LitWiki - User contributions [en]

Literary theory

2014-04-25T13:43:19Z

Quisha:

==Introduction==

According to the Collins English Dictionary, literary theory is defined as "the systematic analysis and study of [[literature]] using general principles". A common misconception about literary theory is that it is focused on the meaning of a work of literature, whereas the actual study involves the tools by which people attempt to understand literature. <ref name=Ref1/> With different schools of theory critics of different literary works can focus on those works through different aspects they consider the most important(for example a Marxist theory may focus on how [[character|characters]] in a story react to an economic situation). <ref name=Ref2/> Critics use more than one school of literary theory when analyzing a work.

==Types of Literary Theory==

=== Archetypal/Myth Criticism ===

Archetypal/Myth critics, such as C.G. Jung and Joseph Campbell, view the genres and individual plot patterns of literature, including highly sophisticated and realistic works, as recurrences of certain archetypes and essential mythic formulae.<ref name=Ref10/> Archetypes are "repeated types of experience in lives of ancient ancestors which inherited the collective unconscious of the human race and are expressed in myths, dreams, religion, and private fantasies, also in the work of literature." - C.G. Jung

Examples of Archetypes: the sun, the moon, circles, colors, Wise Old Man, the Great Mother, etc. Another archetype would be the color white, signifies death and is associated with innocence.

Archetypal/Myth Authors:
*[[C.G. Jung]]
*[[Joseph Campbell]]
*[[Robert Graves]]

===Psychoanalytic Criticism===
Psychoanalytic criticism, is one of the initial approaches within the school of literary criticism. This concept is used by critics to analyze the unconsciousness of the mind; which consists of desires, fears, enjoyments or anything that causes human to be driven without knowledge of their actions. Psychoanalytic method was originally constructed by [http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/questionofgod/twolives/freudbio.html Sigmund Freud], when he was studying patients in an asylum.

The ''Introductory Guide to Critical Theory'' says, Freud began his researches into the workings of the human mind in 1881, after a century during which Europe and America saw the reform of the insane asylum and an ever-increasing interest in "abnormal" psychological states, especially the issue of "nervous diseases" (which was the first phenomenon that Freud studied, examining the nervous system of fish while gaining his medical degree at the University of Vienna from 1873 to 1881).<ref name=Ref3/>

Holland says, the psychoanalytic literary critic's primary job is to foreground that psychological element in what he or she says about books. In other words, the psychoanalytic critics should be interpreting their own, if you will, counter-transference to the text or whatever else they are describing.<ref name=Ref4/>

For example if the literary critic wants to apply the psychoanalytic approach to a specific piece of work or literature, the theory is applied directly with the following the concepts:<ref name=Ref5/>
<ol>
<li>Consider the author’s personality to explain and interpret a text
<li>What psychological theories are present in the characters (Oedipal complex, obsessive compulsive, sexual repression, denial, guilt)?
<li>What repressed material is expressed in imagery or symbols?
</ol>

The literary critic will then be able to exhibit to the reader the images that are needed to properly interpret and grasp the message of the writer.

===Feminist Criticism===

Feminist Criticism is the analysis of the thoughts on feminism, feminist theory, or feminist politics. Authors use this to change the way literature portrays woman characters. Feminist theory has raised questions towards society. It asks if the world values male characters over females or if they feel that females are not as strong as males.<ref name=Ref6/> When feminist criticism began is focused on politics of women authorship and the representation of woman’s conditions in literature.<ref name=Ref7/> Currently, feminist criticism focuses on certain aspects of society with women; such as education, politics, and the work force. <br /><br/>

Feminist Writers:
*[[Mary Wollstonecraft]]
*[[Julia Kristeva]]
*[[Elaine Showalter]]

===Marxist Criticism===

In literature, Marxist criticism focuses on money and power.<ref name=Ref8/> It was founded on the ideals of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. The story lines are usually affected or influenced by the economy or social classes. This criticism usually exposes the way a socioeconomic system is the ultimate source of our experience.<ref name=Ref9/> The notions of Marxism places emphasis on the convergence between the dominant and repressed classes. Also, Marxism encourages art to imitate what is often termed an "objective" reality. Contemporary Marxism is more general in its desired goal and views art as simultaneously reflective and autonomous to the era in which it was produced.<ref name=Ref10/>
<br /><br/>

Marxist Authors:
*[[Karl Marx]]
*[[Leon Trotsky]]
*[[Georg Lukács]]

===New Criticism===

New Criticism is a literary movement beginning in he late 1920's and 1930's. This movement derived from the reaction to traditional criticism that new critics believe were considered highly important, such as the biography or psychology of the author or the work's relations to the history of literature. The notion of New Criticism is that a work of literary art should be considered autonomous so that it is not judged, or stereotyped, by reference to considerations beyond the work.<ref name=Ref10/>

Major New Criticism Figures:
*[[I. A. Richards]]
*[[T. S. Eliot]]
*[[Cleanth Brooks]]
*[[David Daiches]]
*[[William Empson]]

===Formalist Criticism===

Formalist criticism is an approach that emphasizes literary form and and studies the structural purposes or literary devices of a text. Formalism seeks to study literature on a scientific base using objective analysis from the motifs, devices, techniques, and other functions. The literariness of the text served the Formalists the most importance. It was what they considered to separate their literary aspects from all other types of writing. They cared most that their narrative had meaning and displayed the "hero function."
<ref name=Ref11/>

===Civic Criticism===

Civic Criticism looks into the social and political ideas and attitudes of literature. Those factors are determined whether it is progressive or not.<ref name=Ref12/>

===Modernism/ Post-Modernism===

Modernism is the rejection of traditional forms of literature. It turns the work into a new experimental form. Modernism writing usually consists of several allusions. Modernism tends to focus around enlightenment ideas<ref name=Ref5/>

Post-Modernism follows the same suit as modernism, but with a twist. It forms a new framework. Post-Modernism tends to consist of free-play and disclosure. Theorist, Ihab Hassan, created a list of to show some difference between the two.<ref name=Ref10/>

<table style="width:300px">
<tr>
<td>'''Modernism'''</td>
<td>'''Post-Modernism'''</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Purpose</td>
<td>Play</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Design</td>
<td>Chance</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Hierarchy</td>
<td>Anarchy</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Totalization</td>
<td>Deconstruction</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Presence</td>
<td>Absence</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Root/Depth</td>
<td>Rhizome/Surface</td>
</tr>
</table>

===Post-Colonialism===

Post-Colonialism is a collection of theoretical and critical strategies that is used to examine culture like in literature, politics, history, etc., and their relations with the world. Post-colonial writers want to resurrect both their culture and to combat preconceptions of their culture.<ref name=Ref10/>

Major Post-Colonialism Figures:
*[[Edward Said]]
*[[Frantz Fanon]]

===Existentialism===

Existentialism is a philosophy that views each person as an isolated being and who sees the world as no value or meaning. This philosophy was promoted by Jean-Paul Sartre and Albert Camus. Sartre saw human beings as being free to choose whatever conscious decision that they wanted to. "Man/Women are condemned to be free," -Jean-Paul Sartre. Most defined existence as absurd and anguished because there would be a world without sense and people are free to do whatever they want.<ref name=Ref10/>

Major Existentialism Figures:
*[[Jean-Paul Sartre]]
*[[Albert Camus]]

===Structuralism===

Structuralism is the concern for descriptions and perceptions of structures. Human activity is constructed, not natural or essential, according to Structuralist. This means, in any situation has to have some reasoning/meaning behind it.<ref name=Ref10/>

Major Structuralism Figures:
*[[Terence Hawkes]]
*[[ Roman Jakobson]]
*[[ Claude Lévi-Strauss]]

===Deconstruction===

Ross Murfin states that “deconstruction involves the close reading of texts in order to demonstrate that any given text has irreconcilably contradictory meanings, rather than being a unified, logical whole.”<ref name=Ref14/> J. Hillis Miller, the preeminent American deconstructor, also described how deconstruction does not involve the dismantling of a structure, but rather highlighting the fact that the text dismantles itself.

Jacques Derrida, a French philosopher, first coined deconstruction. He demonstrates how in Western Culture, there is a heavy reliance on “binary oppositions”. This occurs when two concepts are given, one that is inherently superior, the other slightly inferior (even slightly). Some examples include black vs white, feminine vs masculine, beginning vs end, etc. Deconstruction is the method used by Derrida to break down these oppositions and display the inevitable hierarchies within them.

===Reader Response===
Reader-response Criticism is the focus of the reader's reaction to a particular work of literature.<ref name=Ref13/> The reader takes into account their own personal beliefs and background knowledge to analyze the author's work. The advantage to this process, is that every reader will experience the work in their own way, influenced by their experiences and psychological needs. This provides the author with an authentic response every time, as no two readers will experience the work in the same way.

Louise Rosenblatt is credited with the creation of this approach. In 1969, she defined reader response criticism as, “A poem is what the reader lives through under the guidance of the text and experiences as relevant to the text…the idea that a poem presupposes a reader actively involved with a text is particularly shocking to those seeking to emphasize the objectivity of their observations.” Opposition to this idea was very heavy. Formalists had no interest in what a reader goes through, and claimed the idea of a reader’s response being relevant to a work as a fallacy.

In recent years, with the redefinition of literature into something the readers’ minds experience, the process of reader-response has been adapted. The most common form of response is done with college classes. The students read the work and describe their experiences at key points throughout the work. This can be done even while the work is still being written, which makes it particularly powerful.<ref name=Ref15/>

==References==
<references>
*<ref name=Ref1>“Literary Theory” by Vince Brewton, ''The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy'', ISSN 2161-0002, <http://www.iep.utm.edu/literary/>, accessed 16 April 2014 </ref>
*<ref name=Ref2>"Literary Theory and Schools of Criticism" by Allen Brizee, J. Case Tompkins. ''Purdue OWL'', <https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/owlprint/722/>. </ref>
*<ref name=Ref3>"Modules on Freud: On Psychosexual Development." by Felluga. Dino.''Introductory Guide to Critical Theory''.<http://www.cla.purdue.edu/english/theory/psychoanalysis/freud.html>. July 12, 2002. accessed 21 April 2014 </ref>
*<ref name=Ref4>The Mind and the Book: A Long Look at Psychoanalytic Literary Criticism by N Holland, Norman. ''University of Florida'', <http://www.clas.ufl.edu/users/nholland/mindbook.htm>.1998. accessed 21 April 2014 </ref>
*<ref name=Ref5>''Literary Theories: A Sampling of Lenses'' by Daniel Mesick.''Como Park Senior High School'', <http://comosr.spps.org/lit_theory>, accessed 21 April 2014 </ref>
*<ref name=Ref6>Napikoski, Linda. Feminist Literary Crticism. <http://womenshistory.about.com/od/feminism/a/feminist_criticism.htm>, accessed 21 April 2014</ref>
*<ref name=Ref7>Allen Brizee, J. Case Tompkins . 2010-04-21. Feminist Criticism (1960s-present).<https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/722/11/>, accessed 21 April 2014</ref>
*<ref name=Ref8>'Literary Theories: A Sampling of Critical Lenses.'
<http://www.mpsaz.org/rmhs/staff/rkcupryk/aa_jr/files/microsoft_word_-_literary_theories.pdf>, accessed 21 April 2014</ref>
*<ref name=Ref9>Allen Brizee, J. Case Tompkins . 2010-04-21. "Marxist Criticism (1930s-present)."<https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/722/05/>, accessed 21 April 2014</ref>
*<ref name=Ref10>"Introduction to Modern Literary Theory" by Dr. Kristi Siegel,
<http://www.kristisiegel.com/theory.htm>, accessed 22 April 2014</ref>
*<ref name=Ref11>"Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy" by Vince Brewton,
<http://www.iep.utm.edu/literary/#H3>, accessed 22 April 2014</ref>
*<ref name=Ref12>Cuddon, J. A. (2013). "Dictionary of Literary Terms and Literary Theory."</ref>
*<ref name=Ref13>"Introduction to Literature" by Michael Delahoyde,
<https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/722/06/>, accessed 25 April 2014</ref>
*<ref name=Ref14>“Critical Approaches” by Ross Murfin, ''VirtuaLit Interactive Poetry Tutorial'',
<http://bcs.bedfordstmartins.com/virtualit/poetry/critical_define/crit_decons.html/>, accessed 23 April 2014 </ref>
*<ref name=Ref15>“Critical Approaches” by Ross Murfin, ''VirtuaLit Interactive Poetry Tutorial'',
<http://bcs.bedfordstmartins.com/virtualit/poetry/critical_define/crit_reader.html/>, accessed 23 April 2014 </ref>

==External Links==
* http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/literary-theory - The Collins English Dictionary's definition page for Literary Theory.

[[Category:Literary Terms]]

Claude Lévi-Strauss

2014-04-24T21:11:21Z

Quisha:

'''Claude Levi-Strauss''' was a French anthropologist and had influence on humanities. Born on November 28, 1908 in Brussels. He came from a Jewish family and later on he moved to Paris to continue his studies. He went to Law School there and studied philosophy. Strauss taught for a while and ended up getting his PhD. He became a professor at the College of France. He was know for his book, [http://www.amazon.com/Tristes-Tropiques-Claude-Levi-Strauss/dp/0140165622 ''Tristes Tropiques''], and it talked about anthropological structuralism. Later on he published [http://www.amazon.com/Savage-Nature-Human-Society-Series/dp/0226474844 ''The Savage Mind''], which was his important work. He died when he was 100 years old on October 1, 2009.

===External Links===

More information on Claude Levi-Strauss

[http://www.egs.edu/library/claude-levi-strauss/biography/ Claude's Biography]

Claude Lévi-Strauss

2014-04-24T21:10:56Z

Quisha: Created page with "'''Claude Levi-Strauss''' was a French anthropologist and had influence on humanities. Born on November 28, 1908 in Brussels. He came from a Jewish family and later on he move..."

'''Claude Levi-Strauss''' was a French anthropologist and had influence on humanities. Born on November 28, 1908 in Brussels. He came from a Jewish family and later on he moved to Paris to continue his studies. He went to Law School there and studied philosophy. Strauss taught for a while and ended up getting his PhD. He became a professor at the College of France. He was know for his book, [http://www.amazon.com/Tristes-Tropiques-Claude-Levi-Strauss/dp/0140165622 ''Tristes Tropiques''], and it talked about anthropological structuralism. Later on he published [http://www.amazon.com/Savage-Nature-Human-Society-Series/dp/0226474844 ''The Savage Mind''], which was his important work. He died whe.n he was 100 years old on October 1, 2009.

===External Links===

More information on Claude Levi-Strauss

[http://www.egs.edu/library/claude-levi-strauss/biography/ Claude's Biography]

Roman Jakobson

2014-04-24T20:46:07Z

Quisha: Created page with "'''Roman Jakobson''' was born in 1896 in Moscow, Russia. He went to Prague school, and was the founder of the European movement in linguistics. He became a professor at differ..."

'''Roman Jakobson''' was born in 1896 in Moscow, Russia. He went to Prague school, and was the founder of the European movement in linguistics. He became a professor at different universities, like, Cophenhagen, Oslo, and Sweden. Later he moved to New York at taught at Columbia University. He taught slavic language, literature, and linguistics at Harvard University. He wrote different things about languages, such as, [http://books.google.com/books/about/Studies_on_Child_Language_and_Aphasia.html?id=MkNwSQHa2w4C ''Studies on Child-Languages and Aphasia''] and [http://www.amazon.com/Fundamentals-language-Roman-Jakobson/dp/117871814X ''Fundamentals of Language'']. He died on July 18, 1982 in Boston, Massachusetts.

===External Links===

More about Roman Jakobson

[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/299603/Roman-Jakobson Roman Jakobson]

[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Jakobson Jakobson's Life]

Albert Camus

2014-04-24T02:38:35Z

Quisha: Created page with "'''Albert Camus''' was born on November 7, 1913 in Algeria. He was a representative of French literature, French Nobel Prize, journalist, and philosopher. He went to college a..."

'''Albert Camus''' was born on November 7, 1913 in Algeria. He was a representative of French literature, French Nobel Prize, journalist, and philosopher. He went to college at University of Algiers. After college he joined the Resistance movement,and shortly after he became a columnist for the Combat newspaper. He retired from political journalism and was interested in theater and playwright besides writing fiction and essays. His essays are what helped him win a Nobel Prize as an author. He died on January 4, 1960.

===External Links===

[http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1957/camus-bio.html Albert Camus -Biographical]

[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Camus Albert Camus]

Jean-Paul Sartre

2014-04-24T02:10:04Z

Quisha: Created page with "'''Jean-Paul Sartre''' was born in Paris in 1905. His father died when he was younger. He went to Ecole Normale Superieure, where he adapted his writing style and then he star..."

'''Jean-Paul Sartre''' was born in Paris in 1905. His father died when he was younger. He went to Ecole Normale Superieure, where he adapted his writing style and then he started his teaching career. He was known for his books [http://www.amazon.com/Being-Nothingness-Jean-Paul-Sartre/dp/0671867806 ''Being and Nothingness''] and [http://www.amazon.com/Existentialism-Humanism-Jean-Paul-Sartre/dp/0838321488 ''Existentialism and Humanism'']. He thought existence as a free human being. He died in 1980.

===External Links===
More on Jean Paul Sartre's Life:

[http://www.iep.utm.edu/sartre-ex/ Jean Paul Sartre: Existentialism]

[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre Jean Paul Sartre]

Literary theory

2014-04-24T01:45:29Z

Quisha: /* Structuralism */

==Introduction==

According to the Collins English Dictionary, literary theory is defined as "the systematic analysis and study of [[literature]] using general principles". A common misconception about literary theory is that it is focused on the meaning of a work of literature, whereas the actual study involves the tools by which people attempt to understand literature. <ref name=Ref1/> With different schools of theory critics of different literary works can focus on those works through different aspects they consider the most important(for example a Marxist theory may focus on how [[character|characters]] in a story react to an economic situation). <ref name=Ref2/> Critics use more than one school of literary theory when analyzing a work.

==Types of Literary Theory==

=== Archetypal/Myth Criticism ===

Archetypal/Myth critics, such as C.G. Jung and Joseph Campbell, view the genres and individual plot patterns of literature, including highly sophisticated and realistic works, as recurrences of certain archetypes and essential mythic formulae.<ref name=Ref10/> Archetypes are "repeated types of experience in lives of ancient ancestors which inherited the collective unconscious of the human race and are expressed in myths, dreams, religion, and private fantasies, also in the work of literature." - C.G. Jung

Examples of Archetypes: the sun, the moon, circles, colors, Wise Old Man, the Great Mother, etc. Another archetype would be the color white, signifies death and is associated with innocence.

Archetypal/Myth Authors:
*[[C.G. Jung]]
*[[Joseph Campbell]]
*[[Robert Graves]]

===Psychoanalytic Criticism===
Psychoanalytic criticism, is one of the initial approaches within the school of literary criticism. This concept is used by critics to analyze the unconsciousness of the mind; which consists of desires, fears, enjoyments or anything that causes human to be driven without knowledge of their actions. Psychoanalytic method was originally constructed by Sigmund Freud when he was studying patients in an asylum.

The ''Introductory Guide to Critical Theory'' says, Freud began his researches into the workings of the human mind in 1881, after a century during which Europe and America saw the reform of the insane asylum and an ever-increasing interest in "abnormal" psychological states, especially the issue of "nervous diseases" (which was the first phenomenon that Freud studied, examining the nervous system of fish while gaining his medical degree at the University of Vienna from 1873 to 1881).<ref name=Ref3/>

Holland says, the psychoanalytic literary critic's primary job is to foreground that psychological element in what he or she says about books. In other words, the psychoanalytic critics should be interpreting their own, if you will, counter-transference to the text or whatever else they are describing.<ref name=Ref4/>

For example if the literary critic wants to apply the psychoanalytic approach to a specific piece of work or literature, the theory is applied directly with the following the concepts:<ref name=Ref5/>
<ol>
<li>Consider the author’s personality to explain and interpret a text
<li>What psychological theories are present in the characters (Oedipal complex, obsessive compulsive, sexual repression, denial, guilt)?
<li>What repressed material is expressed in imagery or symbols?
</ol>

The literary critic will then be able to exhibit to the reader the images that are needed to properly interpret and grasp the message of the writer.

===Feminist Criticism===

Feminist Criticism is the analysis of the thoughts on feminism, feminist theory, or feminist politics. Authors use this to change the way literature portrays woman characters. Feminist theory has raised questions towards society. It asks if the world values male characters over females or if they feel that females are not as strong as males.<ref name=Ref6/> When feminist criticism began is focused on politics of women authorship and the representation of woman’s conditions in literature.<ref name=Ref7/> Currently, feminist criticism focuses on certain aspects of society with women; such as education, politics, and the work force. <br /><br/>

Feminist Writers:
*[[Mary Wollstonecraft]]
*[[Julia Kristeva]]
*[[Elaine Showalter]]

===Marxist Criticism===

In literature, Marxist criticism focuses on money and power.<ref name=Ref8/> It was founded on the ideals of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. The story lines are usually affected or influenced by the economy or social classes. This criticism usually exposes the way a socioeconomic system is the ultimate source of our experience.<ref name=Ref9/> The notions of Marxism places emphasis on the convergence between the dominant and repressed classes. Also, Marxism encourages art to imitate what is often termed an "objective" reality. Contemporary Marxism is more general in its desired goal and views art as simultaneously reflective and autonomous to the era in which it was produced.<ref name=Ref10/>
<br /><br/>

Marxist Authors:
*[[Karl Marx]]
*[[Leon Trotsky]]
*[[Georg Lukács]]

===New Criticism===

New Criticism is a literary movement beginning in he late 1920's and 1930's. This movement derived from the reaction to traditional criticism that new critics believe were considered highly important, such as the biography or psychology of the author or the work's relations to the history of literature. The notion of New Criticism is that a work of literary art should be considered autonomous so that it is not judged, or stereotyped, by reference to considerations beyond the work.<ref name=Ref10/>

Major New Criticism Figures:
*[[I. A. Richards]]
*[[T. S. Eliot]]
*[[Cleanth Brooks]]
*[[David Daiches]]
*[[William Empson]]

===Formalist Criticism===

Formalist criticism is an approach that emphasizes literary form and and studies the structural purposes or literary devices of a text. Formalism seeks to study literature on a scientific base using objective analysis from the motifs, devices, techniques, and other functions. The literariness of the text served the Formalists the most importance. It was what they considered to separate their literary aspects from all other types of writing. They cared most that their narrative had meaning and displayed the "hero function."
<ref name=Ref11/>

===Civic Criticism===

Civic Criticism looks into the social and political ideas and attitudes of literature. Those factors are determined whether it is progressive or not.<ref name=Ref12/>

===Modernism/ Post-Modernism===

Modernism is the rejection of traditional forms of literature. It turns the work into a new experimental form. Modernism writing usually consists of several allusions. Modernism tends to focus around enlightenment ideas<ref name=Ref5/>

Post-Modernism follows the same suit as modernism, but with a twist. It forms a new framework. Post-Modernism tends to consist of free-play and disclosure. Theorist, Ihab Hassan, created a list of to show some difference between the two.<ref name=Ref10/>

<table style="width:300px">
<tr>
<td>'''Modernism'''</td>
<td>'''Post-Modernism'''</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Purpose</td>
<td>Play</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Design</td>
<td>Chance</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Hierarchy</td>
<td>Anarchy</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Totalization</td>
<td>Deconstruction</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Presence</td>
<td>Absence</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Root/Depth</td>
<td>Rhizome/Surface</td>
</tr>
</table>

===Post-Colonialism===

Post-Colonialism is a collection of theoretical and critical strategies that is used to examine culture like in literature, politics, history, etc., and their relations with the world. Post-colonial writers want to resurrect both their culture and to combat preconceptions of their culture.<ref name=Ref10/>

Major Post-Colonialism Figures:
*[[Edward Said]]
*[[Frantz Fanon]]

===Existentialism===

Existentialism is a philosophy that views each person as an isolated being and who sees the world as no value or meaning. This philosophy was promoted by Jean-Paul Sartre and Albert Camus. Sartre saw human beings as being free to choose whatever conscious decision that they wanted to. "Man/Women are condemned to be free," -Jean-Paul Sartre. Most defined existence as absurd and anguished because there would be a world without sense and people are free to do whatever they want.<ref name=Ref10/>

Major Existentialism Figures:
*[[Jean-Paul Sartre]]
*[[Albert Camus]]

===Structuralism===

Structuralism is the concern for descriptions and perceptions of structures. Human activity is constructed, not natural or essential, according to Structuralist. This means, in any situation has to have some reasoning/meaning behind it.<ref name=Ref10/>

Major Structuralism Figures:
*[[Terence Hawkes]]
*[[ Roman Jakobson]]
*[[ Claude Lévi-Strauss]]

==References==
<references>
*<ref name=Ref1>“Literary Theory” by Vince Brewton, ''The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy'', ISSN 2161-0002, <http://www.iep.utm.edu/literary/>, accessed 16 April 2014 </ref>
*<ref name=Ref2>"Literary Theory and Schools of Criticism" by Allen Brizee, J. Case Tompkins. ''Purdue OWL'', <https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/owlprint/722/>. </ref>
*<ref name=Ref3>"Modules on Freud: On Psychosexual Development." by Felluga. Dino.''Introductory Guide to Critical Theory''.<http://www.cla.purdue.edu/english/theory/psychoanalysis/freud.html>. July 12, 2002. accessed 21 April 2014 </ref>
*<ref name=Ref4>The Mind and the Book: A Long Look at Psychoanalytic Literary Criticism by N Holland, Norman. ''University of Florida'', <http://www.clas.ufl.edu/users/nholland/mindbook.htm>.1998. accessed 21 April 2014 </ref>
*<ref name=Ref5>''Literary Theories: A Sampling of Lenses'' by Daniel Mesick.''Como Park Senior High School'', <http://comosr.spps.org/lit_theory>, accessed 21 April 2014 </ref>
*<ref name=Ref6>Napikoski, Linda. Feminist Literary Crticism. <http://womenshistory.about.com/od/feminism/a/feminist_criticism.htm>, accessed 21 April 2014</ref>
*<ref name=Ref7>Allen Brizee, J. Case Tompkins . 2010-04-21. Feminist Criticism (1960s-present).<https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/722/11/>, accessed 21 April 2014</ref>
*<ref name=Ref8>'Literary Theories: A Sampling of Critical Lenses.'
<http://www.mpsaz.org/rmhs/staff/rkcupryk/aa_jr/files/microsoft_word_-_literary_theories.pdf>, accessed 21 April 2014</ref>
*<ref name=Ref9>Allen Brizee, J. Case Tompkins . 2010-04-21. "Marxist Criticism (1930s-present)."<https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/722/05/>, accessed 21 April 2014</ref>
*<ref name=Ref10>"Introduction to Modern Literary Theory" by Dr. Kristi Siegel,
<http://www.kristisiegel.com/theory.htm>, accessed 22 April 2014</ref>
*<ref name=Ref11>"Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy" by Vince Brewton,
<http://www.iep.utm.edu/literary/#H3>, accessed 22 April 2014</ref>
*<ref name=Ref12>Cuddon, J. A. (2013). "Dictionary of Literary Terms and Literary Theory."</ref>
</references>

==External Links==
* http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/literary-theory - The Collins English Dictionary's definition page for Literary Theory.

[[Category:Literary Terms]]

Literary theory

2014-04-24T01:44:51Z

Quisha: /* Existentialism */

==Introduction==

According to the Collins English Dictionary, literary theory is defined as "the systematic analysis and study of [[literature]] using general principles". A common misconception about literary theory is that it is focused on the meaning of a work of literature, whereas the actual study involves the tools by which people attempt to understand literature. <ref name=Ref1/> With different schools of theory critics of different literary works can focus on those works through different aspects they consider the most important(for example a Marxist theory may focus on how [[character|characters]] in a story react to an economic situation). <ref name=Ref2/> Critics use more than one school of literary theory when analyzing a work.

==Types of Literary Theory==

=== Archetypal/Myth Criticism ===

Archetypal/Myth critics, such as C.G. Jung and Joseph Campbell, view the genres and individual plot patterns of literature, including highly sophisticated and realistic works, as recurrences of certain archetypes and essential mythic formulae.<ref name=Ref10/> Archetypes are "repeated types of experience in lives of ancient ancestors which inherited the collective unconscious of the human race and are expressed in myths, dreams, religion, and private fantasies, also in the work of literature." - C.G. Jung

Examples of Archetypes: the sun, the moon, circles, colors, Wise Old Man, the Great Mother, etc. Another archetype would be the color white, signifies death and is associated with innocence.

Archetypal/Myth Authors:
*[[C.G. Jung]]
*[[Joseph Campbell]]
*[[Robert Graves]]

===Psychoanalytic Criticism===
Psychoanalytic criticism, is one of the initial approaches within the school of literary criticism. This concept is used by critics to analyze the unconsciousness of the mind; which consists of desires, fears, enjoyments or anything that causes human to be driven without knowledge of their actions. Psychoanalytic method was originally constructed by Sigmund Freud when he was studying patients in an asylum.

The ''Introductory Guide to Critical Theory'' says, Freud began his researches into the workings of the human mind in 1881, after a century during which Europe and America saw the reform of the insane asylum and an ever-increasing interest in "abnormal" psychological states, especially the issue of "nervous diseases" (which was the first phenomenon that Freud studied, examining the nervous system of fish while gaining his medical degree at the University of Vienna from 1873 to 1881).<ref name=Ref3/>

Holland says, the psychoanalytic literary critic's primary job is to foreground that psychological element in what he or she says about books. In other words, the psychoanalytic critics should be interpreting their own, if you will, counter-transference to the text or whatever else they are describing.<ref name=Ref4/>

For example if the literary critic wants to apply the psychoanalytic approach to a specific piece of work or literature, the theory is applied directly with the following the concepts:<ref name=Ref5/>
<ol>
<li>Consider the author’s personality to explain and interpret a text
<li>What psychological theories are present in the characters (Oedipal complex, obsessive compulsive, sexual repression, denial, guilt)?
<li>What repressed material is expressed in imagery or symbols?
</ol>

The literary critic will then be able to exhibit to the reader the images that are needed to properly interpret and grasp the message of the writer.

===Feminist Criticism===

Feminist Criticism is the analysis of the thoughts on feminism, feminist theory, or feminist politics. Authors use this to change the way literature portrays woman characters. Feminist theory has raised questions towards society. It asks if the world values male characters over females or if they feel that females are not as strong as males.<ref name=Ref6/> When feminist criticism began is focused on politics of women authorship and the representation of woman’s conditions in literature.<ref name=Ref7/> Currently, feminist criticism focuses on certain aspects of society with women; such as education, politics, and the work force. <br /><br/>

Feminist Writers:
*[[Mary Wollstonecraft]]
*[[Julia Kristeva]]
*[[Elaine Showalter]]

===Marxist Criticism===

In literature, Marxist criticism focuses on money and power.<ref name=Ref8/> It was founded on the ideals of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. The story lines are usually affected or influenced by the economy or social classes. This criticism usually exposes the way a socioeconomic system is the ultimate source of our experience.<ref name=Ref9/> The notions of Marxism places emphasis on the convergence between the dominant and repressed classes. Also, Marxism encourages art to imitate what is often termed an "objective" reality. Contemporary Marxism is more general in its desired goal and views art as simultaneously reflective and autonomous to the era in which it was produced.<ref name=Ref10/>
<br /><br/>

Marxist Authors:
*[[Karl Marx]]
*[[Leon Trotsky]]
*[[Georg Lukács]]

===New Criticism===

New Criticism is a literary movement beginning in he late 1920's and 1930's. This movement derived from the reaction to traditional criticism that new critics believe were considered highly important, such as the biography or psychology of the author or the work's relations to the history of literature. The notion of New Criticism is that a work of literary art should be considered autonomous so that it is not judged, or stereotyped, by reference to considerations beyond the work.<ref name=Ref10/>

Major New Criticism Figures:
*[[I. A. Richards]]
*[[T. S. Eliot]]
*[[Cleanth Brooks]]
*[[David Daiches]]
*[[William Empson]]

===Formalist Criticism===

Formalist criticism is an approach that emphasizes literary form and and studies the structural purposes or literary devices of a text. Formalism seeks to study literature on a scientific base using objective analysis from the motifs, devices, techniques, and other functions. The literariness of the text served the Formalists the most importance. It was what they considered to separate their literary aspects from all other types of writing. They cared most that their narrative had meaning and displayed the "hero function."
<ref name=Ref11/>

===Civic Criticism===

Civic Criticism looks into the social and political ideas and attitudes of literature. Those factors are determined whether it is progressive or not.<ref name=Ref12/>

===Modernism/ Post-Modernism===

Modernism is the rejection of traditional forms of literature. It turns the work into a new experimental form. Modernism writing usually consists of several allusions. Modernism tends to focus around enlightenment ideas<ref name=Ref5/>

Post-Modernism follows the same suit as modernism, but with a twist. It forms a new framework. Post-Modernism tends to consist of free-play and disclosure. Theorist, Ihab Hassan, created a list of to show some difference between the two.<ref name=Ref10/>

<table style="width:300px">
<tr>
<td>'''Modernism'''</td>
<td>'''Post-Modernism'''</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Purpose</td>
<td>Play</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Design</td>
<td>Chance</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Hierarchy</td>
<td>Anarchy</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Totalization</td>
<td>Deconstruction</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Presence</td>
<td>Absence</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Root/Depth</td>
<td>Rhizome/Surface</td>
</tr>
</table>

===Post-Colonialism===

Post-Colonialism is a collection of theoretical and critical strategies that is used to examine culture like in literature, politics, history, etc., and their relations with the world. Post-colonial writers want to resurrect both their culture and to combat preconceptions of their culture.<ref name=Ref10/>

Major Post-Colonialism Figures:
*[[Edward Said]]
*[[Frantz Fanon]]

===Existentialism===

Existentialism is a philosophy that views each person as an isolated being and who sees the world as no value or meaning. This philosophy was promoted by Jean-Paul Sartre and Albert Camus. Sartre saw human beings as being free to choose whatever conscious decision that they wanted to. "Man/Women are condemned to be free," -Jean-Paul Sartre. Most defined existence as absurd and anguished because there would be a world without sense and people are free to do whatever they want.<ref name=Ref10/>

Major Existentialism Figures:
*[[Jean-Paul Sartre]]
*[[Albert Camus]]

===Structuralism===

Structuralism is the concern for descriptions and perceptions of structures. Human activity is constructed, not natural or essential, according to Structuralist. This means, in any situation has to have some reasoning/meaning behind it.<ref name=Ref10/>

Major Structuralism Figures:
*[[Terence Hawkes]]
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Jakobson Roman Jakobson]
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_L%C3%A9vi-Strauss Claude Lévi-Strauss]

==References==
<references>
*<ref name=Ref1>“Literary Theory” by Vince Brewton, ''The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy'', ISSN 2161-0002, <http://www.iep.utm.edu/literary/>, accessed 16 April 2014 </ref>
*<ref name=Ref2>"Literary Theory and Schools of Criticism" by Allen Brizee, J. Case Tompkins. ''Purdue OWL'', <https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/owlprint/722/>. </ref>
*<ref name=Ref3>"Modules on Freud: On Psychosexual Development." by Felluga. Dino.''Introductory Guide to Critical Theory''.<http://www.cla.purdue.edu/english/theory/psychoanalysis/freud.html>. July 12, 2002. accessed 21 April 2014 </ref>
*<ref name=Ref4>The Mind and the Book: A Long Look at Psychoanalytic Literary Criticism by N Holland, Norman. ''University of Florida'', <http://www.clas.ufl.edu/users/nholland/mindbook.htm>.1998. accessed 21 April 2014 </ref>
*<ref name=Ref5>''Literary Theories: A Sampling of Lenses'' by Daniel Mesick.''Como Park Senior High School'', <http://comosr.spps.org/lit_theory>, accessed 21 April 2014 </ref>
*<ref name=Ref6>Napikoski, Linda. Feminist Literary Crticism. <http://womenshistory.about.com/od/feminism/a/feminist_criticism.htm>, accessed 21 April 2014</ref>
*<ref name=Ref7>Allen Brizee, J. Case Tompkins . 2010-04-21. Feminist Criticism (1960s-present).<https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/722/11/>, accessed 21 April 2014</ref>
*<ref name=Ref8>'Literary Theories: A Sampling of Critical Lenses.'
<http://www.mpsaz.org/rmhs/staff/rkcupryk/aa_jr/files/microsoft_word_-_literary_theories.pdf>, accessed 21 April 2014</ref>
*<ref name=Ref9>Allen Brizee, J. Case Tompkins . 2010-04-21. "Marxist Criticism (1930s-present)."<https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/722/05/>, accessed 21 April 2014</ref>
*<ref name=Ref10>"Introduction to Modern Literary Theory" by Dr. Kristi Siegel,
<http://www.kristisiegel.com/theory.htm>, accessed 22 April 2014</ref>
*<ref name=Ref11>"Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy" by Vince Brewton,
<http://www.iep.utm.edu/literary/#H3>, accessed 22 April 2014</ref>
*<ref name=Ref12>Cuddon, J. A. (2013). "Dictionary of Literary Terms and Literary Theory."</ref>
</references>

==External Links==
* http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/literary-theory - The Collins English Dictionary's definition page for Literary Theory.

[[Category:Literary Terms]]

Terence Hawkes

2014-04-23T19:19:08Z

Quisha: Created page with "'''Terence Hawkes''' was a literary critic and theorist. He was the son of Constance Hegenbathe, a professional singer, and Frederick Hawkes, a publican in Birmingham. Hawkes..."

'''Terence Hawkes''' was a literary critic and theorist. He was the son of Constance Hegenbathe, a professional singer, and Frederick Hawkes, a publican in Birmingham. Hawkes went to college at University of Cardiff, which he later on returned there to teach literature. He was known for bringing Shakespeare to the present day. He edit different books, such as, the [http://www.tandfonline.com/toc/rtpr20/current#.U1gRZ_ldXqV ''Textual Practice, British first journal literary theory'']. He died at the age of 81 in February 2014.

===References===

[http://www.theguardian.com/education/2014/feb/21/terence-hawkes Terence Hawkes' Obiturary]

Literary theory

2014-04-23T19:05:35Z

Quisha:

==Introduction==

According to the Collins English Dictionary, literary theory is defined as "the systematic analysis and study of [[literature]] using general principles". A common misconception about literary theory is that it is focused on the meaning of a work of literature, whereas the actual study involves the tools by which people attempt to understand literature. <ref name=Ref1/> With different schools of theory critics of different literary works can focus on those works through different aspects they consider the most important(for example a Marxist theory may focus on how [[character|characters]] in a story react to an economic situation). <ref name=Ref2/> Critics use more than one school of literary theory when analyzing a work.

==Types of Literary Theory==

=== Archetypal/Myth Criticism ===

Archetypal/Myth critics, such as C.G. Jung and Joseph Campbell, view the genres and individual plot patterns of literature, including highly sophisticated and realistic works, as recurrences of certain archetypes and essential mythic formulae.<ref name=Ref10/> Archetypes are "repeated types of experience in lives of ancient ancestors which inherited the collective unconscious of the human race and are expressed in myths, dreams, religion, and private fantasies, also in the work of literature." - C.G. Jung

Examples of Archetypes: the sun, the moon, circles, colors, Wise Old Man, the Great Mother, etc. Another archetype would be the color white, signifies death and is associated with innocence.

Archetypal/Myth Authors:
*[[C.G. Jung]]
*[[Joseph Campbell]]
*[[Robert Graves]]

===Psychoanalytic Criticism===
Psychoanalytic criticism, is one of the initial approaches within the school of literary criticism. This concept is used by critics to analyze the unconsciousness of the mind; which consists of desires, fears, enjoyments or anything that causes human to be driven without knowledge of their actions. Psychoanalytic method was originally constructed by Sigmund Freud when he was studying patients in an asylum.

The ''Introductory Guide to Critical Theory'' says, Freud began his researches into the workings of the human mind in 1881, after a century during which Europe and America saw the reform of the insane asylum and an ever-increasing interest in "abnormal" psychological states, especially the issue of "nervous diseases" (which was the first phenomenon that Freud studied, examining the nervous system of fish while gaining his medical degree at the University of Vienna from 1873 to 1881).<ref name=Ref3/>

Holland says, the psychoanalytic literary critic's primary job is to foreground that psychological element in what he or she says about books. In other words, the psychoanalytic critics should be interpreting their own, if you will, counter-transference to the text or whatever else they are describing.<ref name=Ref4/>

For example if the literary critic wants to apply the psychoanalytic approach to a specific piece of work or literature, the theory is applied directly with the following the concepts:<ref name=Ref5/>
<ol>
<li>Consider the author’s personality to explain and interpret a text
<li>What psychological theories are present in the characters (Oedipal complex, obsessive compulsive, sexual repression, denial, guilt)?
<li>What repressed material is expressed in imagery or symbols?
</ol>

The literary critic will then be able to exhibit to the reader the images that are needed to properly interpret and grasp the message of the writer.

===Feminist Criticism===

Feminist Criticism is the analysis of the thoughts on feminism, feminist theory, or feminist politics. Authors use this to change the way literature portrays woman characters. Feminist theory has raised questions towards society. It asks if the world values male characters over females or if they feel that females are not as strong as males.<ref name=Ref6/> When feminist criticism began is focused on politics of women authorship and the representation of woman’s conditions in literature.<ref name=Ref7/> Currently, feminist criticism focuses on certain aspects of society with women; such as education, politics, and the work force. <br /><br/>

Feminist Writers:
*[[Mary Wollstonecraft]]
*[[Julia Kristeva]]
*[[Elaine Showalter]]

===Marxist Criticism===

In literature, Marxist criticism focuses on money and power.<ref name=Ref8/> It was founded on the ideals of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. The story lines are usually affected or influenced by the economy or social classes. This criticism usually exposes the way a socioeconomic system is the ultimate source of our experience.<ref name=Ref9/> The notions of Marxism places emphasis on the convergence between the dominant and repressed classes. Also, Marxism encourages art to imitate what is often termed an "objective" reality. Contemporary Marxism is more general in its desired goal and views art as simultaneously reflective and autonomous to the era in which it was produced.<ref name=Ref10/>
<br /><br/>

Marxist Authors:
*[[Karl Marx]]
*[[Leon Trotsky]]
*[[Georg Lukács]]

===New Criticism===

New Criticism is a literary movement beginning in he late 1920's and 1930's. This movement derived from the reaction to traditional criticism that new critics believe were considered highly important, such as the biography or psychology of the author or the work's relations to the history of literature. The notion of New Criticism is that a work of literary art should be considered autonomous so that it is not judged, or stereotyped, by reference to considerations beyond the work.<ref name=Ref10/>

Major New Criticism Figures:
*[[I. A. Richards]]
*[[T. S. Eliot]]
*[[Cleanth Brooks]]
*[[David Daiches]]
*[[William Empson]]

===Formalist Criticism===

Formalist criticism is an approach that emphasizes literary form and and studies the structural purposes or literary devices of a text. Formalism seeks to study literature on a scientific base using objective analysis from the motifs, devices, techniques, and other functions. The literariness of the text served the Formalists the most importance. It was what they considered to separate their literary aspects from all other types of writing. They cared most that their narrative had meaning and displayed the "hero function."
<ref name=Ref11/>

===Civic Criticism===

Civic Criticism looks into the social and political ideas and attitudes of literature. Those factors are determined whether it is progressive or not.<ref name=Ref12/>

===Modernism/ Post-Modernism===

Modernism is the rejection of traditional forms of literature. It turns the work into a new experimental form. Modernism writing usually consists of several allusions. Modernism tends to focus around enlightenment ideas<ref name=Ref5/>

Post-Modernism follows the same suit as modernism, but with a twist. It forms a new framework. Post-Modernism tends to consist of free-play and disclosure. Theorist, Ihab Hassan, created a list of to show some difference between the two.<ref name=Ref10/>

<table style="width:300px">
<tr>
<td>'''Modernism'''</td>
<td>'''Post-Modernism'''</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Purpose</td>
<td>Play</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Design</td>
<td>Chance</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Hierarchy</td>
<td>Anarchy</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Totalization</td>
<td>Deconstruction</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Presence</td>
<td>Absence</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Root/Depth</td>
<td>Rhizome/Surface</td>
</tr>
</table>

===Post-Colonialism===

Post-Colonialism is a collection of theoretical and critical strategies that is used to examine culture like in literature, politics, history, etc., and their relations with the world. Post-colonial writers want to resurrect both their culture and to combat preconceptions of their culture.<ref name=Ref10/>

Major Post-Colonialism Figures:
*[[Edward Said]]
*[[Frantz Fanon]]

===Existentialism===

Existentialism is a philosophy that views each person as an isolated being and who sees the world as no value or meaning. This philosophy was promoted by Jean-Paul Sartre and Albert Camus. Sartre saw human beings as being free to choose whatever conscious decision that they wanted to. "Man/Women are condemned to be free," -Jean-Paul Sartre. Most defined existence as absurd and anguished because there would be a world without sense and people are free to do whatever they want.<ref name=Ref10/>

Major Existentialism Figures:
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre Jean-Paul Sartre]
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Camus Albert Camus]

===Structuralism===

Structuralism is the concern for descriptions and perceptions of structures. Human activity is constructed, not natural or essential, according to Structuralist. This means, in any situation has to have some reasoning/meaning behind it.<ref name=Ref10/>

Major Structuralism Figures:
*[[Terence Hawkes]]
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Jakobson Roman Jakobson]
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_L%C3%A9vi-Strauss Claude Lévi-Strauss]

==References==
<references>
*<ref name=Ref1>“Literary Theory” by Vince Brewton, ''The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy'', ISSN 2161-0002, <http://www.iep.utm.edu/literary/>, accessed 16 April 2014 </ref>
*<ref name=Ref2>"Literary Theory and Schools of Criticism" by Allen Brizee, J. Case Tompkins. ''Purdue OWL'', <https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/owlprint/722/>. </ref>
*<ref name=Ref3>"Modules on Freud: On Psychosexual Development." by Felluga. Dino.''Introductory Guide to Critical Theory''.<http://www.cla.purdue.edu/english/theory/psychoanalysis/freud.html>. July 12, 2002. accessed 21 April 2014 </ref>
*<ref name=Ref4>The Mind and the Book: A Long Look at Psychoanalytic Literary Criticism by N Holland, Norman. ''University of Florida'', <http://www.clas.ufl.edu/users/nholland/mindbook.htm>.1998. accessed 21 April 2014 </ref>
*<ref name=Ref5>''Literary Theories: A Sampling of Lenses'' by Daniel Mesick.''Como Park Senior High School'', <http://comosr.spps.org/lit_theory>, accessed 21 April 2014 </ref>
*<ref name=Ref6>Napikoski, Linda. Feminist Literary Crticism. <http://womenshistory.about.com/od/feminism/a/feminist_criticism.htm>, accessed 21 April 2014</ref>
*<ref name=Ref7>Allen Brizee, J. Case Tompkins . 2010-04-21. Feminist Criticism (1960s-present).<https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/722/11/>, accessed 21 April 2014</ref>
*<ref name=Ref8>'Literary Theories: A Sampling of Critical Lenses.'
<http://www.mpsaz.org/rmhs/staff/rkcupryk/aa_jr/files/microsoft_word_-_literary_theories.pdf>, accessed 21 April 2014</ref>
*<ref name=Ref9>Allen Brizee, J. Case Tompkins . 2010-04-21. "Marxist Criticism (1930s-present)."<https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/722/05/>, accessed 21 April 2014</ref>
*<ref name=Ref10>"Introduction to Modern Literary Theory" by Dr. Kristi Siegel,
<http://www.kristisiegel.com/theory.htm>, accessed 22 April 2014</ref>
*<ref name=Ref11>"Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy" by Vince Brewton,
<http://www.iep.utm.edu/literary/#H3>, accessed 22 April 2014</ref>
*<ref name=Ref12>Cuddon, J. A. (2013). "Dictionary of Literary Terms and Literary Theory."</ref>
</references>

==External Links==
* http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/literary-theory - The Collins English Dictionary's definition page for Literary Theory.

[[Category:Literary Terms]]

Literary theory

2014-04-23T18:32:40Z

Quisha:

==Introduction==

According to the Collins English Dictionary, literary theory is defined as "the systematic analysis and study of [[literature]] using general principles". A common misconception about literary theory is that it is focused on the meaning of a work of literature, whereas the actual study involves the tools by which people attempt to understand literature. <ref name=Ref1/> With different schools of theory critics of different literary works can focus on those works through different aspects they consider the most important(for example a Marxist theory may focus on how [[character|characters]] in a story react to an economic situation). <ref name=Ref2/> Critics use more than one school of literary theory when analyzing a work.

==Types of Literary Theory==

=== Archetypal/Myth Criticism ===

Archetypal/Myth critics, such as C.G. Jung and Joseph Campbell, view the genres and individual plot patterns of literature, including highly sophisticated and realistic works, as recurrences of certain archetypes and essential mythic formulae.<ref name=Ref10/> Archetypes are "repeated types of experience in lives of ancient ancestors which inherited the collective unconscious of the human race and are expressed in myths, dreams, religion, and private fantasies, also in the work of literature." - C.G. Jung

Examples of Archetypes: the sun, the moon, circles, colors, Wise Old Man, the Great Mother, etc. Another archetype would be the color white, signifies death and is associated with innocence.

Archetypal/Myth Authors:
*[[C.G. Jung]]
*[[Joseph Campbell]]
*[[Robert Graves]]

===Psychoanalytic Criticism===
Psychoanalytic criticism, is one of the initial approaches within the school of literary criticism. This concept is used by critics to analyze the unconsciousness of the mind; which consists of desires, fears, enjoyments or anything that causes human to be driven without knowledge of their actions. Psychoanalytic method was originally constructed by Sigmund Freud when he was studying patients in an asylum.

The ''Introductory Guide to Critical Theory'' says, Freud began his researches into the workings of the human mind in 1881, after a century during which Europe and America saw the reform of the insane asylum and an ever-increasing interest in "abnormal" psychological states, especially the issue of "nervous diseases" (which was the first phenomenon that Freud studied, examining the nervous system of fish while gaining his medical degree at the University of Vienna from 1873 to 1881).<ref name=Ref3/>

Holland says, the psychoanalytic literary critic's primary job is to foreground that psychological element in what he or she says about books. In other words, the psychoanalytic critics should be interpreting their own, if you will, counter-transference to the text or whatever else they are describing.<ref name=Ref4/>

For example if the literary critic wants to apply the psychoanalytic approach to a specific piece of work or literature, the theory is applied directly with the following the concepts:<ref name=Ref5/>
<ol>
<li>Consider the author’s personality to explain and interpret a text
<li>What psychological theories are present in the characters (Oedipal complex, obsessive compulsive, sexual repression, denial, guilt)?
<li>What repressed material is expressed in imagery or symbols?
</ol>

The literary critic will then be able to exhibit to the reader the images that are needed to properly interpret and grasp the message of the writer.

===Feminist Criticism===

Feminist Criticism is the analysis of the thoughts on feminism, feminist theory, or feminist politics. Authors use this to change the way literature portrays woman characters. Feminist theory has raised questions towards society. It asks if the world values male characters over females or if they feel that females are not as strong as males.<ref name=Ref6/> When feminist criticism began is focused on politics of women authorship and the representation of woman’s conditions in literature.<ref name=Ref7/> Currently, feminist criticism focuses on certain aspects of society with women; such as education, politics, and the work force. <br /><br/>

Feminist Writers:
*[[Mary Wollstonecraft]]
*[[Julia Kristeva]]
*[[Elaine Showalter]]

===Marxist Criticism===

In literature, Marxist criticism focuses on money and power.<ref name=Ref8/> It was founded on the ideals of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. The story lines are usually affected or influenced by the economy or social classes. This criticism usually exposes the way a socioeconomic system is the ultimate source of our experience.<ref name=Ref9/> The notions of Marxism places emphasis on the convergence between the dominant and repressed classes. Also, Marxism encourages art to imitate what is often termed an "objective" reality. Contemporary Marxism is more general in its desired goal and views art as simultaneously reflective and autonomous to the era in which it was produced.<ref name=Ref10/>
<br /><br/>

Marxist Authors:
*[[Karl Marx]]
*[[Leon Trotsky]]
*[[Georg Lukács]]

===New Criticism===

New Criticism is a literary movement beginning in he late 1920's and 1930's. This movement derived from the reaction to traditional criticism that new critics believe were considered highly important, such as the biography or psychology of the author or the work's relations to the history of literature. The notion of New Criticism is that a work of literary art should be considered autonomous so that it is not judged, or stereotyped, by reference to considerations beyond the work.<ref name=Ref10/>

Major New Criticism Figures:
*[[I. A. Richards]]
*[[T. S. Eliot]]
*[[Cleanth Brooks]]
*[[David Daiches]]
*[[William Empson]]

===Formalist Criticism===

Formalist criticism is an approach that emphasizes literary form and and studies the structural purposes or literary devices of a text. Formalism seeks to study literature on a scientific base using objective analysis from the motifs, devices, techniques, and other functions. The literariness of the text served the Formalists the most importance. It was what they considered to separate their literary aspects from all other types of writing. They cared most that their narrative had meaning and displayed the "hero function."
<ref name=Ref11/>

===Civic Criticism===

Civic Criticism looks into the social and political ideas and attitudes of literature. Those factors are determined whether it is progressive or not.<ref name=Ref12/>

===Modernism/ Post-Modernism===

Modernism is the rejection of traditional forms of literature. It turns the work into a new experimental form. Modernism writing usually consists of several allusions. Modernism tends to focus around enlightenment ideas<ref name=Ref5/>

Post-Modernism follows the same suit as modernism, but with a twist. It forms a new framework. Post-Modernism tends to consist of free-play and disclosure. Theorist, Ihab Hassan, created a list of to show some difference between the two.<ref name=Ref10/>

<table style="width:300px">
<tr>
<td>'''Modernism'''</td>
<td>'''Post-Modernism'''</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Purpose</td>
<td>Play</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Design</td>
<td>Chance</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Hierarchy</td>
<td>Anarchy</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Totalization</td>
<td>Deconstruction</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Presence</td>
<td>Absence</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Root/Depth</td>
<td>Rhizome/Surface</td>
</tr>
</table>

===Post-Colonialism===

Post-Colonialism is a collection of theoretical and critical strategies that is used to examine culture like in literature, politics, history, etc., and their relations with the world. Post-colonial writers want to resurrect both their culture and to combat preconceptions of their culture.<ref name=Ref10/>

Major Post-Colonialism Figures:
*[[Edward Said]]
*[[Frantz Fanon]]

===Existentialism===

Existentialism is a philosophy that views each person as an isolated being and who sees the world as no value or meaning. This philosophy was promoted by Jean-Paul Sartre and Albert Camus. Sartre saw human beings as being free to choose whatever conscious decision that they wanted to. "Man/Women are condemned to be free," -Jean-Paul Sartre. Most defined existence as absurd and anguished because there would be a world without sense and people are free to do whatever they want.<ref name=Ref10/>

Major Existentialism Figures:
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre Jean-Paul Sartre]
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Camus Albert Camus]

==References==
<references>
*<ref name=Ref1>“Literary Theory” by Vince Brewton, ''The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy'', ISSN 2161-0002, <http://www.iep.utm.edu/literary/>, accessed 16 April 2014 </ref>
*<ref name=Ref2>"Literary Theory and Schools of Criticism" by Allen Brizee, J. Case Tompkins. ''Purdue OWL'', <https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/owlprint/722/>. </ref>
*<ref name=Ref3>"Modules on Freud: On Psychosexual Development." by Felluga. Dino.''Introductory Guide to Critical Theory''.<http://www.cla.purdue.edu/english/theory/psychoanalysis/freud.html>. July 12, 2002. accessed 21 April 2014 </ref>
*<ref name=Ref4>The Mind and the Book: A Long Look at Psychoanalytic Literary Criticism by N Holland, Norman. ''University of Florida'', <http://www.clas.ufl.edu/users/nholland/mindbook.htm>.1998. accessed 21 April 2014 </ref>
*<ref name=Ref5>''Literary Theories: A Sampling of Lenses'' by Daniel Mesick.''Como Park Senior High School'', <http://comosr.spps.org/lit_theory>, accessed 21 April 2014 </ref>
*<ref name=Ref6>Napikoski, Linda. Feminist Literary Crticism. <http://womenshistory.about.com/od/feminism/a/feminist_criticism.htm>, accessed 21 April 2014</ref>
*<ref name=Ref7>Allen Brizee, J. Case Tompkins . 2010-04-21. Feminist Criticism (1960s-present).<https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/722/11/>, accessed 21 April 2014</ref>
*<ref name=Ref8>'Literary Theories: A Sampling of Critical Lenses.'
<http://www.mpsaz.org/rmhs/staff/rkcupryk/aa_jr/files/microsoft_word_-_literary_theories.pdf>, accessed 21 April 2014</ref>
*<ref name=Ref9>Allen Brizee, J. Case Tompkins . 2010-04-21. "Marxist Criticism (1930s-present)."<https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/722/05/>, accessed 21 April 2014</ref>
*<ref name=Ref10>"Introduction to Modern Literary Theory" by Dr. Kristi Siegel,
<http://www.kristisiegel.com/theory.htm>, accessed 22 April 2014</ref>
*<ref name=Ref11>"Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy" by Vince Brewton,
<http://www.iep.utm.edu/literary/#H3>, accessed 22 April 2014</ref>
*<ref name=Ref12>Cuddon, J. A. (2013). "Dictionary of Literary Terms and Literary Theory."</ref>
</references>

==External Links==
* http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/literary-theory - The Collins English Dictionary's definition page for Literary Theory.

[[Category:Literary Terms]]

Frantz Fanon

2014-04-23T18:13:45Z

Quisha:

'''Frantz Fanon''' was born on July 20, 1925. He was most known for his books [http://www.amazon.com/Black-White-Masks-Frantz-Fanon/dp/0802143008 ''Black Skin, White Masks''] and [http://www.amazon.com/The-Wretched-Earth-Frantz-Fanon/dp/0802141323 ''The Wretched of the Earth'']. His family was from the French colony, Martinique. Fanon fought in World War II and stayed in France. That's where he began to write his stories. He was known as a post-colonial theorist because of the books that he wrote, which were about racism and his perspectives on things around him. Frantz Fanon died on December 6, 1961 in Maryland.

===External Link===

*http://postcolonialstudies.emory.edu/frantz-fanon/ -More on Frantz Fanon's life.

Frantz Fanon

2014-04-23T18:12:49Z

Quisha:

'''Frantz Fanon''' was born on July 20, 1925. He was most known for his books [http://www.amazon.com/Black-White-Masks-Frantz-Fanon/dp/0802143008 ''Black Skin, White Masks''] and [http://www.amazon.com/The-Wretched-Earth-Frantz-Fanon/dp/0802141323 ''The Wretched of the Earth'']. His family was from the French colony, Martinique. Fanon fought in World War II and stayed in France. That's when he began to write his stories. He was known as a post-colonial theorist because of the books that he wrote, which were about racism and his perspectives on things around him. Frantz Fanon died on December 6, 1961 in Maryland.

===External Link===

*http://postcolonialstudies.emory.edu/frantz-fanon/ -More on Frantz Fanon's life.

Frantz Fanon

2014-04-23T17:28:06Z

Quisha: Created page with "'''Frantz Fanon''' was born on July 20, 1925. He was most known for his books [http://www.amazon.com/Black-White-Masks-Frantz-Fanon/dp/0802143008 ''Black Skin, White Masks'']..."

Literary theory

2014-04-23T17:20:13Z

Quisha: /* Post-Colonialism */

==Introduction==

According to the Collins English Dictionary, literary theory is defined as "the systematic analysis and study of [[literature]] using general principles". A common misconception about literary theory is that it is focused on the meaning of a work of literature, whereas the actual study involves the tools by which people attempt to understand literature. <ref name=Ref1/> With different schools of theory critics of different literary works can focus on those works through different aspects they consider the most important(for example a Marxist theory may focus on how [[character|characters]] in a story react to an economic situation). <ref name=Ref2/> Critics use more than one school of literary theory when analyzing a work.

==Types of Literary Theory==

=== Archetypal/Myth Criticism ===

Archetypal/Myth critics, such as C.G. Jung and Joseph Campbell, view the genres and individual plot patterns of literature, including highly sophisticated and realistic works, as recurrences of certain archetypes and essential mythic formulae.<ref name=Ref10/> Archetypes are "repeated types of experience in lives of ancient ancestors which inherited the collective unconscious of the human race and are expressed in myths, dreams, religion, and private fantasies, also in the work of literature." - C.G. Jung

Examples of Archetypes: the sun, the moon, circles, colors, Wise Old Man, the Great Mother, etc. Another archetype would be the color white, signifies death and is associated with innocence.

Archetypal/Myth Authors:
*[[C.G. Jung]]
*[[Joseph Campbell]]
*[[Robert Graves]]

===Psychoanalytic Criticism===
Psychoanalytic criticism, is one of the initial approaches within the school of literary criticism. This concept is used by critics to analyze the unconsciousness of the mind; which consists of desires, fears, enjoyments or anything that causes human to be driven without knowledge of their actions. Psychoanalytic method was originally constructed by Sigmund Freud when he was studying patients in an asylum.

The ''Introductory Guide to Critical Theory'' says, Freud began his researches into the workings of the human mind in 1881, after a century during which Europe and America saw the reform of the insane asylum and an ever-increasing interest in "abnormal" psychological states, especially the issue of "nervous diseases" (which was the first phenomenon that Freud studied, examining the nervous system of fish while gaining his medical degree at the University of Vienna from 1873 to 1881).<ref name=Ref3/>

Holland says, the psychoanalytic literary critic's primary job is to foreground that psychological element in what he or she says about books. In other words, the psychoanalytic critics should be interpreting their own, if you will, counter-transference to the text or whatever else they are describing.<ref name=Ref4/>

For example if the literary critic wants to apply the psychoanalytic approach to a specific piece of work or literature, the theory is applied directly with the following the concepts:<ref name=Ref5/>
<ol>
<li>Consider the author’s personality to explain and interpret a text
<li>What psychological theories are present in the characters (Oedipal complex, obsessive compulsive, sexual repression, denial, guilt)?
<li>What repressed material is expressed in imagery or symbols?
</ol>

The literary critic will then be able to exhibit to the reader the images that are needed to properly interpret and grasp the message of the writer.

===Feminist Criticism===

Feminist Criticism is the analysis of the thoughts on feminism, feminist theory, or feminist politics. Authors use this to change the way literature portrays woman characters. Feminist theory has raised questions towards society. It asks if the world values male characters over females or if they feel that females are not as strong as males.<ref name=Ref6/> When feminist criticism began is focused on politics of women authorship and the representation of woman’s conditions in literature.<ref name=Ref7/> Currently, feminist criticism focuses on certain aspects of society with women; such as education, politics, and the work force. <br /><br/>

Feminist Writers:
*[[Mary Wollstonecraft]]
*[[Julia Kristeva]]
*[[Elaine Showalter]]

===Marxist Criticism===

In literature, Marxist criticism focuses on money and power.<ref name=Ref8/> It was founded on the ideals of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. The story lines are usually affected or influenced by the economy or social classes. This criticism usually exposes the way a socioeconomic system is the ultimate source of our experience.<ref name=Ref9/> The notions of Marxism places emphasis on the convergence between the dominant and repressed classes. Also, Marxism encourages art to imitate what is often termed an "objective" reality. Contemporary Marxism is more general in its desired goal and views art as simultaneously reflective and autonomous to the era in which it was produced.<ref name=Ref10/>
<br /><br/>

Marxist Authors:
*[[Karl Marx]]
*[[Leon Trotsky]]
*[[Georg Lukács]]

===New Criticism===

New Criticism is a literary movement beginning in he late 1920's and 1930's. This movement derived from the reaction to traditional criticism that new critics believe were considered highly important, such as the biography or psychology of the author or the work's relations to the history of literature. The notion of New Criticism is that a work of literary art should be considered autonomous so that it is not judged, or stereotyped, by reference to considerations beyond the work.<ref name=Ref10/>

Major New Criticism Figures:
*[[I. A. Richards]]
*[[T. S. Eliot]]
*[[Cleanth Brooks]]
*[[David Daiches]]
*[[William Empson]]

===Formalist Criticism===

Formalist criticism is an approach that emphasizes literary form and and studies the structural purposes or literary devices of a text. Formalism seeks to study literature on a scientific base using objective analysis from the motifs, devices, techniques, and other functions. The literariness of the text served the Formalists the most importance. It was what they considered to separate their literary aspects from all other types of writing. They cared most that their narrative had meaning and displayed the "hero function."
<ref name=Ref11/>

===Civic Criticism===

Civic Criticism looks into the social and political ideas and attitudes of literature. Those factors are determined whether it is progressive or not.<ref name=Ref12/>

===Modernism/ Post-Modernism===

Modernism is the rejection of traditional forms of literature. It turns the work into a new experimental form. Modernism writing usually consists of several allusions. Modernism tends to focus around enlightenment ideas<ref name=Ref5/>

Post-Modernism follows the same suit as modernism, but with a twist. It forms a new framework. Post-Modernism tends to consist of free-play and disclosure. Theorist, Ihab Hassan, created a list of to show some difference between the two.<ref name=Ref10/>

<table style="width:300px">
<tr>
<td>'''Modernism'''</td>
<td>'''Post-Modernism'''</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Purpose</td>
<td>Play</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Design</td>
<td>Chance</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Hierarchy</td>
<td>Anarchy</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Totalization</td>
<td>Deconstruction</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Presence</td>
<td>Absence</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Root/Depth</td>
<td>Rhizome/Surface</td>
</tr>
</table>

===Post-Colonialism===

Post-Colonialism is a collection of theoretical and critical strategies that is used to examine culture like in literature, politics, history, etc., and their relations with the world. Post-colonial writers want to resurrect both their culture and to combat preconceptions of their culture.<ref name=Ref10/>

Major Post-Colonialism Figures:
*[[Edward Said]]
*[[Frantz Fanon]]

==References==
<references>
*<ref name=Ref1>“Literary Theory” by Vince Brewton, ''The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy'', ISSN 2161-0002, <http://www.iep.utm.edu/literary/>, accessed 16 April 2014 </ref>
*<ref name=Ref2>"Literary Theory and Schools of Criticism" by Allen Brizee, J. Case Tompkins. ''Purdue OWL'', <https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/owlprint/722/>. </ref>
*<ref name=Ref3>"Modules on Freud: On Psychosexual Development." by Felluga. Dino.''Introductory Guide to Critical Theory''.<http://www.cla.purdue.edu/english/theory/psychoanalysis/freud.html>. July 12, 2002. accessed 21 April 2014 </ref>
*<ref name=Ref4>The Mind and the Book: A Long Look at Psychoanalytic Literary Criticism by N Holland, Norman. ''University of Florida'', <http://www.clas.ufl.edu/users/nholland/mindbook.htm>.1998. accessed 21 April 2014 </ref>
*<ref name=Ref5>''Literary Theories: A Sampling of Lenses'' by Daniel Mesick.''Como Park Senior High School'', <http://comosr.spps.org/lit_theory>, accessed 21 April 2014 </ref>
*<ref name=Ref6>Napikoski, Linda. Feminist Literary Crticism. <http://womenshistory.about.com/od/feminism/a/feminist_criticism.htm>, accessed 21 April 2014</ref>
*<ref name=Ref7>Allen Brizee, J. Case Tompkins . 2010-04-21. Feminist Criticism (1960s-present).<https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/722/11/>, accessed 21 April 2014</ref>
*<ref name=Ref8>'Literary Theories: A Sampling of Critical Lenses.'
<http://www.mpsaz.org/rmhs/staff/rkcupryk/aa_jr/files/microsoft_word_-_literary_theories.pdf>, accessed 21 April 2014</ref>
*<ref name=Ref9>Allen Brizee, J. Case Tompkins . 2010-04-21. "Marxist Criticism (1930s-present)."<https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/722/05/>, accessed 21 April 2014</ref>
*<ref name=Ref10>"Introduction to Modern Literary Theory" by Dr. Kristi Siegel,
<http://www.kristisiegel.com/theory.htm>, accessed 22 April 2014</ref>
*<ref name=Ref11>"Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy" by Vince Brewton,
<http://www.iep.utm.edu/literary/#H3>, accessed 22 April 2014</ref>
*<ref name=Ref12>Cuddon, J. A. (2013). "Dictionary of Literary Terms and Literary Theory."</ref>
</references>

==External Links==
* http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/literary-theory - The Collins English Dictionary's definition page for Literary Theory.

[[Category:Literary Terms]]

Edward Said

2014-04-23T17:19:16Z

Quisha:

'''Edward Said''' was born November 1, 1935. He was an English Professor at Columbia University, a literary theorist, and a public intellectual. Even though he was born in Jerusalem, he became an American citizen because of his father. Edward Said was best known as a cultural critic, writer, and academic. His book [http://www.amazon.com/Orientalism-Edward-W-Said/dp/039474067X ''Orientalism''], talked about the Western and East studies of culture. He died on September 25, 2003 in New York City.

===External Link===

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Said - More information about Edward Said.

Edward Said

2014-04-23T17:18:02Z

Quisha:

Edward Said

2014-04-23T16:59:56Z

Quisha: Created page with "'''Edward Said''' was born November 1, 1935. He was an English Professor at Columbia University, a literary theorist, and a public intellectual. Even though he was born in Jer..."

Literary theory

2014-04-23T16:37:56Z

Quisha:

==Introduction==

According to the Collins English Dictionary, literary theory is defined as "the systematic analysis and study of [[literature]] using general principles". A common misconception about literary theory is that it is focused on the meaning of a work of literature, whereas the actual study involves the tools by which people attempt to understand literature. <ref name=Ref1/> With different schools of theory critics of different literary works can focus on those works through different aspects they consider the most important(for example a Marxist theory may focus on how [[character|characters]] in a story react to an economic situation). <ref name=Ref2/> Critics use more than one school of literary theory when analyzing a work.

==Types of Literary Theory==

=== Archetypal/Myth Criticism ===

Archetypal/Myth critics, such as C.G. Jung and Joseph Campbell, view the genres and individual plot patterns of literature, including highly sophisticated and realistic works, as recurrences of certain archetypes and essential mythic formulae.<ref name=Ref10/> Archetypes are "repeated types of experience in lives of ancient ancestors which inherited the collective unconscious of the human race and are expressed in myths, dreams, religion, and private fantasies, also in the work of literature." - C.G. Jung

Examples of Archetypes: the sun, the moon, circles, colors, Wise Old Man, the Great Mother, etc. Another archetype would be the color white, signifies death and is associated with innocence.

Archetypal/Myth Authors:
*[[C.G. Jung]]
*[[Joseph Campbell]]
*[[Robert Graves]]

===Psychoanalytic Criticism===
Psychoanalytic criticism, is one of the initial approaches within the school of literary criticism. This concept is used by critics to analyze the unconsciousness of the mind; which consists of desires, fears, enjoyments or anything that causes human to be driven without knowledge of their actions. Psychoanalytic method was originally constructed by Sigmund Freud when he was studying patients in an asylum.

The ''Introductory Guide to Critical Theory'' says, Freud began his researches into the workings of the human mind in 1881, after a century during which Europe and America saw the reform of the insane asylum and an ever-increasing interest in "abnormal" psychological states, especially the issue of "nervous diseases" (which was the first phenomenon that Freud studied, examining the nervous system of fish while gaining his medical degree at the University of Vienna from 1873 to 1881).<ref name=Ref3/>

Holland says, the psychoanalytic literary critic's primary job is to foreground that psychological element in what he or she says about books. In other words, the psychoanalytic critics should be interpreting their own, if you will, counter-transference to the text or whatever else they are describing.<ref name=Ref4/>

For example if the literary critic wants to apply the psychoanalytic approach to a specific piece of work or literature, the theory is applied directly with the following the concepts:<ref name=Ref5/>
<ol>
<li>Consider the author’s personality to explain and interpret a text
<li>What psychological theories are present in the characters (Oedipal complex, obsessive compulsive, sexual repression, denial, guilt)?
<li>What repressed material is expressed in imagery or symbols?
</ol>

The literary critic will then be able to exhibit to the reader the images that are needed to properly interpret and grasp the message of the writer.

===Feminist Criticism===

Feminist Criticism is the analysis of the thoughts on feminism, feminist theory, or feminist politics. Authors use this to change the way literature portrays woman characters. Feminist theory has raised questions towards society. It asks if the world values male characters over females or if they feel that females are not as strong as males.<ref name=Ref6/> When feminist criticism began is focused on politics of women authorship and the representation of woman’s conditions in literature.<ref name=Ref7/> Currently, feminist criticism focuses on certain aspects of society with women; such as education, politics, and the work force. <br /><br/>

Feminist Writers:
*[[Mary Wollstonecraft]]
*[[Julia Kristeva]]
*[[Elaine Showalter]]

===Marxist Criticism===

In literature, Marxist criticism focuses on money and power.<ref name=Ref8/> It was founded on the ideals of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. The story lines are usually affected or influenced by the economy or social classes. This criticism usually exposes the way a socioeconomic system is the ultimate source of our experience.<ref name=Ref9/> The notions of Marxism places emphasis on the convergence between the dominant and repressed classes. Also, Marxism encourages art to imitate what is often termed an "objective" reality. Contemporary Marxism is more general in its desired goal and views art as simultaneously reflective and autonomous to the era in which it was produced.<ref name=Ref10/>
<br /><br/>

Marxist Authors:
*[[Karl Marx]]
*[[Leon Trotsky]]
*[[Georg Lukács]]

===New Criticism===

New Criticism is a literary movement beginning in he late 1920's and 1930's. This movement derived from the reaction to traditional criticism that new critics believe were considered highly important, such as the biography or psychology of the author or the work's relations to the history of literature. The notion of New Criticism is that a work of literary art should be considered autonomous so that it is not judged, or stereotyped, by reference to considerations beyond the work.<ref name=Ref10/>

Major New Criticism Figures:
*[[I. A. Richards]]
*[[T. S. Eliot]]
*[[Cleanth Brooks]]
*[[David Daiches]]
*[[William Empson]]

===Formalist Criticism===

Formalist criticism is an approach that emphasizes literary form and and studies the structural purposes or literary devices of a text. Formalism seeks to study literature on a scientific base using objective analysis from the motifs, devices, techniques, and other functions. The literariness of the text served the Formalists the most importance. It was what they considered to separate their literary aspects from all other types of writing. They cared most that their narrative had meaning and displayed the "hero function."
<ref name=Ref11/>

===Civic Criticism===

Civic Criticism looks into the social and political ideas and attitudes of literature. Those factors are determined whether it is progressive or not.<ref name=Ref12/>

===Modernism/ Post-Modernism===

Modernism is the rejection of traditional forms of literature. It turns the work into a new experimental form. Modernism writing usually consists of several allusions. Modernism tends to focus around enlightenment ideas<ref name=Ref5/>

Post-Modernism follows the same suit as modernism, but with a twist. It forms a new framework. Post-Modernism tends to consist of free-play and disclosure. Theorist, Ihab Hassan, created a list of to show some difference between the two.<ref name=Ref10/>

<table style="width:300px">
<tr>
<td>'''Modernism'''</td>
<td>'''Post-Modernism'''</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Purpose</td>
<td>Play</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Design</td>
<td>Chance</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Hierarchy</td>
<td>Anarchy</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Totalization</td>
<td>Deconstruction</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Presence</td>
<td>Absence</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Root/Depth</td>
<td>Rhizome/Surface</td>
</tr>
</table>

===Post-Colonialism===

Post-Colonialism is a collection of theoretical and critical strategies that is used to examine culture like in literature, politics, history, etc., and their relations with the world. Post-colonial writers want to resurrect both their culture and to combat preconceptions of their culture.<ref name=Ref10/>

Major Post-Colonialism Figures:
*[[Edward Said]]
*[[Frantz Fanon]]
*[[Wole Soyinka]]
*[[Jamaica Kincaid]]

==References==
<references>
*<ref name=Ref1>“Literary Theory” by Vince Brewton, ''The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy'', ISSN 2161-0002, <http://www.iep.utm.edu/literary/>, accessed 16 April 2014 </ref>
*<ref name=Ref2>"Literary Theory and Schools of Criticism" by Allen Brizee, J. Case Tompkins. ''Purdue OWL'', <https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/owlprint/722/>. </ref>
*<ref name=Ref3>"Modules on Freud: On Psychosexual Development." by Felluga. Dino.''Introductory Guide to Critical Theory''.<http://www.cla.purdue.edu/english/theory/psychoanalysis/freud.html>. July 12, 2002. accessed 21 April 2014 </ref>
*<ref name=Ref4>The Mind and the Book: A Long Look at Psychoanalytic Literary Criticism by N Holland, Norman. ''University of Florida'', <http://www.clas.ufl.edu/users/nholland/mindbook.htm>.1998. accessed 21 April 2014 </ref>
*<ref name=Ref5>''Literary Theories: A Sampling of Lenses'' by Daniel Mesick.''Como Park Senior High School'', <http://comosr.spps.org/lit_theory>, accessed 21 April 2014 </ref>
*<ref name=Ref6>Napikoski, Linda. Feminist Literary Crticism. <http://womenshistory.about.com/od/feminism/a/feminist_criticism.htm>, accessed 21 April 2014</ref>
*<ref name=Ref7>Allen Brizee, J. Case Tompkins . 2010-04-21. Feminist Criticism (1960s-present).<https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/722/11/>, accessed 21 April 2014</ref>
*<ref name=Ref8>'Literary Theories: A Sampling of Critical Lenses.'
<http://www.mpsaz.org/rmhs/staff/rkcupryk/aa_jr/files/microsoft_word_-_literary_theories.pdf>, accessed 21 April 2014</ref>
*<ref name=Ref9>Allen Brizee, J. Case Tompkins . 2010-04-21. "Marxist Criticism (1930s-present)."<https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/722/05/>, accessed 21 April 2014</ref>
*<ref name=Ref10>"Introduction to Modern Literary Theory" by Dr. Kristi Siegel,
<http://www.kristisiegel.com/theory.htm>, accessed 22 April 2014</ref>
*<ref name=Ref11>"Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy" by Vince Brewton,
<http://www.iep.utm.edu/literary/#H3>, accessed 22 April 2014</ref>
*<ref name=Ref12>Cuddon, J. A. (2013). "Dictionary of Literary Terms and Literary Theory."</ref>
</references>

==External Links==
* http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/literary-theory - The Collins English Dictionary's definition page for Literary Theory.

[[Category:Literary Terms]]

Literary theory

2014-04-21T14:37:26Z

Quisha:

[Team 2 is working on this page for this week's WritDM Assignment!]

==Introduction==

According to the Collins English Dictionary, literary theory is defined as "the systematic analysis and study of [[literature]] using general principles". A common misconception about literary theory is that it is focused on the meaning of a work of literature, whereas the actual study involves the tools by which people attempt to understand literature. <ref name=Ref1/> With different schools of theory critics of different literary works can focus on those works through different aspects they consider the most important(for example a Marxist theory may focus on how [[character|characters]] in a story react to an economic situation). <ref name=Ref2/> Critics use more than one school of literary theory when analyzing a work.

'''Types of Literary Theory'''

There are different types of literary theories, which can also be defined by literary criticisms. Here are some examples:

== Archetypal/Myth Criticism ==

C.G Jung and Joseph Campbell viewed the genres and plot patterns of literature as archetypes and mythic formulas. Archetypes are "repeated types of experience in lives of ancient ancestors which inherited the collective unconscious of the human race and are expressed in myths, dreams, religion, and private fantasies, also in the work of literature." - C.G. Jung

Examples of Archetypes: the sun, the moon, circles, colors, Wise Old Man, the Great Mother, etc. Another archetype would be the color white, signifies death and is associated with innocence.
<ref>http://www.kristisiegel.com/theory.htm</ref>

==Psychoanalytic Criticism==
Psychoanalytic criticism, is one of the initial approches within the school of literary criticism. This concept is used by critics to analyze the unconsciousness of the mind. Originally constructed by Sigmund Freud when he was studying patients in an asylam, ''In troductory Guide to Critical Theory'' says, Freud began his researches into the workings of the human mind in 1881, after a century during which Europe and America saw the reform of the insane asylum and an ever-increasing interest in "abnormal" psychological states, especially the issue of "nervous diseases" (which was the first phenomenon that Freud studied, examining the nervous system of fish while gaining his medical degree at the University of Vienna from 1873 to 1881).<ref>http://www.cla.purdue.edu/english/theory/psychoanalysis/freud.html</ref>

==References==
<references>
*<ref name=Ref1>“Literary Theory” by Vince Brewton, ''The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy'', ISSN 2161-0002, <http://www.iep.utm.edu/literary/>, accessed 16 April 2014 </ref>
*<ref name=Ref2>"Literary Theory and Schools of Criticism" by Allen Brizee, J. Case Tompkins. ''Purdue OWL'', <https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/owlprint/722/>.
http://www.cla.purdue.edu/english/theory/psychoanalysis/freud.html>

</references>

==External Links==
* http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/literary-theory - The Collins English Dictionary's definition page for Literary Theory.

Alliteration

2014-04-11T02:58:54Z

Quisha:

'''Alliteration''' is the repetition of identical sounds at the beginning of words or in stressed syllables. The words applied in alliteration can begin with a consonant or a vowel. This literary device occurs in various words across successive sentences, clauses, or phrases. The function of alliteration, like [[rhyme]], might be to emphasize the exquisiteness of language in a given context, or to unite words or concepts through a type of repetition.

'''Here are several examples:'''

Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers. A peck of pickled peppers Peter Piper picked. If Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers How many pickled peppers did Peter Piper pick?

Nate never knows.

She sells seashells by the seashore. The shells she sells are surely seashells. So if she sells shells on the seashore,I'm sure she sells seashore shells.

How much wood would a woodchuck chuck If a woodchuck would chuck wood? A woodchuck would chuck all the wood he could chuck If a woodchuck would chuck wood.

People who pen poetry.

== '''Alliteration in Poetry and Literature'''==

Alliteration possesses a very essential role in poetry and prose. The repeating sounds generate a harmonious effect in the text that enriches the pleasure of reading a literary piece. Alliteration makes reading and recitation of the poems attractive and alluring; thus, making them easier to learn. Furthermore, this literary device contributes flow and attractiveness to a piece of writing.

'''Here are examples of alliteration in poetry and literature:'''

In [http://www.heise.de/ix/raven/Literature/Lore/TheRaven.html ''The Raven''] by Edgar Allan Poe uses many examples of alliteration including the following lines: "Once upon a midnight dreary while I pondered weak and weary
...rare and radiant maiden
And the silken sad uncertain rustling of each purple curtain
Deep into that darkness peering, long I stood there wondering, fearing, Doubting, dreaming dreams no mortal ever dared to dream before"

Samuel Taylor Coleridge's [http://www.poetryfoundation.org/poem/173253 ''Rime of the Ancient Mariner''] has the following lines of alliteration : "For the sky and the sea, and the sea and the sky." and "the furrow followed free...".

In [http://examples.yourdictionary.com/examples-of-alliteration-poems.html ''Beowulf''] there was also alliteration: "Hot-hearted Beowulf was bent upon battle."

'''Alliteration for Children'''

In the nursery rhyme [http://www.landofnurseryrhymes.co.uk/htm_pages/Three%20Grey%20Geese.htm ''Three Grey Geese''] by Mother Goose, use of alliteration can be found in the following lines : "Three grey geese in a green field grazing. Grey were the geese and green was the grazing."

Also by Mother Goose [http://www.makingmusicfun.net/htm/f_mmf_music_library_songbook/betty-botter-lyrics.htm''Betty Botter''] uses alliteration: "Betty Botter bought some butter, but she said butter's bitter..."

In [http://youtu.be/k8xq3vVF1pk ''Dr. Suess ABC'' book], alliteration is found on every page: "Aunt Annie’s alligator
Barber baby bubbles and a bumblebee
Camel on the ceiling..."

Most of Dr. Suess' books uses alliteration and children love it because the words rhyme. Like [http://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/dreeves/Fox-In-Socks.txt ''Fox In Socks'']: "Through three cheese trees three free fleas flew. While these fleas flew, freezy breeze blew...."

== '''Alliteration in Rhetoric''' ==

The use of alliteration in poetry is similar to using alliteration in rhetoric. Orators, who apply this literary device within their speeches, develop eloquent and persuasive messages. Using alliteration in a speech adds a textural complexity, making it more engaging, moving, and memorable. This literary device captivates a person's auditory senses that contribute in generating a mood for the speaker. The repeating sound forces spectator’s attention because of their distinct and noticeable nature. To see alliteration used affectively, read John F. Kennedy’s, Martin Luther King Jr.’s, Bill Clinton's, Ronald Reagan's, and Barack Obama’s speeches.

'''Here are a few lines from their speeches:'''

"We, the people, declare today that the most evident of truths — that all of us are created equal — is the star that guides us still; just as it guided our forebears through Seneca Falls, and Selma, and Stonewall; just as it guided all those men and women, sung and unsung, who left footprints along this great Mall, to hear a preacher say that we cannot walk alone; to hear a King proclaim that our individual freedom is inextricably bound to the freedom of every soul on Earth." -Barack Obama

"I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character." -MLK

"Let every nation know, whether it wishes us well or ill, that we shall pay any price, bear any burden, meet any hardship, support any friend, oppose any foe to assure the survival and the success of liberty." -JFK

"Somewhere at this very moment a child is being born in America. Let it be our cause to give that child a happy home, a healthy family, and a hopeful future." -Bill Clinton

"And our nation itself is testimony to the love our veterans have had for it and for us. All for which America stands is safe today because brave men and women have been ready to face the fire at freedom's front." -Ronald Reagan

== '''Pop Culture Alliteration'''==

Various organizations apply alliteration to develop memorable and appealing names. By using alliteration companies are able to enhance sales and attract customers.

'''Several common illustrations are:'''

• Dunkin’ Donuts

• PayPal

• Best Buy

• Coca-Cola

• Life Lock

• Park Place

• American Apparel

• American Airlines

• Chuckee Cheese’s

• Bed Bath & Beyond

• Krispy Kreme

Alliterations are also found in people or character names, creating unforgettable and distinguishable identities. Fictional characters and real individual’s identifications may be distinctive due to the alliterative effects of the names.

'''A few examples are:'''

• Ronald Reagan

• Sammy Sosa

• Jesse Jackson

• Michael Moore

• William Wordsworth

• Mickey Mouse

• Porky Pig

• Marilyn Monroe

• Fred Flintstone

• Donald Duck

• Spongebob Squarepants

=='''Also See'''==

[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literary_consonance ''Consanance'']

[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AssonanceAssonance ''Assonance'']

[[Onomatopoeia]]

[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adnomination ''Adnomination'']

[http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/agnomination ''Agnomination'']

[http://www.thefreedictionary.com/annomination ''Annomination'']

== '''References''' ==

1) [http://literarydevices.net/alliteration/ ''Contemporary Alliterations'']

2) [http://bcs.bedfordstmartins.com/virtualit/poetry/alliteration_def.html ''Elements of Poetry'']

3) [http://www.thefreedictionary.com/alliteration ''The Free Dictionary'']

4) [http://www.speaklikeapro.co.uk/JFK_inaugural.htm ''JFK’s Alliteration'']

5) [http://blog.flocabulary.com/i-have-a-dream-speech-analysis-lesson-plan/ ''MLK’s Alliteration '']

6) [http://rhetoriciansnotebook.wordpress.com/2013/01/21/obamas-alliteration/ ''Obama’s Alliteration'']

7) [http://www.americanrhetoric.com/figures/alliteration.htm ''Rhetoric Alliteration'']

8) [http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/16468/alliteration ''Encyclopedia Britannica'']

9) [http://www.americanrhetoric.com/figures/alliteration.htm ''Bill Clinton's Alliteration'']

10) [http://www.americanrhetoric.com/figures/alliteration.htm ''Ronald Reagan's Alliteration'']

11) [http://robdkelly.com/blog/marketing/alliteration-examples/ ''Pop Culture Alliteration'']

Alliteration

2014-04-11T02:31:22Z

Quisha: /* Alliteration in Poetry and Literature */

'''Alliteration''' is the repetition of identical sounds at the beginning of words or in stressed syllables. The words applied in alliteration can begin with a consonant or a vowel. This literary device occurs in various words across successive sentences, clauses, or phrases. The function of alliteration, like [[rhyme]], might be to emphasize the exquisiteness of language in a given context, or to unite words or concepts through a type of repetition.

'''Here are several examples:'''

Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers. A peck of pickled peppers Peter Piper picked. If Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers How many pickled peppers did Peter Piper pick?

Nate never knows.

Sandy sold seashells by the sea shore.

How much wood would a woodchuck chuck If a woodchuck would chuck wood? A woodchuck would chuck all the wood he could chuck If a woodchuck would chuck wood.

People who pen poetry.

== '''Alliteration in Poetry and Literature'''==

Alliteration possesses a very essential role in poetry and prose. The repeating sounds generate a harmonious effect in the text that enriches the pleasure of reading a literary piece. Alliteration makes reading and recitation of the poems attractive and alluring; thus, making them easier to learn. Furthermore, this literary device contributes flow and attractiveness to a piece of writing.

'''Here are examples of alliteration in poetry and literature:'''

In [http://www.heise.de/ix/raven/Literature/Lore/TheRaven.html ''The Raven''] by Edgar Allan Poe uses many examples of alliteration including the following lines: "Once upon a midnight dreary while I pondered weak and weary
...rare and radiant maiden
And the silken sad uncertain rustling of each purple curtain
Deep into that darkness peering, long I stood there wondering, fearing, Doubting, dreaming dreams no mortal ever dared to dream before"

Samuel Taylor Coleridge's [http://www.poetryfoundation.org/poem/173253 ''Rime of the Ancient Mariner''] has the following lines of alliteration : "For the sky and the sea, and the sea and the sky." and "the furrow followed free...".

In [http://examples.yourdictionary.com/examples-of-alliteration-poems.html ''Beowulf''] there was also alliteration: "Hot-hearted Beowulf was bent upon battle."

'''Alliteration for Children'''

In the nursery rhyme [http://www.landofnurseryrhymes.co.uk/htm_pages/Three%20Grey%20Geese.htm ''Three Grey Geese''] by Mother Goose, use of alliteration can be found in the following lines : "Three grey geese in a green field grazing. Grey were the geese and green was the grazing."

Also by Mother Goose [http://www.makingmusicfun.net/htm/f_mmf_music_library_songbook/betty-botter-lyrics.htm''Betty Botter''] uses alliteration: "Betty Botter bought some butter, but she said butter's bitter..."

In [http://youtu.be/k8xq3vVF1pk ''Dr. Suess ABC'' book], alliteration is found on every page: "Aunt Annie’s alligator
Barber baby bubbles and a bumblebee
Camel on the ceiling..."

Most of Dr. Suess' books uses alliteration and children love it because the words rhyme. Like: "Through three cheese trees three free fleas flew. While these fleas flew, freezy breeze blew...."

== '''Alliteration in Rhetoric''' ==

The use of alliteration in poetry is similar to using alliteration in rhetoric. Orators, who apply this literary device within their speeches, develop eloquent and persuasive messages. Using alliteration in a speech adds a textural complexity, making it more engaging, moving, and memorable. This literary device captivates a person's auditory senses that contribute in generating a mood for the speaker. The repeating sound forces spectator’s attention because of their distinct and noticeable nature. To see alliteration used affectively, read John F. Kennedy’s, Martin Luther King Jr.’s, and Barack Obama’s speeches.

'''Here are a few lines from their speeches:'''

We, the people, declare today that the most evident of truths — that all of us are created equal — is the star that guides us still; just as it guided our forebears through Seneca Falls, and Selma, and Stonewall; just as it guided all those men and women, sung and unsung, who left footprints along this great Mall, to hear a preacher say that we cannot walk alone; to hear a King proclaim that our individual freedom is inextricably bound to the freedom of every soul on Earth.-Obama

I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character.-MLK

Let every nation know, whether it wishes us well or ill, that we shall pay any price, bear any burden, meet any hardship, support any friend, oppose any foe to assure the survival and the success of liberty.-JFK

== '''Pop Culture Alliteration'''==

Various organizations apply alliteration to develop memorable and appealing names. By using alliteration companies are able to enhance sales and attract customers.

'''Several common illustrations are:'''

• Dunkin’ Donuts

• PayPal

• Best Buy

• Coca-Cola

• Life Lock

• Park Place

• American Apparel

• American Airlines

• Chuckee Cheese’s

• Bed Bath & Beyond

• Krispy Kreme

Alliterations are also found in people or character names, creating unforgettable and distinguishable identities. Fictional characters and real individual’s identifications may be distinctive due to the alliterative effects of the names.

'''A few examples are:'''

• Ronald Reagan

• Sammy Sosa

• Jesse Jackson

• Michael Moore

• William Wordsworth

• Mickey Mouse

• Porky Pig

• Marilyn Monroe

• Fred Flintstone

• Donald Duck

• Spongebob Squarepants

=='''Also See'''==

[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literary_consonance ''Consanance'']

[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AssonanceAssonance ''Assonance'']

[[Onomatopoeia]]

[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adnomination ''Adnomination'']

[http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/agnomination ''Agnomination'']

[http://www.thefreedictionary.com/annomination ''Annomination'']

== '''References''' ==

1) [http://literarydevices.net/alliteration/ ''Contemporary Alliterations'']

2) [http://bcs.bedfordstmartins.com/virtualit/poetry/alliteration_def.html ''Elements of Poetry'']

3) [http://www.thefreedictionary.com/alliteration ''The Free Dictionary'']

4) [http://www.speaklikeapro.co.uk/JFK_inaugural.htm ''JFK’s Alliteration'']

5) [http://blog.flocabulary.com/i-have-a-dream-speech-analysis-lesson-plan/ ''MLK’s Alliteration '']

6) [http://rhetoriciansnotebook.wordpress.com/2013/01/21/obamas-alliteration/ ''Obama’s Alliteration'']

7) [http://www.americanrhetoric.com/figures/alliteration.htm ''Rhetoric Alliteration'']

8) [http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/16468/alliteration ''Encyclopedia Britannica'']

Alliteration

2014-04-09T14:39:42Z

Quisha:

[http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/alliteration ALLITERATION]

A word group either with the same consonant sound or sound group. It is also, the repetition of the beginning sounds in a word.

'''EXAMPLES'''

Of course the '''Alliteration Tongue Twisters''' that everyone seems to know, but can't seem to say:

Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers. A peck of pickled peppers Peter Piper picked. If Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers How many pickled peppers did Peter Piper pick?

How much wood would a woodchuck chuck If a woodchuck would chuck wood? A woodchuck would chuck all the wood he could chuck If a woodchuck would chuck wood.

'''Alliteration in poems''':

Here are examples of alliteration taken from The Raven by Edgar Allan Poe:

Once upon a midnight dreary while I pondered weak and weary
...rare and radiant maiden
And the silken sad uncertain rustling of each purple curtain
Deep into that darkness peering, long I stood there wondering, fearing, Doubting, dreaming dreams no mortal ever dared to dream before

'''Alliteration in children books''':

Dr. Suess is known for his alliteration usage.

ex: Aunt Annie’s alligator
Barber baby bubbles and a bumblebee
Camel on the ceiling C…c….c
David Donald Doo dreamed a dozen doughnuts and a duck-dog, too
ear egg elephant
Four fluffy feathers on a Fiffer-feffer-feff
Goat girl googoo goggles
Hungry horse hay
Hen in a hat Hooray Hooray
Icabod is itchy
Jerry Jordan’s jelly jar and jam
Kitten Kangaroo Kick a kettle
Lazy lion licks a lollipop
Many mumbling mice are making midnight music in the moonlight
Nine new neckties and a nightshirt
Oscar’s only ostrich oiled an orange owl today
Painting pink pajamas
The quick Queen of Quincy and her quacking quacker-oo
Rosy Robin Ross…riding on her red rhinoceros
Silky Sammy Slick sipped six sodas
Ten tied turtles on a tuttle-tuttle tree
Uncle Ubb’s umbrella
Vera Violet Vinn is very very very awful on her violin
Willy Waterloo washes Warren Wiggins who is washing Waldo Woo
Nixie Knox
A yawning yellow yak
Zizzer-Zazzer-Zuzz

[http://youtu.be/k8xq3vVF1pk ''Dr. Suess ABC'' book]

Alliteration

2014-04-09T14:26:08Z

Quisha: