LitWiki - User contributions [en]

Catechumen

2006-11-04T15:20:22Z

Rduddles:

== Catechumen ==

St. Augustine decides to become a Christian catechumen in the Catholic Church, something is parents had urged him to do, until something else would help guide him in his course (book 5, ch14). A catechumen, during the early church, was "the name applied to one who had not yet been initiated into the sacred mysteries, but was undergoing a course of preparation for that purpose (Catholic)." The catechumen was divided into two stages the audientes, akromeni. In each of these stages there was a three-fold preparation from catechetical, to ascetical, and then to liturgical.

An individual was not even called a catechumen until after going through elementary instruction in the fundamental doctrines and practices of the church. Once the instructor believed that the inquirer would prevail, the inquirer was promoted to the rank of catechumen. The catechumen now stayed in Mass after the sermon for special prayer. Though most notable he was now considered a Christian. However, he was still not considered on of the "faithful". Once the catechumen had completed the stage of preparation and trial his name was "inscribed among the competentes; i.e. those seeking to be baptized (Catholic)".

== Works Cited ==
Catholic Encyclopedia. ed. T.B. SCANNELL. 2003
http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/03430b.htm

Medieval Media

2006-11-04T14:51:28Z

Rduddles: /* People, Places, Things */

===People, Places, Things===
* [[Egil]]
* [[Olaf]]
* [[Battle of Brunanburh, date,site, description]]
* [[halberd and other weapons]]
* [[King Athelstan]]
* [[Hring and Adils]]
* [[kenning]]
* [[variation and repetition]]
* [[Hrothgar]]
* [[Geats]]
* [[wergild]]
* [[women in _Beowulf_]]
* [[Grendel]]
* [[comitatus]]
* [[Apocrypha]]
* [[elements of heroic poetry]]
* [[beot, pledge]]
* [[envelope patterns and alliteration]]
* [[Paper and Parchment Making]]
* [[St. Cuthbert]]
* [[bestiary]]
* [[St. Augustine]]
* [[Otho/Corpus Gospels]]
* [[four major church fathers]]
* [[Boreas]]
* [[Phoebus]]
* [[Zephyrus]]
* [[catechumen]]

===Philosophical Concepts and Christian Heresies===
* '''[[Manicheism]]'''
* [[arianism]]
* [[Stoicism]]
* [[providence, fate, fortune]]
* [[nous, logos]]
* [[world soul]]
* [[human soul]]
* [[innatism]]
* [[Eliatic School]]
* [[Academy]]

===Manuscripts===
* '''[[The Garden of Paradise]]'''
* [[Insular iconography Style I]]
* [[Insular iconography Style II]]
* [[Animals in Medieval Art, Sixth Century]]
* [[Animals in Medieval Art, Seventh Century]]
* [[Animals in Medieval Art, Eighth and Early Ninth Centuries]]
* [[insular minuscule script]]
* [[The Echternach Lion]]
* [[Filigree Animal Ornament From Ireland and Scotland of the Late-Seventh to Ninth Centuries]]
* [[Image:Insular_s_variation.jpg]]
* [[Jesus Christ as a Lamb]]
* [[The Apocalyptic Lamb]]
* [[Jesus, as the Good Shepherd]]
* [[Jesus Christ as a Lion]]
* [[Iona and the Book of Kells]]
* [[Irish manuscript found in peat bog]]
* [[Wonders of the East]]

===Research Tools===
* [[Web Resources]]
* [[Bibliography from books]]
* [[Books on Reserve]]
* [[''Census of medieval and renaissance manuscripts in the United States and Canada'', by Seymour de Ricci, with the assistance of W.J. Wilson]]

Medieval Media

2006-11-04T14:50:19Z

Rduddles: /* Manuscripts */

===People, Places, Things===
* [[Egil]]
* [[Olaf]]
* [[Battle of Brunanburh, date,site, description]]
* [[halberd and other weapons]]
* [[King Athelstan]]
* [[Hring and Adils]]
* [[kenning]]
* [[variation and repetition]]
* [[Hrothgar]]
* [[Geats]]
* [[wergild]]
* [[women in _Beowulf_]]
* [[Grendel]]
* [[comitatus]]
* [[Apocrypha]]
* [[elements of heroic poetry]]
* [[beot, pledge]]
* [[envelope patterns and alliteration]]
* [[Paper and Parchment Making]]
* [[St. Cuthbert]]
* [[bestiary]]
* [[St. Augustine]]
* [[Otho/Corpus Gospels]]
* [[four major church fathers]]
* [[Boreas]]
* [[Phoebus]]
* [[Zephyrus]]

===Philosophical Concepts and Christian Heresies===
* '''[[Manicheism]]'''
* [[arianism]]
* [[Stoicism]]
* [[providence, fate, fortune]]
* [[nous, logos]]
* [[world soul]]
* [[human soul]]
* [[innatism]]
* [[Eliatic School]]
* [[Academy]]

===Manuscripts===
* '''[[The Garden of Paradise]]'''
* [[Insular iconography Style I]]
* [[Insular iconography Style II]]
* [[Animals in Medieval Art, Sixth Century]]
* [[Animals in Medieval Art, Seventh Century]]
* [[Animals in Medieval Art, Eighth and Early Ninth Centuries]]
* [[insular minuscule script]]
* [[The Echternach Lion]]
* [[Filigree Animal Ornament From Ireland and Scotland of the Late-Seventh to Ninth Centuries]]
* [[Image:Insular_s_variation.jpg]]
* [[Jesus Christ as a Lamb]]
* [[The Apocalyptic Lamb]]
* [[Jesus, as the Good Shepherd]]
* [[Jesus Christ as a Lion]]
* [[Iona and the Book of Kells]]
* [[Irish manuscript found in peat bog]]
* [[Wonders of the East]]

===Research Tools===
* [[Web Resources]]
* [[Bibliography from books]]
* [[Books on Reserve]]
* [[''Census of medieval and renaissance manuscripts in the United States and Canada'', by Seymour de Ricci, with the assistance of W.J. Wilson]]

Otho/Corpus Gospels

2006-10-05T19:48:15Z

Rduddles:

== The Otho/Corpus Gospels ==

The Otho/Corpus Gospels are often compared to the three great Gospel books – Lindisfarne, Durham and Echternach. The Otho/Corpus Gospels was one of the many illuminated manuscript collection being housed at the Ashburnham House. Unfortunately, a serious fire destroyed many of the works, including most of the Otho/Corpus Gospels. However, though the Otho/Corpus Gospel receive very little attention, its original variety of decoration exceeds that of the Echternach Gospel. Currently the Otho/Corpus Gospels are divided between the Cotton collection in the British Library and Corpus Christi College, Cambridge (169-172).

== Works Cited ==
Backhouse, Janet. Birds, Beasts and Initials in Lindisfarne's Gospel Books

Metzger, Chela and Primanis, Olivia. Disaster Recovery in 1731. Abbey Publications 2004
http://palimpsest.stanford.edu/byorg/abbey/an/an25/an25-4/an25-402.html

Otho/Corpus Gospels

2006-10-05T19:48:03Z

Rduddles:

== The Otho/Corpus Gospels ==

The Otho/Corpus Gospels are often compared to the three great Gospel books – Lindisfarne, Durham and Echternach. The Otho/Corpus Gospels was one of the many illuminated manuscript collection being housed at the Ashburnham House. Unfortunately, a serious fire destroyed many of the works, including most of the Otho/Corpus Gospels. However, though the Otho/Corpus Gospel receive very little attention, its original variety of decoration exceeds that of the Echternach Gospel. Currently the Otho/Corpus Gospels are divided between the Cotton collection in the British Library and Corpus Christi College, Cambridge (169-172).

== Works Cited ==
Backhouse, Janet. Birds, Beasts and Initials in Lindisfarne's Gospel Books
Metzger, Chela and Primanis, Olivia. Disaster Recovery in 1731. Abbey Publications 2004
http://palimpsest.stanford.edu/byorg/abbey/an/an25/an25-4/an25-402.html

Medieval Media

2006-10-05T18:45:29Z

Rduddles:

===People, Places, Things===
* [[Egil]]
* [[Olaf]]
* [[Battle of Brunanburh, date,site, description]]
* [[halberd and other weapons]]
* [[King Athelstan]]
* [[Hring and Adils]]
* [[kenning]]
* [[variation and repetition]]
* [[Hrothgar]]
* [[Geats]]
* [[wergild]]
* [[women in _Beowulf_]]
* [[Grendel]]
* [[comitatus]]
* [[Apocrypha]]
* [[elements of heroic poetry]]
* [[beot, pledge]]
* [[envelope patterns and alliteration]]
* [[Paper and Parchment Making]]
* [[St. Cuthbert]]
* [[bestiary]]
* [[St. Augustine]]
* [[Otho/Corpus Gospels]]

===Manuscripts===
* '''[[The Garden of Paradise]]'''

* [[Insular iconography Style I]]
* [[Insular iconography Style II]]
* [[Animals in Medieval Art, Sixth Century]]
* [[Animals in Medieval Art, Seventh Century]]
* [[Animals in Medieval Art, Eighth and Early Ninth Centuries]]
* [[insular minuscule script]]
* [[The Echternach Lion]]
* [[Filigree Animal Ornament From Ireland and Scotland of the Late-Seventh to Ninth Centuries]]
* [[Image:Insular_s_variation.jpg]]
* [[Jesus Christ as a Lamb]]
* [[The Apocalyptic Lamb]]
* [[Jesus, as the Good Shepherd]]
* [[Jesus Christ as a Lion]]
* [[Jesus, Figured by the Fish]]
* [[Iona and the Book of Kells]]
* [[Irish manuscript found in peat bog]]

===Research Tools===
* [[Web Resources]]
* [[Bibliography from books]]
* [[Books on Reserve]]

Paper and Parchment Making

2006-09-28T23:37:07Z

Rduddles:

== Paper and Parchment Making ==

De Hamel, Christopher. "Paper and Parchment Makers." ''Scribes and Illuminators''. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1992.

"Parchment is made from the skin of an animal" (8).

"In normal usage, the terms 'parchment' and 'vellum' are interchangeable" (8).

Pergamenum (i.e. parchment) "derives its name from the city of Pergamum, whose ancient King Eumenes II is said by Pliny to have invented it in the second century BC during a trade blockade on papyrus" (8).

"Old-fashioned books about medieval manuscripts assert that the finest medieval parchment was made from the skin of aborted calves..." (16).

"Not all medieval manuscripts were written on parchment. The Middle Ages opened with a long legacy of papyrus book production, and this fragile Egyptian reed material lingered on in occasional use until the seventh or even eighth century" (16).

"The smaller the book, the more elaborately it was ruled" (20).

"Splendidly illuminated manuscripts have grids of guide lines" (22).

== The Process of Parchment Making ==

Parchment making was a long complicated process. The animal skin, the most common skin being that of a sheep, had to be bathed, rubbed, dried, stretched, and chalked before any writing could be done. The whole process would take the animal skin and transform it into a "clean white suitable" piece of material (8).

The process began by selecting a good piece of skin; one without disease, tears, or ticks. Once a piece of skin was chosen it was soaked in a tub full of lime and water for about three to ten days. This would loosen the hair and flesh from both sides of the skin. The percamenarius, parchment-maker, would then lay the skin over a curved piece of wood and scrape at the skin with a knife. The skin was then dried, stretched, and tightened. All three actions required the skin to be hung from clips and stretched out by turning knobs attached to the clips. Stretching the skin would sometimes create holes in the skin where it was weak or previously torn. Once the skin was dry, a crescent knife was used to rid the skin of any excess flesh and hair. The amount of scraping depended on the finesses of the parchment. Once this was completed the skin, or should it know be referred to as a parchment, was rolled up and put on the shelf to be sold (8-12).

Paper and Parchment Making

2006-09-28T23:36:03Z

Rduddles:

== Paper and Parchment Making ==

De Hamel, Christopher. "Paper and Parchment Makers." ''Scribes and Illuminators''. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1992.

"Parchment is made from the skin of an animal" (8).

"In normal usage, the terms 'parchment' and 'vellum' are interchangeable" (8).

Pergamenum (i.e. parchment) "derives its name from the city of Pergamum, whose ancient King Eumenes II is said by Pliny to have invented it in the second century BC during a trade blockade on papyrus" (8).

"Old-fashioned books about medieval manuscripts assert that the finest medieval parchment was made from the skin of aborted calves..." (16).

"Not all medieval manuscripts were written on parchment. The Middle Ages opened with a long legacy of papyrus book production, and this fragile Egyptian reed material lingered on in occasional use until the seventh or even eighth century" (16).

"The smaller the book, the more elaborately it was ruled" (20).

"Splendidly illuminated manuscripts have grids of guide lines" (22).

Parchment making was a long complicated process. The animal skin, the most common skin being that of a sheep, had to be bathed, rubbed, dried, stretched, and chalked before any writing could be done. The whole process would take the animal skin and transform it into a "clean white suitable" piece of material (8).

The process began by selecting a good piece of skin; one without disease, tears, or ticks. Once a piece of skin was chosen it was soaked in a tub full of lime and water for about three to ten days. This would loosen the hair and flesh from both sides of the skin. The percamenarius, parchment-maker, would then lay the skin over a curved piece of wood and scrape at the skin with a knife. The skin was then dried, stretched, and tightened. All three actions required the skin to be hung from clips and stretched out by turning knobs attached to the clips. Stretching the skin would sometimes create holes in the skin where it was weak or previously torn. Once the skin was dry, a crescent knife was used to rid the skin of any excess flesh and hair. The amount of scraping depended on the finesses of the parchment. Once this was completed the skin, or should it know be referred to as a parchment, was rolled up and put on the shelf to be sold (8-12).

Paper and Parchment Making

2006-09-28T21:30:18Z

Rduddles:

== Paper and Parchment Making ==

De Hamel, Christopher. "Paper and Parchment Makers." ''Scribes and Illuminators''. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1992.

"Parchment is made from the skin of an animal" (8).

"In normal usage, the terms 'parchment' and 'vellum' are interchangeable" (8).

Pergamenum (i.e. parchment) "derives its name from the city of Pergamum, whose ancient King Eumenes II is said by Pliny to have invented it in the second century BC during a trade blockade on papyrus" (8).

"Old-fashioned books about medieval manuscripts assert that the finest medieval parchment was made from the skin of aborted calves..." (16).

"Not all medieval manuscripts were written on parchment. The Middle Ages opened with a long legacy of papyrus book production, and this fragile Egyptian reed material lingered on in occasional use until the seventh or even eighth century" (16).

"The smaller the book, the more elaborately it was ruled" (20).

"Splendidly illuminated manuscripts have grids of guide lines" (22).

Parchment making was a long complicated process. The animal skin, the most common skin being that of a sheep, had to be bathed, rubbed, dried, stretched, and chalked before any writing could be done. The whole process would take the animal skin and transform it into a "clean white suitable" piece of material (8).
The process began by selecting a good piece of skin; one without disease, tears, or ticks. Once a piece of skin was chosen it was soaked in a tub full of lime and water for about three to ten days. This would loosen the hair and flesh from both sides of the skin. The percamenarius, parchment-maker, would then lay the skin over a curved piece of wood and scrape at the skin with a knife. The skin was then dried, stretched, and tightened. All three actions required the skin to be hung from clips and stretched out by turning knobs attached to the clips. Stretching the skin would sometimes create holes in the skin where it was weak or previously torn. Once the skin was dry, a crescent knife was used to rid the skin of any excess flesh and hair. The amount of scraping depended on the finesses of the parchment. Once this was completed the skin, or should it know be referred to as a parchment, was rolled up and put on the shelf to be sold (8-12).

The Apocalyptic Lamb

2006-09-23T13:41:05Z

Rduddles:

Didrion, Alphonse. Christian Iconography: The History of Christian Art through the Ages. Vol. 1 New York: Ungar, 1965

The lamb is a symbol of Christ. It has been featured standing over rivers, held by John the Baptist, or even standing amongst his followers. However, one monstrous depiction of Christ as a lamb comes from St. John’s description of Christ in the Apocalyptic volume. He is represented with “seven horns on its head and seven eyes on the forehead and neck” (333). The seven horns and seven eyes indicate the seven spirits of God that will be sent throughout the entire world; the eyes being a faculty, and each horn as an emblem of the Divine Lamb. Seven gifts are also given to the Lamb: virtue, divinity, wisdom, courage, honor, glory and benediction (333). The number seven is an invaluable number when referring to the Apocalyptic lamb, however, either from error, indifference, want of room, inattention, or the degradation of Apocalyptic lamb to a more natural lamb, it is sometimes seen with fewer horns or eyes (333, 334).

Jesus Christ as a Lamb

2006-09-23T13:17:08Z

Rduddles:

Didrion, Alphonse. Christian Iconography: The History of Christian Art through the Ages. Vol. 1 New York: Ungar, 1965

The chapter “Jesus Christ as a Lamb” in the ''Christian Iconography: History of Christian Art through the Ages'' concerns the symbolic form of Christ as a lamb. From very early in the history of Christianity Christ was represented as that of a lamb. This was in coherence with the Bible's reference to Christ as the "Lamb of God"(318). St John, in the Apocalypse, saw Christ in the form of a lamb opening the book with seven seals, while seeing Jesus exclaimed “Behold the Lamb of God”(318, 319). The lamb by itself is symbolic. It was one of the sacrifices used by the Israelites before Christ’s birth. They considered Christ as their new sacrifice, replacing the shedding of an innocent lamb’s blood with His own (319).

In the eleventh century Christ, as the lamb, was engraved in copper plates looking down from the summit at four mystic streams. Others engravings depicted Christ being carried by St. John the Baptist. In either case the lamb would be surrounded by an aureole and a crucifix. However, by the sixteenth century the depiction of Christ as a lamb had been degenerated into a very natural description of Christ. He no longer appeared with a nimbus or a divine aureole, he could be seen running along the ground, or even being assisted by St. John the Baptist (323). Not only was the figure of Christ reduced to a more common lamb, but other personages of the Old Testament and even common Hebrews were being represented by a lamb (330). By the year 692, under the Emperor Justian II, it was formally decreed that the figure of Christ as a human would subitute the common depiction of a lamb (332). This proclamation decreased the depictions of Christ as a lamb.

Jesus Christ as a Lion

2006-09-22T21:46:57Z

Rduddles:

Didrion, Alphonse. Christian Iconography: The History of Christian Art through the Ages. Vol. 1 New York: Ungar, 1965

Frequently the four Evangelist are symbolized by animals: St. John, by the eagle; St Luke, by an ox; St. Matthew, as an angel; and St. Mark, by the lion. However, St. Mark shares his creature with Christ. A more uncommon figure of Christ is that of the lion; in fact, if the nimbus been plain instead of housing the cross, the lion would be representing St. Mark. With the cross stamped on the nimbus the lion is intended for the Lion of Judah (342).

“The lamb, the lion, and the cross, are the three sole symbols under which Christ is represented” (342). The other representation of Christ, a fish, pelican, eagle, hen etc. are figures of Christ. A symbol is an exterior formula, an article of faith; while a figure is an arbitrary representation of any idea. The lamb is a symbol of Christ because it relates to the sacred text’s Divine lamb. The lamb is Christ. A figure instead is creations of the imagination were a pelican lacerates her breast to nourish her young with her blood; Christ similarly shed his blood to save his children. However, Christ is never represented by a pelican in the courts of heaven, nor does He or anyone else call him a pelican (342-343).

Jesus, as the Good Shepherd

2006-09-22T21:24:56Z

Rduddles:

Didrion, Alphonse. Christian Iconography: The History of Christian Art through the Ages. Vol. 1 New York: Ungar, 1965

While Christ has commonly been represented in the form of a lamb, He is also frequently symbolized by a shepherd who guards the lamb (337). In the book of St. John, Jesus himself is proclaiming, "I am the good shepherd, and know my sheep, and am known of mine. As the Father knowth me, even so know I the Father; and I lay down my life for the sheep (St. John, x. 14, 15, 16)" (338). Christ was constantly represented as a youthful, beardless shepherd in the catacombs, the sarcophagi, and in the paintings in fresco (338). Though the pictures of a shepherd watching over his sheep have been associated with the Christian church, many Pagan antiquaries say that the Christians borrowed the idea of the Good Shepherd from their representation of love. However, many believe the foundation of the Christian church, being love, and the repetition of this idea gave them every right to make the Good Shepherd their own (341).

Medieval Media

2006-09-22T21:06:34Z

Rduddles: /* Manuscripts */

Medieval Media

2006-09-22T21:04:16Z

Rduddles: /* Manuscripts */

Jesus Christ as a Lamb

2006-09-22T21:02:32Z

Rduddles:

Medieval Media

2006-09-22T20:18:04Z

Rduddles: /* Manuscripts */

Women in Beowulf

2006-09-08T03:55:15Z

Rduddles:

The women play the role of peace-keepers.For example, Wealhtheow, Hrothgar's queen. Beowulf lines 607, 620-628) Women in Beowulf represents a female perspective of honor, loyalty and social welfare. Wealhtheow is the picturesque queen. One sees this when she meets the nobles after Beowulf has defeated Grendel. Wealhtheow is a role model of courtly behaviors and duties.

Women also represent monsters. Grendal's mother and Thryth both committed terrible crimes, each involved the killing of men by using physical force. Thryth, the daughter of a king, went around killing liegemen who dared to lift their eyes to her face. Her actions were condemned because they lacked the ways of queens and the custom of lovely ladies.

Grendel's mother is an evil, monstrous woman. She is a descendent of Cain thus an outcast from society and its rules. She is very greedy and powerful. The Danes feared her more than they feared Grendal, for she was a stronger and deadlier opponent. This made her very capable of avenging her son's death.

Hring and Adils

2006-09-05T05:12:31Z

Rduddles:

Hring and Adils were the ruling brothers of Wales. They were tributary to King Athelstand and were duty-bound to fight under his banner. However, when the brother's heard of King Olaf's victory in Northumberland and of his powerful army, they went over to the side of King Olaf. These combined countries formed an immensive army.

Medieval Media

2006-09-05T04:52:53Z

Rduddles:

* [[Egil]]
* [[Olaf]]
* [[Battle of Brunanburh, date,site, description]]
* [[halberd and other weapons]]
* [[King Athelstan]]
* [[Hring and Adils]]
* [[kenning]]
* [[variation and repetition]]
* [[Hrothgar]]
* [[Geats]]
* [[wergild]]
* [[women in _Beowulf_]]

Olaf

2006-09-05T04:47:27Z

Rduddles: /* Olaf the Red */

== Olaf the Red ==

Olaf the Red (also called Anlaf) was the powerful Viking King of Scotland, which was said to be a third of the power of England. His father was Scotish and his mother was Danish. He invaded England in 937 AD where he defeated Earl Godreck and Earl Alfgeir and took control of Northumberland. King Olaf was killed and his troops defeated at the Battle of Brunanburh in Vin Moor by King Athelstan and his troops, led by the brothers [[Egil]] and Thorolf.

Olaf

2006-09-05T04:43:49Z

Rduddles: /* Olaf the Red */

== Olaf the Red ==

Olaf the Red (also called Anlaf) was the Viking King of Scots. He was Scot on his father's side and Danish on his mother's. He invaded England in 937 AD where he defeated Earl Godreck and Earl Alfgeir and took control of Northumberland. King Olaf was killed and his troops defeated at the Battle of Brunanburh in Vin Moor by King Athelstan and his troops, led by the brothers [[Egil]] and Thorolf.

Egil

2006-09-05T03:22:16Z

Rduddles:

== Egil ==

Egil Skallagrímsson (circa 910 - 990) was born in Iceland.

Egil was a viking and a poet. He enjoyed killing people. He fought alongside his brother Thorolf against King [[Olaf]] in the Battle of Brunnanburh in which his brother got killed.

After the battle, Egil was rewarded greatly for the loss of his brother by [[King Athelstan]]. The King bestowed upon him a gold braclet and two chests filled with silver that he was to take back to his father as compensation for his brother's death. Egil stayed with [[King Athelstan]] for some time after the battle and the two became close friends. When it came time for Egil to leave [[King Athelstan]] asked that he stay and pick whatever position he chose, but Egil refused. He instead set off for Norway to fullfil his duty of caring for his dead brother's family.

User:Rduddles

2006-08-24T22:57:28Z

Rduddles:

== Rachel Duddles ==

=== RSD ===

#[[Literary Terms]]
#[http://www.google.com/ Google]