II] stones near the end of the century due to "a variety of impulses" (105) [...].

Hicks, Carola. "The Seventh Century." ''Animals in Early Medieval Art''. Edinburgh:Edinburgh University Press, 1993

Animals in Medieval Art, Seventh Century

2006-09-19T01:37:33Z

Rtsmith:

== Animals in Medieval Art, Seventh Century ==

In Chapter Two of ''Animals in Medieval Art'', [http://www.newn.cam.ac.uk/seniormembers/cmh19.shtml Carola Hicks] informs the reader that by the end of the seventh century England will become a "Christian country" (57). The use of animals in the art of this era provides what Hicks calls "a dual interpretation of belief for pagans and Christians" (57). For instance, there are Christian and pagan elements found in the ornamental yet functional weaponry of the [http://www.suttonhoo.org/ Sutton Hoo] ship burial. In fact, Hicks calls Sutton Hoo "a metaphor for the art of the period; animal ornament is an integral part of the decoration of these different styles" (58). This dual interpretation can also be seen in the architectural sculptures on churches of the seventh century. The animals used were "chosen because of their symbolic function, which would have been interpreted by the onlooker in the light of his own knowledge and belief" (79). These depictions of animals were "retained as a means of transferring primitive belief into the official religion" (81). The dual interpretation continues into the manuscripts of the era, particularly the [http://celtdigital.org/Durrow.htm Book of Durrow], one of Ireland's oldest surviving gospels. The animal ornamentation in the manuscript "combines elements which show familiarity with Irish metalworking and with [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picts Pictish] stone carving, as well as an awareness of Continental material" (95). The Pictish stones of the seventh century are believed by Hicks to primarily be [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pictish_stones Class I] stones which transitioned into [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pictish_stones Class II] stones near the end of the century due to "a variety of impulses" (105) [...].

Hicks, Carola. "The Seventh Century." ''Animals in Early Medieval Art''. Edinburgh:Edinburgh University Press, 1993

Animals in Medieval Art, Seventh Century

2006-09-18T21:18:53Z

Rtsmith:

== Animals in Medieval Art, Seventh Century ==

In Chapter Two of ''Animals in Medieval Art'', Carola Hicks informs the reader that by the end of the seventh century England will become a "Christian country" (57). The use of animals in the art of this era provides what Hicks calls "a dual interpretation of belief for pagans and Christians" (57). For instance, there are Christian and pagan elements found in the ornamental yet functional weaponry of the [http://www.suttonhoo.org/ Sutton Hoo] ship burial. In fact, Hicks calls Sutton Hoo "a metaphor for the art of the period; animal ornament is an integral part of the decoration of these different styles" (58). This dual interpretation can also be seen in the architectural sculptures on churches of the seventh century. The animals used were "chosen because of their symbolic function, which would have been interpreted by the onlooker in the light of his own knowledge and belief" (79). These depictions of animals were "retained as a means of transferring primitive belief into the official religion" (81). The dual interpretation continues into the manuscripts of the era, particularly the [http://celtdigital.org/Durrow.htm Book of Durrow], one of Ireland's oldest surviving gospels. The animal ornamentation in the manuscript "combines elements which show familiarity with Irish metalworking and with [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picts Pictish] stone carving, as well as an awareness of Continental material" (95). The Pictish stones of the seventh century are believed by Hicks to primarily be [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pictish_stones Class I] stones which transitioned into [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pictish_stones Class II] stones near the end of the century due to "a variety of impulses" (105) [...].

Hicks, Carola. "The Seventh Century." ''Animals in Early Medieval Art''. Edinburgh:Edinburgh University Press, 1993

Animals in Medieval Art, Seventh Century

2006-09-18T20:26:29Z

Rtsmith:

== Animals in Medieval Art, Seventh Century ==

In Chapter Two of ''Animals in Medieval Art'', Carola Hicks informs the reader that by the end of the seventh century England will become a "Christian country" (57). The use of animals in the art of this era provides what Hicks calls "a dual interpretation of belief for pagans and Christians" (57). For instance, there are Christian and pagan elements found in the ornamental yet functional weaponry of the [http://www.suttonhoo.org/ Sutton Hoo] ship burial. In fact, Hicks calls Sutton Hoo "a metaphor for the art of the period; animal ornament is an integral part of the decoration of these different styles" (58). This dual interpretation can also be seen in the architectural sculptures on churches of the seventh century. The animals used were "chosen because of their symbolic function, which would have been interpreted by the onlooker in the light of his own knowledge and belief" (79). These depictions of animals were "retained as a means of transferring primitive belief into the official religion" (81). The dual interpretation continues into the manuscripts of the era, particularly the [http://celtdigital.org/Durrow.htm Book of Durrow], one of Ireland's oldest surviving gospels. The animal ornamentation in the manuscript "combines elements which show familiarity with Irish metalworking and with [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picts Pictish] stone carving, as well as an awareness of Continental material" (95).

Hicks, Carola. "The Seventh Century." ''Animals in Early Medieval Art''. Edinburgh:Edinburgh University Press, 1993

Animals in Medieval Art, Seventh Century

2006-09-18T20:21:37Z

Rtsmith:

== Animals in Medieval Art, Seventh Century ==

In Chapter Two of ''Animals in Medieval Art'', Carola Hicks informs the reader that by the end of the seventh century England will become a "Christian country" (57). The use of animals in the art of this era provides what Hicks calls "a dual interpretation of belief for pagans and Christians" (57). For instance, there are Christian and pagan elements found in the ornamental yet functional weaponry of the [http://www.suttonhoo.org/ Sutton Hoo] ship burial. In fact, Hicks calls Sutton Hoo "a metaphor for the art of the period; animal ornament is an integral part of the decoration of these different styles" (58). This dual interpretation can also be seen in the architectural sculptures on churches of the seventh century. The animals used were "chosen because of their symbolic function, which would have been interpreted by the onlooker in the light of his own knowledge and belief" (79). These depictions of animals were "retained as a means of transferring primitive belief into the official religion" (81). The dual interpretation continues into the manuscripts of the era, particularly the [http://celtdigital.org/Durrow.htm Book of Durrow], one of Ireland's oldest surviving gospels. The animal ornamentation in the manuscript "combines elements which show familiarity with Irish metalworking and with Pictish stone carving, as well as an awareness of Continental material" (95).

Hicks, Carola. "The Seventh Century." ''Animals in Early Medieval Art''. Edinburgh:Edinburgh University Press, 1993

Animals in Medieval Art, Seventh Century

2006-09-18T20:08:28Z

Rtsmith:

Animals in Medieval Art, Seventh Century

2006-09-18T19:29:05Z

Rtsmith:

== Animals in Medieval Art, Seventh Century ==

Medieval Media

2006-09-18T19:27:47Z

Rtsmith:

* [[Egil]]
* [[Olaf]]
* [[Battle of Brunanburh, date,site, description]]
* [[halberd and other weapons]]
* [[King Athelstan]]
* [[Hring and Adils]]
* [[kenning]]
* [[variation and repetition]]
* [[Hrothgar]]
* [[Geats]]
* [[wergild]]
* [[women in _Beowulf_]]
* [[comitatus]]
* '''[[The Garden of Paradise]]'''
* [[Lindesfarne Gospel images]]
* [[Insular iconography Style I]]
* [[Insular iconography Style II]]
* [[Animals in Medieval Art, Sixth Century]]
* [[Animals in Medieval Art, Seventh Century]]

Talk:Kenning

2006-09-11T15:20:33Z

Rtsmith:

There is a pretty interesting website for a Kenning game at [http://kevan.org/kenning Kevan]. I found it quite challenging.
-Todd Smith

Geats

2006-09-07T04:05:58Z

Rtsmith:

== Geats ==

According to Wikipedia, Geats are the people from the ancient Kingdom(s) of Gautland (English: Geatland). Though modern Geats are Swedes, the word Götar (English: Geat) can be used to describe an inhabitant of the traditional provinces that once made up Gautland.

Beowulf and a band of his fellow Geats, a seafaring tribe from South Sweden, came to the aid of the Dane King Hrothgar when word of Grendel's horrible acts reached them.

Geats are alternately referred to in Beowulf as Weather-Geats, War-Geats, and Sea-Geats.

Hrothgar

2006-09-07T03:58:15Z

Rtsmith:

== Hrothgar ==

King of the Danes, Hrothgar ruled Denmark in prosperity until Grendel began a campaign of terror on the realm. He was married to Wealhþeow and is the father of Freawaru. He built a famous hall called Heorot, and according to Saxo Grammaticus in Gesta Danorum, he founded the town Roskilde. His brother Halga (Helgi), who ruled before him had a famous son, Hrothulf.

Upon Beowulf's victory over Grendel, Hrothgar adopted Beowulf in his heart as a son.

Wergild

2006-09-07T03:51:11Z

Rtsmith:

Battle of Brunanburh, date,site, description

2006-08-30T15:46:21Z

Rtsmith:

== Battle of Brunanburh ==

In 937AD, the bloody battle of Brunanburh in which five kings and a large number of warriors were slaughtered, celebrates the victory over a Norse-Scot coalition, led by Viking Olaf (Anlaf) and Scottish King Constantine II. This battle was led by King Athelstan and his brother Edmund, which were Anglo-Saxon, and at the end of this battle, England was established as an Anglo-Saxon nation.

Egil

2006-08-30T15:45:09Z

Rtsmith:

== Egil ==

Egil Skallagrímsson (circa 910 - 990) was born in Iceland.

Egil was a viking and a poet. He enjoyed killing people. He fought with his brother Thorolf as a companion in the Battle of Brunnanburh in which his brother got killed.

King Athelstan

2006-08-30T15:39:17Z

Rtsmith:

== King Athelstan ==

King Athelstan (895 - 939) was grandson to Alfred the Great and son of Edward the Elder, and was the first true king to all of England. He reigned between 925 and 939.

He won the Battle of Brunanburh with the help of Egil and his brother. He offered presents to Egil because of the death of his brother.

King Athelstan

2006-08-30T15:39:01Z

Rtsmith:

Halberd and other weapons

2006-08-28T20:20:34Z

Rtsmith:

== Halberd and Other Weapons ==

A halberd, sometimes called a vouge, is a two-handed pole-style weapon.

King Athelstan

2006-08-28T20:17:44Z

Rtsmith:

== King Athelstan ==

King Athelstan won the Battle of Brunanburh with the help of Egil and his brother. He offered presents to Egil because of the death of his brother.

Battle of Brunanburh, date,site, description

2006-08-28T20:15:28Z

Rtsmith:

== Battle of Brunanburh ==

In 937AD, the bloody battle of Brunanburh in which five kings and a large number of warriors were slaughtered, celebrates the victory over a Norse-Scot coalition, led by Viking Olaf (Anlaf) and Scottish King Constantine II. This battle was led by King Aethelstan and his brother Edmund, which were Anglo-Saxon, and at the end of this battle, England was established as an Anglo-Saxon nation.

Egil

2006-08-28T19:18:06Z

Rtsmith:

== Egil ==

Egil was a viking and a poet. He enjoyed killing people. He fought with his brother Thorolf as a companion in the Battle of Brunnanburh in which his brother got killed.

Olaf

2006-08-28T19:08:34Z

Rtsmith:

== Olaf the Red ==

Olaf the Red (also called Anlaf) was the Viking King of Scots. He invaded England in 937 AD and was defeated at the Battle of Brunanburh in Vin Moor by King Athelstan and his troops, including the brothers Egil and Thorolf.