LitWiki - User contributions [en]

Perestroika 1.1

2006-04-27T17:48:51Z

Kfox: /* Works Cited */

==Summary==
Mr. Prelapsarianov is standing at the podium, facing a great red
flag discussing a plan to bring about change. "Can we change?"(147) He also discusses ''Theory'' and how to proceed with Theory. He asks several questions reguarding Theory. "And what have you to offer, children of this theory?"(148) "American cheeseburgers?"(147)

==Notes==

*'''Bolshevik'''(147) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Union- majority faction.

* '''Pygmy'''(148) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pygmy- any human or animal of unusual small size.

*'''Praxis'''(148)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praxis-putting theoretical knowledge into practice.

==Study Questions==

1. What does Prelapsarianov compare the snake skin to?

2. Who enters Prior's bedroom as he cowers in his bed?

3. What happens to the great red flag?

==External Resources==
[http://www.azer.com/aiweb/categories/magazine/73_folder/73_articles/73_bolsheviks.html When Bolsheviks Came]

==Works Cited==
* Kushner, Tony. ''Angels in America: A Gay Fantasia on National Themes''. New York: Theatre Communications Group, 1995.

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[[Category:Literature]]

Perestroika 1.1

2006-04-27T17:48:19Z

Kfox: /* External Resources */

Perestroika 1.1

2006-04-27T17:47:29Z

Kfox: /* Works Cited */

==Summary==
Mr. Prelapsarianov is standing at the podium, facing a great red
flag discussing a plan to bring about change. "Can we change?"(147) He also discusses ''Theory'' and how to proceed with Theory. He asks several questions reguarding Theory. "And what have you to offer, children of this theory?"(148) "American cheeseburgers?"(147)

==Notes==

*'''Bolshevik'''(147) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Union- majority faction.

* '''Pygmy'''(148) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pygmy- any human or animal of unusual small size.

*'''Praxis'''(148)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praxis-putting theoretical knowledge into practice.

==Study Questions==

1. What does Prelapsarianov compare the snake skin to?

2. Who enters Prior's bedroom as he cowers in his bed?

3. What happens to the great red flag?

==External Resources==

* Kushner, Tony. ''Angels in America:'' A Gay Fantasia on National Themes. New York: Theatre Communications Group, 1995.

==Works Cited==

----

[[Category:Literature]]

Millennium Approaches 1.8

2006-04-27T17:44:17Z

Kfox: /* Summary */

==Summary==
Harper and Joe are at home and Louis and Prior are in bed. Harper questions Joe about where he has been and tells him in a round about way that she has burnt his supper on purpose. Joe blames their marital problems on Harper taking pills while Harper confronts Joe about their sexual problems and wants him to confess to her that he is a homosexual. When Joe does not confess, she finally asks him if he is a homosexual, which Joe denies at that time by saying “ I am a very good man who has worked very hard to become good and you want to destroy that” (46).

Prior tells Louis that he has two new lesions and his illness is getting worse. Louis asks Prior ”what if I walked out on this? Would you hate me forever?” (46). Prior responds by saying yes and Louis begs him not to get any sicker than he is, as if he has control over his illness.

==Notes==

==Commentary==

==Study Questions==

1. What did Harper do to Joe's dinner?

2. Where did Joe tell Harper he was?

3. What is Joe's excuse for not having sex with Harper?

4. What does Louis ask Prior abouttheir relationship?

5. What does Harper confess to Joe?

==External Resources==

==Works Cited==
Kushner, Tony. ''Angels in America: A Gay Fantasia on National Themes''. New York: Theatre Communications Group, 1995.

------
[[Angels in America | Millennium Approaches Act 1 Scene 9]]

[[Category:Literature]]

Millennium Approaches 1.8

2006-04-27T17:18:52Z

Kfox: /* Works Cited */

==Summary==

==Notes==

==Commentary==

==Study Questions==

1. What did Harper do to Joe's dinner?

2. Where did Joe tell Harper he was?

3. What is Joe's excuse for not having sex with Harper?

4. What does Louis ask Prior abouttheir relationship?

5. What does Harper confess to Joe?

==External Resources==

==Works Cited==
Kushner, Tony. ''Angels in America: A Gay Fantasia on National Themes''. New York: Theatre Communications Group, 1995.

------
[[Angels in America | Millennium Approaches Act 1 Scene 9]]

[[Category:Literature]]

Millennium Approaches 1.7

2006-04-27T17:04:52Z

Kfox: /* Works Cited */

==Summary==
Harper and Prior meat in a mutual hallucination. Prior is sitting at a table applying makeup when Harper enters. They make each other aware of their Threshholds of revelation. Prior tells Harper “ your husband’s a homo” (39), and Harper tells Prior that she can see that he is sick and tells him “deep inside you, there’s a part of you, the most inner part, entirely free of disease” (40). Harper vanishes from the scene and a voice calls for Prior from above. The voice tells Prior to “prepare the way the infinite descent A breath in air floating down” (41).

==Notes==

==Commentary==

==Study Questions==

==External Resources==

==Works Cited==
Kushner, Tony. ''Angels in America: A Gay Fantasia on National Themes''. New York: Theatre Communications Group, 1995.

------
[[Angels in America | Millennium Approaches Act 1 Scene 8]]

[Category:Literature]]

Angels in America

2006-04-27T17:03:57Z

Kfox: /* Works Cited */

[[Image:Angels-in-america-04.jpg|thumb|Angels in America]]

==Factual Information==
According to Jacobus, Kushner was suprised that both liberals and conservatives liked the play because Kushner thought that it attacked many of the conservative views (1636).

==Biography==

==Study Guide==

===Part One: Millennium Approaches===
====Act One: Bad News====
#[[Millennium Approaches 1.1|Act One, Scene 1]]
#[[Millennium Approaches 1.2|Act One, Scene 2]]
#[[Millennium Approaches 1.3|Act One, Scene 3]]
#[[Millennium Approaches 1.4|Act One, Scene 4]]
#[[Millennium Approaches 1.5|Act One, Scene 5]]
#[[Millennium Approaches 1.6|Act One, Scene 6]]
#[[Millennium Approaches 1.7|Act One, Scene 7]]
#[[Millennium Approaches 1.8|Act One, Scene 8]]
#[[Millennium Approaches 1.9|Act One, Scene 9]]
====Act Two: In Vitro====
#[[Millennium Approaches 2.1|Act Two, Scene 1]]
#[[Millennium Approaches 2.2|Act Two, Scene 2]]
#[[Millennium Approaches 2.3|Act Two, Scene 3]]
#[[Millennium Approaches 2.4|Act Two, Scene 4]]
#[[Millennium Approaches 2.5|Act Two, Scene 5]]
#[[Millennium Approaches 2.6|Act Two, Scene 6]]
#[[Millennium Approaches 2.7|Act Two, Scene 7]]
#[[Millennium Approaches 2.8|Act Two, Scene 8]]
#[[Millennium Approaches 2.9|Act Two, Scene 9]]
#[[Millennium Approaches 2.10|Act Two, Scene 10]]
====Act Three: Not-Yet-Conscious, Foward Dawning====
#[[Millennium Approaches 3.1|Act Three, Scene 1]]
#[[Millennium Approaches 3.2|Act Three, Scene 2]]
#[[Millennium Approaches 3.3|Act Three, Scene 3]]
#[[Millennium Approaches 3.4|Act Three, Scene 4]]
#[[Millennium Approaches 3.5|Act Three, Scene 5]]
#[[Millennium Approaches 3.6|Act Three, Scene 6]]
#[[Millennium Approaches 3.7|Act Three, Scene 7]]

===Part Two: Perestroika===
====Act One: Spooj====
#[[Perestroika 1.1|Act One, Scene 1]]
#[[Perestroika 1.2|Act One, Scene 2]]
#[[Perestroika 1.3|Act One, Scene 3]]
#[[Perestroika 1.4|Act One, Scene 4]]
#[[Perestroika 1.5|Act One, Scene 5]]
#[[Perestroika 1.6|Act One, Scene 6]]
====Act Two: The Epistle====
#[[Perestroika 2.1|Act Two, Scene 1]]

====Act Three: Borborygmi====
#[[Perestroika 3.1|Act Three, Scene 1]]
#[[Perestroika 3.2|Act Three, Scene 2]]
#[[Perestroika 3.3|Act Three, Scene 3]]
#[[Perestroika 3.4|Act Three, Scene 4]]
#[[Perestroika 3.5|Act Three, Scene 5]]
====Act Four: John Brown's Body====
#[[Perestroika 4.1|Act Four, Scene 1]]
#[[Perestroika 4.2|Act Four, Scene 2]]
#[[Perestroika 4.3|Act Four, Scene 3]]
#[[Perestroika 4.4|Act Four, Scene 4]]
#[[Perestroika 4.5|Act Four, Scene 5]]
#[[Perestroika 4.6|Act Four, Scene 6]]
#[[Perestroika 4.7|Act Four, Scene 7]]
#[[Perestroika 4.8|Act Four, Scene 8]]
#[[Perestroika 4.9|Act Four, Scene 9]]
====Act Five: Heaven, I'm in Heaven====
#[[Perestroika 5.1|Act Five, Scene 1]]
#[[Perestroika 5.2|Act Five, Scene 2]]
#[[Perestroika 5.3|Act Five, Scene 3]]
#[[Perestroika 5.4|Act Five, Scene 4]]
#[[Perestroika 5.5|Act Five, Scene 5]]
#[[Perestroika 5.6|Act Five, Scene 6]]
#[[Perestroika 5.7|Act Five, Scene 7]]
#[[Perestroika 5.8|Act Five, Scene 8]]
#[[Perestroika 5.9|Act Five, Scene 9]]
#[[Perestroika 5.10|Act Five, Scene 10]]
====Epilogue: Bethesda====
#[[Perestroika Epilogue]]

==Characters==

[[The Angel]]

[[Emily]]

[[The Eskimo]]

[[Ethel Rosenberg]]

[[Hannah Porter Pitt]]

[[Harper Amaty Pitt]]

[[Henry]]

[[Joseph Porter Pitt]]

[[Louis Ironson]]

[[The Man in the Park]]

[[Martin Heller]]

[[Mr. Lies]]

[[Norman Arriaga]] AKA: Belize

[[Prior I]]

[[Prior II]]

[[Prior Walter]]

[[Rabbi Isidor Chemelwitz]]

[[Roy Cohn]]

[[Sister Ella Chapter]]

[[The Voice]]

[[The Woman in the South Bronx]]

[[Belize]]

==Major Themes==
''Angels in America'' is in many ways a play about conversion.The experience of HIV illness is often conceived as involving a conversion of the self, and Prior's discovery that he has AIDS is depicted in part as making him a new person: I'm a lessionnaire". The Angel's visitation to Prior takes the form of a mission of conversion:given a new identity, Prior is like Joseph Smith, to become Prophet of a new dispensation. Indeed, in the course of the play all its characters undergo startling shifts in identity. Hannah is not only physically transplanted to New York but becomes ''"noticeably different--she looks like a New Yorker''. Roy , who clings tenaciously to his professional status a a lawyer,is disbarred just before his death. Harper moves through a period of dysfunction to strike out on her own, choosing "the real San Francisco, on earth," with its "unspeakable beauty" (Kruger 4).

Kushner uses split scenes to make more explicit the contrapuntal relationship between these seemingly disconnected narrative worlds. Roy's meeting with Joe, to discuss the junior attorney's future as a "Roy-Boy" in Washington, occurs alongside the scene in which Louis is sodomized in the Central Park Rambles by a leather clad mama's boy.Louis's mini-symposium at the coffee shop is simultaneous with Prior's medical checkup at an outpatient clinic. Dreams,ghosts, and a flock of dithering, hermaphroditic angels are also used to break through the play's realistic structure, to conjoin seemingly disparate characters, and to reveal the poetic resonances and interconnectedness of everyday life (McNulty 4).

==Major Symbols==

==Influences==
The biggest influences on this play would defiantly have to be American society. Kushner brings up many problems that he has with the country. Form his problems with President Regan to the discrimination of people in American society.

==Study Questions==
#Many of the gay characters struggle with the question of how their sexuality should be, and several come out in different ways during the course of the play. Discuss the meaning of the ''closet'' — are closeted characters different from uncloseted ones? What implications does coming out have for self and community?
#"It's law not justice," Joe tells Louis during their final breakup. Discuss the themes of law and justice as they appear in the play. Is Joe correct that the two are separate entities? Or does the play encourage a more visionary potential of the law?
#Belize stands out as exceptionally compassionate and good, yet at times seems two-dimensional. Which view is correct? Is Belize a virtuous stereotype or a complex moral authority?
#What does the subtitle "A Gay Fantasia on National Themes" suggest? What national themes are evident in the plays? What is the relationship between "gay" and "national"?
#[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perestroika Perestroika] was the term for Mikhail Gorbachev's policy of political and economic reform in the Soviet Union. In what ways does the play represent the possibility of ''perestroika'' in America? Is this an appropriate title for part two?
#Choosing at least two examples ([http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethel_Rosenberg The Rosenberg Trial], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1906_earthquake The San Francisco Earthquake], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chernobyl Chernobyl], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reagan_administration The Reagan Administration]), analyze the role of history in the plays. Does Kushner more or less depict events as they happened? If not, what dramatic and thematic purposes does he serve by shading the facts?
#As a "fantasia," ''Angels in America'' is a major departure from prevailing theatrical realism, with detours into the religious and the supernatural — angels, ghosts, apparitions, and visions appear over and over. What effect do these fantastical elements have on the play as a whole? Go beyond a simple analysis of plot to consider the implications for characters, messages, and themes.
#Is there any connection between [[the Angel]], and [[Mr. Lies]]. If there is a connection, is it a friendly one?

==Additional Resources==
*[http://www.januarymagazine.com/artcult/angelsinam.html Larger Than Life] - A review of'' Angels in America'' by Tony Buchsbaum.
*[http://www.hbo.com/films/angelsinamerica/cast/kushner_interview.html HBO Interview with Tony Kusher]

==Works Cited==

* Garner, Stanton B. ''"Angels in America: The Millennium and Postmodern Memory," in Approaching the Millenium, Essays on Angels in America,'' edited by Deborah R. Geis and Steven F. Kruger, University of Michigan Press, 1987: pp.173-84.

* Glenn, Lane A.. "Angels in America." ''Drama for Students''. Gale, 1999.

* Kruger, Steven F. ''"Identity and Conversion in Angels in America."in Approaching the Millennium: Essays on "Angels in America."'' edited by Deborah R. Geis and Steven F.Kruger, University of Michigan Press, 1997: pp. 151-69.

* Kushner, Tony. ''Angels in America: A Gay Fantasia on National Themes''. New York: Theatre Communications Group, 1995.

* Layman, Bruccoli Clark. ''"Tony Kushner,"in Dictionary of Literary Biography,'' Volume 228: Twentienth Century American Dramatists, Second Series. Edited by Christopher J. Wheatley.

* McNutty, Charles. ''"Angels in America: Tony Kushner's Theses on the Philosophy of History."'' Modern Drama 39,no.1 (Spring 1996): 84-96.

* Meisner, Natalie. ''Messing with the Idyllic: The Performance of Femininity in Kushner's Angels in America''. ''The Yale Journal of Criticism'' 16,no.1 (2003): 177-189.

* Quinn, John R. ''"Corpus Juris Tertium: Redemptive Jurisprudence in Angels in America."'' Theatre Journal 48,no.1 (March 1996): 79-90.

* Trilling, Lionel, et. al. ''Bloom’s Period Studies: Modern American Drama''. Chelsea House Publishers, 2005.

* Jacobus, Lee A., Ed. ''The Beford Introduction to Drama.'' 3rd Ed. Boston: Bedford, 1997.

----

[[http://litmuse.maconstate.edu/litwiki/index.php/Tony_Kushner Tony Kushner]]
[[Category:Literature]]

Millennium Approaches 1.7

2006-04-27T17:02:08Z

Kfox: /* Summary */

==Summary==
Harper and Prior meat in a mutual hallucination. Prior is sitting at a table applying makeup when Harper enters. They make each other aware of their Threshholds of revelation. Prior tells Harper “ your husband’s a homo” (39), and Harper tells Prior that she can see that he is sick and tells him “deep inside you, there’s a part of you, the most inner part, entirely free of disease” (40). Harper vanishes from the scene and a voice calls for Prior from above. The voice tells Prior to “prepare the way the infinite descent A breath in air floating down” (41).

==Notes==

==Commentary==

==Study Questions==

==External Resources==

==Works Cited==

------
[[Angels in America | Millennium Approaches Act 1 Scene 8]]

[Category:Literature]]

Millennium Approaches 1.4

2006-04-27T16:42:44Z

Kfox: /* Works Cited */

==Summary==
Louis and Prior, who have been in a committed relationship for four years, are sitting on a bench after the funeral of Louis's grandmother, which Louis had not visited in ten years. Louis has concealed his homosexuality in front of his family. They discuss the funeral and exchange teasing remarks about their cat, Little Sheba, who has run away. Prior suddenly shows Louis a [http://www.cancer.org/docroot/cri/content/cri_2_4_1x_what_is_kaposis_sarcoma_21.asp?sitearea=cri kaposi's sarcoma] lesion. Even though Louis gets extremely upset, Prior takes it in a very joking manner; though he fears that Louis will leave him because of his illness. Louis goes to bury his grandmother and Prior asks him if he will come home right after the burial. Louis assures Prior that he will come home after his grandmother’s burial.
Prior is at a funeral service with Louis in the burial of his grandmother, Sarah Ironson. Prior hugs Louis, because he was sorry for his grandmother death. Prior addresses to Louis about name calling. Especially, the name " Little Sheba" (26). Prior shows Louis a lesion. Prior makes several jokes about the lesion." I'm a lesionnaire. The Foreign Lesion. The American Lesion. Lesionnaire's disease" (27). This was Prior first lesion. Prior did not want to tell Louis about the Lesion, because he was scared that Louis would leave him.

==Notes==
*'''Emma Goldman''' (25) - A major figure in the history of American [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radicalism_%28historical%29 radicalism] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feminism feminism]. She was a well-known [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchism anarchist] and an early advocate of free speech.

*'''Yiddish''' (25)- Yiddish meaning “Jewish”, is a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_language Germanic language.]

*'''Feh''' (26) - Indicative of disproval of something.

*'''Fellating''' (26) - Oral stimulation of the penis in which a male places his penis into the mouth of another person. Fellatio comes from the Latin Fellatus.

*'''WASPs''' (26) - [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WASP "White Anglo-Saxon Protestants"], a term that denotes either an ethnic group, or the culture, customs, and heritage of the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yankee Yankee] ethnic group in the U.S..
*'''Shirley Booth''' (27) - an Academy Award-winning [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirley_Booth actress] who gained enormous success in the 1950 Broadway [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Come_Back%2C_Little_Sheba_%28play%29 play] (as well, as the 1952 [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Come_Back%2C_Little_Sheba_%28movie%29 movie adaptation]), ''Come Back, Little Sheba''.
*'''K.S.''' (27) - [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaposi%27s_Sarcoma Kaposi's Sarcoma], a cancer that afflicts tissues of the bones, muscles, blood vessels, cartilage, etc. Commonly linked to homosexual men with HIV or AIDS.

==Commentary==

==Study Questions==
#What is the Jewish custom to express love for the dead?
#How long was Louis's grandmother in the nursing home?
#Why didn't Louis visit her?
#What is the cat's name?
#What does Prior show Louis?
#What disease does Prior have?
#How does Louis react?
#Why does Prior believe the cat ran away?
#Why hasn't Prior told Louis of his illness until today?
# Who number does Prior wants at Sarah Ironson funeral?
# Where is the lesion located at on Prior's body?

==External Resources==

==Works Cited==
*Kushner, Tony. ''Angels in America: A Gay Fantasia on National Themes''. New York: Theatre Communications Group, 1995.

------
[[Angels in America | Millennium Approaches Act 1 Scene 5]]

[[Category:Literature]]

Millennium Approaches 1.2

2006-04-27T16:40:44Z

Kfox: /* Works Cited */

==Summary==
Joseph Pitt sits waiting in Roy Cohn's office while Roy conducts business with several people through his phone system. Roy is loud and obscene. His actions continue in a blisteringly vulgar fashion until Joe asks him to "please not use the Lord's name in vain" (20). When Roy asks what religion he is, Joe tells him that he is Mormon. Roy almost seems excited by the idea that Joe is a Mormon. He then suddenly offers Joe a job in the Justice Department in Washington, DC. Joe says that "it's incredibly exciting" but that he must talk to his wife before accepting the job (22).

== Notes ==
[[Image:LaCage1.jpg|right|thumb|''La Cage aux Folles'']]
*'''''Cats''''' (18) - a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cats_%28musical%29 musical] composed by [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Lloyd_Webber Andrew Lloyd Webber] in 1978 and based on [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Possum%27s_Book_of_Practical_Cats ''Old Possum's Book of Practical Cats''] by [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T._S._Eliot T. S. Eliot].

*'''''42nd Street''''' (18) - a Broadway [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/42nd_Street_%28musical%29 musical]. It premiered in New York City in 1980 and is considered one of the most successful productions in the history of Broadway theater.

*'''''La Cage''''' (18) - [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Cage_aux_Folles ''La Cage aux Folles''] is a French play that became Broadway's first "homosexual" musical in 1983.

*'''Schtupping''' (20)- an offensive or indecent slang term for sexual intercourse.

*'''Baptist''' (21)- The largest protestant [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_denomination religious denomination] based on Christian Gospels: Matthew, Mark, Luke, or John in the United States that are particularly insistent on the separation of church and state.

*'''Catholic''' (21)- A universal religion comprehensive of all mankind that is [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LiberaL liberal].

*'''Mormon''' (21) - the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mormon name] given to members of the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latter_Day_Saint_movement Latter Day Saint movement].

*'''Ed Meese''' (21) - the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Meese seventy-fifth] [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General Attorney General] of the United States from 1985 to 1988.

==Commentary==
''Angels in America'''s Roy Cohn is based on the real-life American [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Cohn lawyer] of the same name; however, Kushner's play is not as much "about" Cohn as it is about what "Cohn represents socially and historically" (Borreca). Still, the play's character follows the nonfictional Cohn's life almost flawlessly.

[[Image:Judge.jpg|left|thumb|Roy Marcus Cohn (February 20, 1927 – August 2, 1986).]]

Cohn became famous during [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_McCarthy Senator Joseph McCarthy's] investigations into Communism in the government and especially during the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army-McCarthy_Hearings Army-McCarthy Hearings]. Cohn was widely unpopular during his lifetime, yet he still gained tremendous political power. He was most famous for his role in the 1951 trial of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethel_Rosenberg Julius and Ethel Rosenberg]. His cross examination of Ethel's brother produced the testimony that was mainly responsible for the defendents' conviction and execution. Cohn took great pride in the case, claiming to have played an even greater role than was realized. In his autobiography, he wrote that his influence had led to the appointment of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Kaufman Judge Irving Kaufman] to the case, and that Kaufman, who was a family friend, had imposed the death penalty on Cohn's personal advice.

It was because of the Rosenberg trial that Cohn, at the age of twenty-four, had been recommended and appointed as McCarthy's chief counsel. In 1954, when McCarthy was censured, Cohn resigned and went into private practice, beginning a thirty-year career as a high-powered attorney in New York City. In the 1970s and 1980s, he was charged three times with professional misconduct but never convicted. However, eventually the New York Bar association brought disbarment proceedings against him for unethical and unprofessional conduct, which caused him to lose his license in the last month of his life.

Although he was extremely conservative in politics, Cohn was rumored to be a homosexual, and it was widely believed that he and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G._David_Schine G. David Schine], whom he appointed chief consultant, had a sexual relationship. However, Cohn continued to deny he was gay and he even lent his support to anti-gay political campaigns. In 1984, he was diagnosed with AIDs, but he attemped to keep it secret by saying he had liver cancer. Despite aggressive drug treatment, he died on August 2, 1986 (six months after the Cohn in Kushner's play) at the age of 54.

Roy Cohn was also portrayed by actor [http://us.imdb.com/name/nm0000249/ James Woods] in the 1992 biographical television movie [http://us.imdb.com/title/tt0103973/ ''Citizen Cohn''].

==Study Questions==
#What is Roy Cohn's profession?
#What is Roy's favorite Broadway musical? What does this suggest about the character?
#While he is conducting business, what does Roy keep insisting Joe do?
#What job does Roy offer to Joe and what would it require Joe to do?
#Why does Joe tell Roy that he has to "think about" his job offer?
#Who is the Attorney General at the time of the play?
#What is the meaning of “only in America”? - Does a persons life change for better or worse by living in the United States? Does living in the U.S. mark a turning point for religious and political history?
# Why did Joe started to leave Roy's office in scene 2?
# What is Joe religion?

==External Resources==
*[http://www.hbo.com/films/angelsinamerica/video/index.html HBO Conversations with the Actors]
*[http://chronicle.com/free/v49/i43/43b00701.htm The Chronicle Review: Only in America] - By Eric Hobsbawm

==Works Cited==
*Kushner, Tony. ''Angels in America''. New York: Theatre Communications Group, 1995.
*Borreca, Art. "''Angels in America'', Part 1: Millennium Approaches." ''Theatre Journal'' 45.2 (May 1993): 235.
*Kushner, Tony." Angles in America",Part One: Millennium Approaches,1995.

----

[[Angels in America | Millennium Approaches Act 1 Scene 3]]

[[Category:Literature]]

Harper Amaty Pitt

2006-04-27T16:38:32Z

Kfox:

Harper Pitt is (Joe) [[Joseph Porter Pitt]]'s wife. She is addicted to [http://www.rocheusa.com/products/valium/ valium] which causes her hallucinate. She suffers from [http://www.websters-online-dictionary.org/definition/english/Ag/Agoraphobia.html agoraphobia]and creates an imaginary friend, Mr. Lies, to help her avoid bad situations. In one instance, [[Prior Walter]] and Harper cross over into one another's hallucinations. During this hallucination, she learns that her husband is a homosexual. Harper, appearing as a sexually frustrated and politically detached female, learns to manage these weaknesses she has and reshapes her life by leaving Joe and moving away from New York (Meisner 178). Though she appears as a weak character in the beginning of the play, she ends the play as an independent, confident woman newly in love with life and setting off to build her own life in San Francisco. According to Bloom, Kushner’s women are stronger than the men (with the exception of [[Roy Cohn]]), especially Harper (299).

Harper knows that her husband is distant and she suspects him of being a homosexual. Her solution to the painful feelings that she has is taking valium and hallucinations, which create a false sense of security and protection from the world for her. Harper’s immediate instinct when she arrives in the Antarctica is to develop her own place of security by building a city of frontier forts, which never happens. She wants nothing more than for her fantasies such as living in the Antarctica to be real. It is not until the end of the play that Harper realize her own strengths. She demands Joe’s credit card and leaves for San Francisco by plane, leaving the pain behind and dreaming ahead.

[[Image:Harper.jpg]]

== Works Cited ==

see [[Angels in America]]

Harper Amaty Pitt

2006-04-27T16:05:13Z

Kfox:

Angels in America

2006-04-27T15:25:44Z

Kfox: /* Works Cited */

[[Image:Angels-in-america-04.jpg|thumb|Angels in America]]

==Factual Information==
According to Jacobus, Kushner was suprised that both liberals and conservatives liked the play because Kushner thought that it attacked many of the conservative views (1636).

==Biography==

==Study Guide==

===Part One: Millennium Approaches===
====Act One: Bad News====
#[[Millennium Approaches 1.1|Act One, Scene 1]]
#[[Millennium Approaches 1.2|Act One, Scene 2]]
#[[Millennium Approaches 1.3|Act One, Scene 3]]
#[[Millennium Approaches 1.4|Act One, Scene 4]]
#[[Millennium Approaches 1.5|Act One, Scene 5]]
#[[Millennium Approaches 1.6|Act One, Scene 6]]
#[[Millennium Approaches 1.7|Act One, Scene 7]]
#[[Millennium Approaches 1.8|Act One, Scene 8]]
#[[Millennium Approaches 1.9|Act One, Scene 9]]
====Act Two: In Vitro====
#[[Millennium Approaches 2.1|Act Two, Scene 1]]
#[[Millennium Approaches 2.2|Act Two, Scene 2]]
#[[Millennium Approaches 2.3|Act Two, Scene 3]]
#[[Millennium Approaches 2.4|Act Two, Scene 4]]
#[[Millennium Approaches 2.5|Act Two, Scene 5]]
#[[Millennium Approaches 2.6|Act Two, Scene 6]]
#[[Millennium Approaches 2.7|Act Two, Scene 7]]
#[[Millennium Approaches 2.8|Act Two, Scene 8]]
#[[Millennium Approaches 2.9|Act Two, Scene 9]]
#[[Millennium Approaches 2.10|Act Two, Scene 10]]
====Act Three: Not-Yet-Conscious, Foward Dawning====
#[[Millennium Approaches 3.1|Act Three, Scene 1]]
#[[Millennium Approaches 3.2|Act Three, Scene 2]]
#[[Millennium Approaches 3.3|Act Three, Scene 3]]
#[[Millennium Approaches 3.4|Act Three, Scene 4]]
#[[Millennium Approaches 3.5|Act Three, Scene 5]]
#[[Millennium Approaches 3.6|Act Three, Scene 6]]
#[[Millennium Approaches 3.7|Act Three, Scene 7]]

===Part Two: Perestroika===
====Act One: Spooj====
#[[Perestroika 1.1|Act One, Scene 1]]
#[[Perestroika 1.2|Act One, Scene 2]]
#[[Perestroika 1.3|Act One, Scene 3]]
#[[Perestroika 1.4|Act One, Scene 4]]
#[[Perestroika 1.5|Act One, Scene 5]]
#[[Perestroika 1.6|Act One, Scene 6]]
====Act Two: The Epistle====
#[[Perestroika 2.1|Act Two, Scene 1]]

====Act Three: Borborygmi====
#[[Perestroika 3.1|Act Three, Scene 1]]
#[[Perestroika 3.2|Act Three, Scene 2]]
#[[Perestroika 3.3|Act Three, Scene 3]]
#[[Perestroika 3.4|Act Three, Scene 4]]
#[[Perestroika 3.5|Act Three, Scene 5]]
====Act Four: John Brown's Body====
#[[Perestroika 4.1|Act Four, Scene 1]]
#[[Perestroika 4.2|Act Four, Scene 2]]
#[[Perestroika 4.3|Act Four, Scene 3]]
#[[Perestroika 4.4|Act Four, Scene 4]]
#[[Perestroika 4.5|Act Four, Scene 5]]
#[[Perestroika 4.6|Act Four, Scene 6]]
#[[Perestroika 4.7|Act Four, Scene 7]]
#[[Perestroika 4.8|Act Four, Scene 8]]
#[[Perestroika 4.9|Act Four, Scene 9]]
====Act Five: Heaven, I'm in Heaven====
#[[Perestroika 5.1|Act Five, Scene 1]]
#[[Perestroika 5.2|Act Five, Scene 2]]
#[[Perestroika 5.3|Act Five, Scene 3]]
#[[Perestroika 5.4|Act Five, Scene 4]]
#[[Perestroika 5.5|Act Five, Scene 5]]
#[[Perestroika 5.6|Act Five, Scene 6]]
#[[Perestroika 5.7|Act Five, Scene 7]]
#[[Perestroika 5.8|Act Five, Scene 8]]
#[[Perestroika 5.9|Act Five, Scene 9]]
#[[Perestroika 5.10|Act Five, Scene 10]]
====Epilogue: Bethesda====
#[[Perestroika Epilogue]]

==Characters==

[[The Angel]]

[[Emily]]

[[The Eskimo]]

[[Ethel Rosenberg]]

[[Hannah Porter Pitt]]

[[Harper Amaty Pitt]]

[[Henry]]

[[Joseph Porter Pitt]]

[[Louis Ironson]]

[[The Man in the Park]]

[[Martin Heller]]

[[Mr. Lies]]

[[Norman Arriaga]] AKA: Belize

[[Prior I]]

[[Prior II]]

[[Prior Walter]]

[[Rabbi Isidor Chemelwitz]]

[[Roy Cohn]]

[[Sister Ella Chapter]]

[[The Voice]]

[[The Woman in the South Bronx]]

[[Belize]]

==Major Themes==
''Angels in America'' is in many ways a play about conversion.The experience of HIV illness is often conceived as involving a conversion of the self, and Prior's discovery that he has AIDS is depicted in part as making him a new person: I'm a lessionnaire". The Angel's visitation to Prior takes the form of a mission of conversion:given a new identity, Prior is like Joseph Smith, to become Prophet of a new dispensation. Indeed, in the course of the play all its characters undergo startling shifts in identity. Hannah is not only physically transplanted to New York but becomes ''"noticeably different--she looks like a New Yorker''. Roy , who clings tenaciously to his professional status a a lawyer,is disbarred just before his death. Harper moves through a period of dysfunction to strike out on her own, choosing "the real San Francisco, on earth," with its "unspeakable beauty" (Kruger 4).

Kushner uses split scenes to make more explicit the contrapuntal relationship between these seemingly disconnected narrative worlds. Roy's meeting with Joe, to discuss the junior attorney's future as a "Roy-Boy" in Washington, occurs alongside the scene in which Louis is sodomized in the Central Park Rambles by a leather clad mama's boy.Louis's mini-symposium at the coffee shop is simultaneous with Prior's medical checkup at an outpatient clinic. Dreams,ghosts, and a flock of dithering, hermaphroditic angels are also used to break through the play's realistic structure, to conjoin seemingly disparate characters, and to reveal the poetic resonances and interconnectedness of everyday life (McNulty 4).

==Major Symbols==

==Influences==
The biggest influences on this play would defiantly have to be American society. Kushner brings up many problems that he has with the country. Form his problems with President Regan to the discrimination of people in American society.

==Study Questions==
#Many of the gay characters struggle with the question of how their sexuality should be, and several come out in different ways during the course of the play. Discuss the meaning of the ''closet'' — are closeted characters different from uncloseted ones? What implications does coming out have for self and community?
#"It's law not justice," Joe tells Louis during their final breakup. Discuss the themes of law and justice as they appear in the play. Is Joe correct that the two are separate entities? Or does the play encourage a more visionary potential of the law?
#Belize stands out as exceptionally compassionate and good, yet at times seems two-dimensional. Which view is correct? Is Belize a virtuous stereotype or a complex moral authority?
#What does the subtitle "A Gay Fantasia on National Themes" suggest? What national themes are evident in the plays? What is the relationship between "gay" and "national"?
#[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perestroika Perestroika] was the term for Mikhail Gorbachev's policy of political and economic reform in the Soviet Union. In what ways does the play represent the possibility of ''perestroika'' in America? Is this an appropriate title for part two?
#Choosing at least two examples ([http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethel_Rosenberg The Rosenberg Trial], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1906_earthquake The San Francisco Earthquake], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chernobyl Chernobyl], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reagan_administration The Reagan Administration]), analyze the role of history in the plays. Does Kushner more or less depict events as they happened? If not, what dramatic and thematic purposes does he serve by shading the facts?
#As a "fantasia," ''Angels in America'' is a major departure from prevailing theatrical realism, with detours into the religious and the supernatural — angels, ghosts, apparitions, and visions appear over and over. What effect do these fantastical elements have on the play as a whole? Go beyond a simple analysis of plot to consider the implications for characters, messages, and themes.
#Is there any connection between [[the Angel]], and [[Mr. Lies]]. If there is a connection, is it a friendly one?

==Additional Resources==
*[http://www.januarymagazine.com/artcult/angelsinam.html Larger Than Life] - A review of'' Angels in America'' by Tony Buchsbaum.
*[http://www.hbo.com/films/angelsinamerica/cast/kushner_interview.html HBO Interview with Tony Kusher]

==Works Cited==

* Garner, Stanton B. ''"Angels in America: The Millennium and Postmodern Memory," in Approaching the Millenium, Essays on Angels in America,'' edited by Deborah R. Geis and Steven F. Kruger, University of Michigan Press, 1987: pp.173-84.

* Glenn, Lane A.. "Angels in America." ''Drama for Students''. Gale, 1999.

* Kruger, Steven F. ''"Identity and Conversion in Angels in America."in Approaching the Millennium: Essays on "Angels in America."'' edited by Deborah R. Geis and Steven F.Kruger, University of Michigan Press, 1997: pp. 151-69.

* Kushner, Tony. ''Angels in America''. New York: Theatre Communications Group, 1995.

* Layman, Bruccoli Clark. ''"Tony Kushner,"in Dictionary of Literary Biography,'' Volume 228: Twentienth Century American Dramatists, Second Series. Edited by Christopher J. Wheatley.

* McNutty, Charles. ''"Angels in America: Tony Kushner's Theses on the Philosophy of History."'' Modern Drama 39,no.1 (Spring 1996): 84-96.

* Meisner, Natalie. ''Messing with the Idyllic: The Performance of Femininity in Kushner's Angels in America''. ''The Yale Journal of Criticism'' 16,no.1 (2003): 177-189.

* Quinn, John R. ''"Corpus Juris Tertium: Redemptive Jurisprudence in Angels in America."'' Theatre Journal 48,no.1 (March 1996): 79-90.

* Trilling, Lionel, et. al. ''Bloom’s Period Studies: Modern American Drama''. Chelsea House Publishers, 2005.

* Jacobus, Lee A., Ed. ''The Beford Introduction to Drama.'' 3rd Ed. Boston: Bedford, 1997.

----

[[http://litmuse.maconstate.edu/litwiki/index.php/Tony_Kushner Tony Kushner]]
[[Category:Literature]]

Angels in America

2006-04-27T15:24:37Z

Kfox: /* Works Cited */

[[Image:Angels-in-america-04.jpg|thumb|Angels in America]]

==Factual Information==
According to Jacobus, Kushner was suprised that both liberals and conservatives liked the play because Kushner thought that it attacked many of the conservative views (1636).

==Biography==

==Study Guide==

===Part One: Millennium Approaches===
====Act One: Bad News====
#[[Millennium Approaches 1.1|Act One, Scene 1]]
#[[Millennium Approaches 1.2|Act One, Scene 2]]
#[[Millennium Approaches 1.3|Act One, Scene 3]]
#[[Millennium Approaches 1.4|Act One, Scene 4]]
#[[Millennium Approaches 1.5|Act One, Scene 5]]
#[[Millennium Approaches 1.6|Act One, Scene 6]]
#[[Millennium Approaches 1.7|Act One, Scene 7]]
#[[Millennium Approaches 1.8|Act One, Scene 8]]
#[[Millennium Approaches 1.9|Act One, Scene 9]]
====Act Two: In Vitro====
#[[Millennium Approaches 2.1|Act Two, Scene 1]]
#[[Millennium Approaches 2.2|Act Two, Scene 2]]
#[[Millennium Approaches 2.3|Act Two, Scene 3]]
#[[Millennium Approaches 2.4|Act Two, Scene 4]]
#[[Millennium Approaches 2.5|Act Two, Scene 5]]
#[[Millennium Approaches 2.6|Act Two, Scene 6]]
#[[Millennium Approaches 2.7|Act Two, Scene 7]]
#[[Millennium Approaches 2.8|Act Two, Scene 8]]
#[[Millennium Approaches 2.9|Act Two, Scene 9]]
#[[Millennium Approaches 2.10|Act Two, Scene 10]]
====Act Three: Not-Yet-Conscious, Foward Dawning====
#[[Millennium Approaches 3.1|Act Three, Scene 1]]
#[[Millennium Approaches 3.2|Act Three, Scene 2]]
#[[Millennium Approaches 3.3|Act Three, Scene 3]]
#[[Millennium Approaches 3.4|Act Three, Scene 4]]
#[[Millennium Approaches 3.5|Act Three, Scene 5]]
#[[Millennium Approaches 3.6|Act Three, Scene 6]]
#[[Millennium Approaches 3.7|Act Three, Scene 7]]

===Part Two: Perestroika===
====Act One: Spooj====
#[[Perestroika 1.1|Act One, Scene 1]]
#[[Perestroika 1.2|Act One, Scene 2]]
#[[Perestroika 1.3|Act One, Scene 3]]
#[[Perestroika 1.4|Act One, Scene 4]]
#[[Perestroika 1.5|Act One, Scene 5]]
#[[Perestroika 1.6|Act One, Scene 6]]
====Act Two: The Epistle====
#[[Perestroika 2.1|Act Two, Scene 1]]

====Act Three: Borborygmi====
#[[Perestroika 3.1|Act Three, Scene 1]]
#[[Perestroika 3.2|Act Three, Scene 2]]
#[[Perestroika 3.3|Act Three, Scene 3]]
#[[Perestroika 3.4|Act Three, Scene 4]]
#[[Perestroika 3.5|Act Three, Scene 5]]
====Act Four: John Brown's Body====
#[[Perestroika 4.1|Act Four, Scene 1]]
#[[Perestroika 4.2|Act Four, Scene 2]]
#[[Perestroika 4.3|Act Four, Scene 3]]
#[[Perestroika 4.4|Act Four, Scene 4]]
#[[Perestroika 4.5|Act Four, Scene 5]]
#[[Perestroika 4.6|Act Four, Scene 6]]
#[[Perestroika 4.7|Act Four, Scene 7]]
#[[Perestroika 4.8|Act Four, Scene 8]]
#[[Perestroika 4.9|Act Four, Scene 9]]
====Act Five: Heaven, I'm in Heaven====
#[[Perestroika 5.1|Act Five, Scene 1]]
#[[Perestroika 5.2|Act Five, Scene 2]]
#[[Perestroika 5.3|Act Five, Scene 3]]
#[[Perestroika 5.4|Act Five, Scene 4]]
#[[Perestroika 5.5|Act Five, Scene 5]]
#[[Perestroika 5.6|Act Five, Scene 6]]
#[[Perestroika 5.7|Act Five, Scene 7]]
#[[Perestroika 5.8|Act Five, Scene 8]]
#[[Perestroika 5.9|Act Five, Scene 9]]
#[[Perestroika 5.10|Act Five, Scene 10]]
====Epilogue: Bethesda====
#[[Perestroika Epilogue]]

==Characters==

[[The Angel]]

[[Emily]]

[[The Eskimo]]

[[Ethel Rosenberg]]

[[Hannah Porter Pitt]]

[[Harper Amaty Pitt]]

[[Henry]]

[[Joseph Porter Pitt]]

[[Louis Ironson]]

[[The Man in the Park]]

[[Martin Heller]]

[[Mr. Lies]]

[[Norman Arriaga]] AKA: Belize

[[Prior I]]

[[Prior II]]

[[Prior Walter]]

[[Rabbi Isidor Chemelwitz]]

[[Roy Cohn]]

[[Sister Ella Chapter]]

[[The Voice]]

[[The Woman in the South Bronx]]

[[Belize]]

==Major Themes==
''Angels in America'' is in many ways a play about conversion.The experience of HIV illness is often conceived as involving a conversion of the self, and Prior's discovery that he has AIDS is depicted in part as making him a new person: I'm a lessionnaire". The Angel's visitation to Prior takes the form of a mission of conversion:given a new identity, Prior is like Joseph Smith, to become Prophet of a new dispensation. Indeed, in the course of the play all its characters undergo startling shifts in identity. Hannah is not only physically transplanted to New York but becomes ''"noticeably different--she looks like a New Yorker''. Roy , who clings tenaciously to his professional status a a lawyer,is disbarred just before his death. Harper moves through a period of dysfunction to strike out on her own, choosing "the real San Francisco, on earth," with its "unspeakable beauty" (Kruger 4).

Kushner uses split scenes to make more explicit the contrapuntal relationship between these seemingly disconnected narrative worlds. Roy's meeting with Joe, to discuss the junior attorney's future as a "Roy-Boy" in Washington, occurs alongside the scene in which Louis is sodomized in the Central Park Rambles by a leather clad mama's boy.Louis's mini-symposium at the coffee shop is simultaneous with Prior's medical checkup at an outpatient clinic. Dreams,ghosts, and a flock of dithering, hermaphroditic angels are also used to break through the play's realistic structure, to conjoin seemingly disparate characters, and to reveal the poetic resonances and interconnectedness of everyday life (McNulty 4).

==Major Symbols==

==Influences==
The biggest influences on this play would defiantly have to be American society. Kushner brings up many problems that he has with the country. Form his problems with President Regan to the discrimination of people in American society.

==Study Questions==
#Many of the gay characters struggle with the question of how their sexuality should be, and several come out in different ways during the course of the play. Discuss the meaning of the ''closet'' — are closeted characters different from uncloseted ones? What implications does coming out have for self and community?
#"It's law not justice," Joe tells Louis during their final breakup. Discuss the themes of law and justice as they appear in the play. Is Joe correct that the two are separate entities? Or does the play encourage a more visionary potential of the law?
#Belize stands out as exceptionally compassionate and good, yet at times seems two-dimensional. Which view is correct? Is Belize a virtuous stereotype or a complex moral authority?
#What does the subtitle "A Gay Fantasia on National Themes" suggest? What national themes are evident in the plays? What is the relationship between "gay" and "national"?
#[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perestroika Perestroika] was the term for Mikhail Gorbachev's policy of political and economic reform in the Soviet Union. In what ways does the play represent the possibility of ''perestroika'' in America? Is this an appropriate title for part two?
#Choosing at least two examples ([http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethel_Rosenberg The Rosenberg Trial], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1906_earthquake The San Francisco Earthquake], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chernobyl Chernobyl], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reagan_administration The Reagan Administration]), analyze the role of history in the plays. Does Kushner more or less depict events as they happened? If not, what dramatic and thematic purposes does he serve by shading the facts?
#As a "fantasia," ''Angels in America'' is a major departure from prevailing theatrical realism, with detours into the religious and the supernatural — angels, ghosts, apparitions, and visions appear over and over. What effect do these fantastical elements have on the play as a whole? Go beyond a simple analysis of plot to consider the implications for characters, messages, and themes.
#Is there any connection between [[the Angel]], and [[Mr. Lies]]. If there is a connection, is it a friendly one?

==Additional Resources==
*[http://www.januarymagazine.com/artcult/angelsinam.html Larger Than Life] - A review of'' Angels in America'' by Tony Buchsbaum.
*[http://www.hbo.com/films/angelsinamerica/cast/kushner_interview.html HBO Interview with Tony Kusher]

==Works Cited==

* Garner, Stanton B. ''"Angels in America: The Millennium and Postmodern Memory," in Approaching the Millenium, Essays on Angels in America,'' edited by Deborah R. Geis and Steven F. Kruger, University of Michigan Press, 1987: pp.173-84.

* Glenn, Lane A.. "Angels in America." ''Drama for Students''. Gale, 1999.

* Kruger, Steven F. ''"Identity and Conversion in Angels in America."in Approaching the Millennium: Essays on "Angels in America."'' edited by Deborah R. Geis and Steven F.Kruger, University of Michigan Press, 1997: pp. 151-69.

* Kushner, Tony. ''Angels in America''. New York: Theatre Communications Group, 1995.

* Layman, Bruccoli Clark. ''"Tony Kushner,"in Dictionary of Literary Biography,'' Volume 228: Twentienth Century American Dramatists, Second Series. Edited by Christopher J. Wheatley.

* McNutty, Charles. ''"Angels in America: Tony Kushner's Theses on the Philosophy of History."'' Modern Drama 39,no.1 (Spring 1996): 84-96.

* Meisner, Natalie. ''Messing with the Idyllic: The Performance of Femininity in Kushner's Angels in America''. ''The Yale Journal of Criticism'' 16,no.1 (2003): 177-189.

* Quinn, John R. ''"Corpus Juris Tertium: Redemptive Jurisprudence in Angels in America."'' Theatre Journal 48,no.1 (March 1996): 79-90.

* Trilling, Lionel, et. al. ''Bloom’s Period Studies: Modern American Drama''. Chelsea House Publishers, 2005.

* Jacobus, Lee A., Ed. ''The Beford Introduction to Drama.'' 3rd Ed. Boston: Bedford, 1997.

[[http://litmuse.maconstate.edu/litwiki/index.php/Tony_Kushner Tony Kushner]]
[[Category:Literature]]

Millennium Approaches 1.5

2006-04-27T03:24:59Z

Kfox: /* Works Cited */

==Summary==

The relationships between Joe and Harper, as well as Louis and Prior begin to fall apart. Joe and Harper discuss moving to Washington. While Joe wishes to make the move, Harper is scared of change. Joe tells Harper that he is tired of being chief clerk and wants to go where something good is happening. Harper tells Joe that she feels like nothing good happens in Washington. Again in a valium induced mentality, Harper compares their apartment to the one in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosemary's_Baby Rosemary's Baby] and claims Georgetown was the town of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Exorcist The Exorcist]. Meanwhile, Louis is thinking of leaving Prior and questions the Rabbi about the [http://www.thefreedictionary.com/holy+writ Holy Writ] and the consequences of leaving a loved one in time of need. Joe and Harper continue conversation, he is speaking openly about his hopes for the republican government led by Reagan. Harper does not want to hear politics. Harper suggest they have a baby but Joe rejects this idea. Now Harper suggest that the world is coming to an end.
Joe is at home with his wife Harper. Joe dicusses with Harper about going to Washington. Harper did not want to hear of it. Joe was tried of being the lowest paid on the pole, only twenty-nine dollars a year. Joe wants to go to bigger and higher places. Harper still did not agree on the move to Washingtion.

==Notes==

*'''Rosemary's Baby''' (30)- a 1967 [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosemary's_Baby horror novel]by Ira Levin and a 1968 film directed by Roman Polański
*'''The Exorcist''' (30)- a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Exorcist novel] written by William Peter Blatty.Published in 1971. Blatty also wrote the screenplay for the horror film in 1973.
*'''Holy Writ''' (31)- [http://www.thefreedictionary.com/holy+writ Sacred writings]: Religious Text: The Christian Bible.

==Commentary==

==Study Questions==
#According to Harper what is Washington D.C.?
#Why does Joe want to make some changes?
#What reasons does Harper give for staying in Brooklyn?
#What movie does Harper compare their apartment to in Brooklyn?
#What movie does Harper compare Georgetown to?
# What quote does the Rabbi tell Louis and what is it from?
#According to the Rabbi Catholics believe in _____and Jews believe in_______?
#How long has Joe worked as a chief clerk?
#Why did Joe tell Harper that she should'nt listen to the radio all the time?

==External Resources==

==Works Cited==
Kushner, Tony. ''Angels in America: A Gay Fantasia on National Themes''. New York: Theatre Communications Group, 1995.

------
[[Angels in America | Millennium Approaches Act 1 Scene 6]]

[[Category:Literature]]

Tony Kushner

2006-04-27T03:21:00Z

Kfox: /* Works Cited */

[[Image:TonyKushner.jpg|thumb|Tony Kushner]]
==Major Works==

*''Caroline, or Change'', a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libretto libretto], produced, 2003.

*''Munich'' (co-authored by Eric Roth), the screenplay for the Academy Award nominated film directed by Steven Spielberg, 2005.

==Plays==
* ''In Great Eliza’s Golden Time'', a children’s play produced, 1986.

* ''The Age of Assassins'', a children’s play produced, 1986.

* ''Yes, Yes, No, No'', published in ''Plays in Process'', 1987.

* ''Stella'', produced in New York, NY, 1987.

* ''A Bright Room Called Day'', produced in San Francisco, CA, 1987.

* ''Hydriotaphia'', produced in New York, NY, 1987.

* ''The Illusion'' adapted from Pierre Corneille's play L'Illusion comique, produced in New York, NY, 1988.

* ''Widows'' (with Ariel Dorfman), produced in Los Angeles, CA, 1991.

* ''Angels in America: A Gay Fantasia on National Themes'', Part One: ''Millennium Approaches'' , produced in San Francisco, 1991, Hern, 1992, Part Two: ''Perestroika'', produced in New York, NY, 1992.

* ''A Bright Room Called Day'', Theatre Communications Group (New York, NY), 1994.

* ''The Good Person of Szechuan'', adapted from original play by Brecht, produced, 1994.

* ''Slavs! Thinking About the Longstanding Problems of Virtue and Happiness'' produced, 1994.

* ''Angels in America'' (includes both parts; produced as two-part television film on Home Box Office, 2003), Theatre Communications Group (New York, NY), 1995.

* ''A Dybbuk, or Between Two Worlds'', adapted from a translation of the original play by S. Ansky produced, 1995.

* ''Henry Box Brown, or the Mirror of Slavery'', performed at Royal National Theatre,London, 1998.

*''Terminating, or Lass Meine Schmerzen Nicht Verloren Sein, or Ambivalence'' produced, 1998.

*''Homebody/Kabul'' produced, 1999.

==Biography==
Tony Kushner was born in Manhattan on July 16, 1956, the son of William and Sylvia (Deutscher) Kushner, both classically trained musicians who encouraged his budding interests in the arts and literature. Kushner spent most of his childhood in Lake Charles, Louisiana. His mother, an amateur actress, performed in local plays, and Kushner became entranced by the emotional power of the theater and the arts in general. Kushner moved to New York in 1974 to begin his undergraduate college education at Columbia University, where he completed a B.A. in English literature in 1978. While in college, he also immersed himself in the New York theater scene. Though aware of his sexual preference from an early age, Kushner attempted to overcome his homosexuality through psychotherapy. He eventually came to terms with his sexual orientation and opened his writing to homosexual themes. Following the completion of his degree at Columbia, Kushner worked as a switchboard operator at the United Nations Plaza Hotel from 1979 to 1985, during which time he also enrolled at the Tisch School of the Arts, New York University.
Trained as a director under the guidance of Bertolt Brecht specialist Carl Weber, Kushner wrote plays and directed them with his fellow students prior to completing his M.F.A. in directing in 1984. Some of these plays were also staged by the Imaginary Theatre Company at the Repertory Theatre of St. Louis where Kushner worked as an assistant director (Wheatley 1).

Kushner came of age in an era of major changes in the American cultural landscape. Having come to terms in his late teens with his homosexuality, following some abortive efforts to find a "cure" for his sexual orientation, Kushner became inspired,in part, by the writers and artists emerging from the Stonewall generation and after. He was especially drawn to such organizations as ACT UP and Queer Nation, whose chant, "We're here, we're queer, we're fabulous," pervades his two ''Angels in America'' plays. As a gay man, Kushner also acknowledges some debt to gay dramatists Larry Kramer and Harvey Fierstein, but more directly significant to his development as a dramatist is his deep admiration for Tennessee Williams, the American dramatist who brought sexuality out of the theatrical closet. It is of central significance that Kushner identifies himself as a gay dramatist (Wheatley 2).

In 2003, Kushner married his boyfriend, Mark Harris and they were the first homosexual couple to be featured in the "Vows" column of the ''New York Times''. Mark Harris is currently the Editor at Large of ''Entertainment Weekly'' magazine. [http://www.imdb.com/find?s=Tony+Kushner Tony Kushner]

==Awards==
*In 1993 ''Angels in America, Millennium Approaches'', won the Pulitzer Prize for drama, the Antoinette Perry (Tony) Award for Best Play,and the New York Drama Critics Award for best play. Kushner won another Tony Award for best play in 1994 for the second part of ''Angels in America, Perestroika''. Also in 1994, Kushner recieved an American Academy of Arts and Letters Award for ''Perestroika''.

*In 2004, Kushner won an Emmy for Outstanding writing of a mini series, movie or dramatic special for ''Angels in America''.

*In 2006, Kushner shared nominations for a Golden Globe and Academy Award with Eric Roth for best screenplay of ''Munich''.

*Kushner won a Writer's Guild Award in 2005 in the long film adapted category for ''Angels in America''.

==Timeline==
1979 to 1985: Switchboard operator at the United Nations Plaza Hotel in New York City.

1985 to 1986: Assistant Director of the St. Louis Repertory Theatre.

1987 to 1988: Artistic Director of the New York Theatre Workshop.

1989: Director of Literary Services for the Theatre Communications Group.

1996: Became permanent faculty member at New York University's Tisch School.

==Additional Reading about the Author==

* [http://www.imagi-nation.com/moonstruck/clsc51.html Tony Kushner (1956-)]
* [http://www.barclayagency.com/kushner.html Steven Barclay Agency: lectures & readings] - Tony Kushner
* [http://www.imdb.com/find?s=Tony+Kushner Tony Kushner]
* Jacobus, Lee A., Ed. ''The Bedford Introduction to Drama.'' 3rd Ed. Boston:Bedford, 1997.

==Works Cited==
*Steyn, Mark, et al. ''Tony Kushner: Bloom's Modern Critical Views''. Ed. Harold Bloom. New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 2005.

*Wheatley, Christopher J. ''"Tony Kushner," in Dictionary of Literary Biography,Volume 228: Twentieth-Century American Dramatists, Second Series.'' A Bruccoli Clark Layman Book.

[[http://litmuse.maconstate.edu/litwiki/index.php/Angels_in_America Angels in America]]
[[Category:Literature]]

Tony Kushner

2006-04-27T03:10:46Z

Kfox: /* Plays */

Tony Kushner

2006-04-27T03:00:07Z

Kfox: /* Major Works */

[[Image:TonyKushner.jpg|thumb|Tony Kushner]]
==Major Works==

*''Caroline, or Change'', a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libretto libretto], produced, 2003.

*''Munich'' (co-authored by Eric Roth), the screenplay for the Academy Award nominated film directed by Steven Spielberg, 2005.

==Plays==
* ''In Great Eliza’s Golden Time'', a children’s play produced, 1986.

* ''The Age of Assassins'', a children’s play produced, 1986.

* ''Yes, Yes, No, No'', published in ''Plays in Process'', 1987.

* ''Stella'', produced in New York, NY, 1987.

* ''A Bright Room Called Day'', (produced in San Francisco, CA, 1987).

* ''Hydriotaphia'', produced in New York, NY, 1987.

* ''The Illusion'' (adapted from Pierre Corneille's play L'Illusion comique, produced in New York, NY, 1988.

* ''Widows'' (with Ariel Dorfman), produced in Los Angeles, CA, 1991.

* ''Angels in America: A Gay Fantasia on National Themes'', Part One: ''Millennium Approaches''(produced in San Francisco,1991),Hern, 1992, Part Two: Perestroika,produced in New York,NY, 1992).

* ''A Bright Room Called Day'', Theatre Communications Group (New York, NY), 1994.

* ''The Good Person of Szechuan'', adapted from original play by Brecht, produced, 1994.

* ''Slavs! Thinking About the Longstanding Problems of Virtue and Happiness'' produced, 1994.

* Angels in America: A Gay Fantasia on National Themes (includes both parts; produced as two-part television film on Home Box Office, 2003), Theatre Communications Group (New York, NY), 1995.

* ''A Dybbuk, or Between Two Worlds'', adapted from a translation of the original play by S. Ansky produced, 1995.

* ''Henry Box Brown, or the Mirror of Slavery'', performed at Royal National Theatre,London, 1998.

*''Terminating, or Lass Meine Schmerzen Nicht Verloren Sein, or Ambivalence'' produced, 1998.

*''Homebody/Kabul'' produced, 1999.

==Biography==
Tony Kushner was born in Manhattan on July 16, 1956, the son of William and Sylvia (Deutscher) Kushner, both classically trained musicians who encouraged his budding interests in the arts and literature. Kushner spent most of his childhood in Lake Charles, Louisiana. His mother, an amateur actress, performed in local plays, and Kushner became entranced by the emotional power of the theater and the arts in general. Kushner moved to New York in 1974 to begin his undergraduate college education at Columbia University, where he completed a B.A. in English literature in 1978. While in college, he also immersed himself in the New York theater scene. Though aware of his sexual preference from an early age, Kushner attempted to overcome his homosexuality through psychotherapy. He eventually came to terms with his sexual orientation and opened his writing to homosexual themes. Following the completion of his degree at Columbia, Kushner worked as a switchboard operator at the United Nations Plaza Hotel from 1979 to 1985, during which time he also enrolled at the Tisch School of the Arts, New York University.
Trained as a director under the guidance of Bertolt Brecht specialist Carl Weber, Kushner wrote plays and directed them with his fellow students prior to completing his M.F.A. in directing in 1984. Some of these plays were also staged by the Imaginary Theatre Company at the Repertory Theatre of St. Louis where Kushner worked as an assistant director (Wheatley 1).

Kushner came of age in an era of major changes in the American cultural landscape. Having come to terms in his late teens with his homosexuality, following some abortive efforts to find a "cure" for his sexual orientation, Kushner became inspired,in part, by the writers and artists emerging from the Stonewall generation and after. He was especially drawn to such organizations as ACT UP and Queer Nation, whose chant, "We're here, we're queer, we're fabulous," pervades his two ''Angels in America'' plays. As a gay man, Kushner also acknowledges some debt to gay dramatists Larry Kramer and Harvey Fierstein, but more directly significant to his development as a dramatist is his deep admiration for Tennessee Williams, the American dramatist who brought sexuality out of the theatrical closet. It is of central significance that Kushner identifies himself as a gay dramatist (Wheatley 2).

In 2003, Kushner married his boyfriend, Mark Harris and they were the first homosexual couple to be featured in the "Vows" column of the ''New York Times''. Mark Harris is currently the Editor at Large of ''Entertainment Weekly'' magazine. [http://www.imdb.com/find?s=Tony+Kushner Tony Kushner]

==Awards==
*In 1993 ''Angels in America, Millennium Approaches'', won the Pulitzer Prize for drama, the Antoinette Perry (Tony) Award for Best Play,and the New York Drama Critics Award for best play. Kushner won another Tony Award for best play in 1994 for the second part of ''Angels in America, Perestroika''. Also in 1994, Kushner recieved an American Academy of Arts and Letters Award for ''Perestroika''.

*In 2004, Kushner won an Emmy for Outstanding writing of a mini series, movie or dramatic special for ''Angels in America''.

*In 2006, Kushner shared nominations for a Golden Globe and Academy Award with Eric Roth for best screenplay of ''Munich''.

*Kushner won a Writer's Guild Award in 2005 in the long film adapted category for ''Angels in America''.

==Timeline==
1979 to 1985: Switchboard operator at the United Nations Plaza Hotel in New York City.

1985 to 1986: Assistant Director of the St. Louis Repertory Theatre.

1987 to 1988: Artistic Director of the New York Theatre Workshop.

1989: Director of Literary Services for the Theatre Communications Group.

1996: Became permanent faculty member at New York University's Tisch School.

==Additional Reading about the Author==

* [http://www.imagi-nation.com/moonstruck/clsc51.html Tony Kushner (1956-)]
* [http://www.barclayagency.com/kushner.html Steven Barclay Agency: lectures & readings] - Tony Kushner
* [http://www.imdb.com/find?s=Tony+Kushner Tony Kushner]
* Jacobus, Lee A., Ed. ''The Bedford Introduction to Drama.'' 3rd Ed. Boston:Bedford, 1997.

==Works Cited==
*Steyn, Mark, et al. ''Tony Kushner: Bloom's Modern Critical Views''. Ed. Harold Bloom. New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 2005.

*Wheatley, Christopher J. ''"Tony Kushner," in Dictionary of Literary Biography,Volume 228: Twentieth-Century American Dramatists, Second Series.'' A Bruccoli Clark Layman Book.

[[Category:Literature]]

Millennium Approaches 1.5

2006-04-19T11:08:44Z

Kfox: /* Summary */

==Summary==

The relationships between Joe and Harper, as well as Louis and Prior begin to fall apart. Joe and Harper discuss moving to Washington. While Joe wishes to make the move, Harper is scared of change. Joe tells Harper that he is tired of being chief clerk and wants to go where something good is happening. Harper tells Joe that she feels like nothing good happens in Washington. Again in a valium induced mentality, Harper compares their apartment to the one in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosemary's_Baby Rosemary's Baby] and claims Georgetown was the town of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Exorcist The Exorcist]. Meanwhile, Louis is thinking of leaving Prior and questions the Rabbi about the [http://www.thefreedictionary.com/holy+writ Holy Writ] and the consequences of leaving a loved one in time of need. Joe and Harper continue conversation, he is speaking openly about his hopes for the republican government led by Reagan. Harper does not want to hear politics. Harper suggest they have a baby but Joe rejects this idea. Now Harper suggest that the world is coming to an end.

==Notes==

*'''Rosemary's Baby''' (30)- a 1967 [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosemary's_Baby horror novel]by Ira Levin and a 1968 film directed by Roman Polański
*'''The Exorcist''' (30)- a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Exorcist novel] written by William Peter Blatty.Published in 1971. Blatty also wrote the screenplay for the horror film in 1973.
*'''Holy Writ''' (31)- [http://www.thefreedictionary.com/holy+writ Sacred writings]: Religious Text: The Christian Bible.

==Commentary==

==Study Questions==
#According to Harper what is Washington D.C.?
#Why does Joe want to make some changes?
#What reasons does Harper give for staying in Brooklyn?
#What movie does Harper compare their apartment to in Brooklyn?
#What movie does Harper compare Georgetown to?
# What quote does the Rabbi tell Louis and what is it from?
#According to the Rabbi Catholics believe in _____and Jews believe in_______?

==External Resources==

==Works Cited==
Kushner, Tony. Angels in America: A Gay Fantasia on National Themes. New York: Theatre Communications Group, 1995.

------
[[Angels in America | Millennium Approaches Act 1 Scene 6]]

[[Category:Literature]]

Millennium Approaches 1.5

2006-04-19T09:47:08Z

Kfox: /* Works Cited */

==Summary==

Joe and Harper are at home discussing the pros and cons of moving to Washington D.C. Harper does not want to go she feels nothing good happens there. Joe tells her he is tired of being a chief clerk, and wants to go where some good is happeneing. Harper compares their apartment to the one in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosemary's_Baby ''Rosemary's Baby''], and claims Georgetown was the town of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Exorcist ''The Exorcist''].

Louis and Rabbi Isidor Chemelwitz are in the cemetery in front of the little coffin. Louis asks the Rabbi what the [http://www.thefreedictionary.com/holy+writ Holy Writ] says about someone who abandons someone in a time of need.

==Notes==

*'''Rosemary's Baby''' (30)- a 1967 [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosemary's_Baby horror novel]by Ira Levin and a 1968 film directed by Roman Polański
*'''The Exorcist''' (30)- a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Exorcist novel] written by William Peter Blatty.Published in 1971. Blatty also wrote the screenplay for the horror film in 1973.
*'''Holy Writ''' (31)- [http://www.thefreedictionary.com/holy+writ Sacred writings]: Religious Text: The Christian Bible.

==Commentary==

==Study Questions==
#According to Harper what is Washington D.C.?
#Why does Joe want to make some changes?
#What reasons does Harper give for staying in Brooklyn?
#What movie does Harper compare their apartment to in Brooklyn?
#What movie does Harper compare Georgetown to?
# What quote does the Rabbi tell Louis and what is it from?
#According to the Rabbi Catholics believe in _____and Jews believe in_______?

==External Resources==

==Works Cited==
Kushner, Tony. Angels in America: A Gay Fantasia on National Themes. New York: Theatre Communications Group, 1995.

------
[[Angels in America | Millennium Approaches Act 1 Scene 6]]

[[Category:Literature]]

Millennium Approaches 1.4

2006-04-19T09:41:40Z

Kfox: /* Notes */

==Summary==
Louis and Prior, who have been in a committed relationship for four years, are sitting on a bench after the funeral of Louis's grandmother, which Louis had not visited in ten years. Louis has concealed his homosexuality in front of his family. They discuss the funeral and exchange teasing remarks about their cat, Little Sheba, who has run away. Prior suddenly shows Louis a [http://www.cancer.org/docroot/cri/content/cri_2_4_1x_what_is_kaposis_sarcoma_21.asp?sitearea=cri kaposi's sarcoma] lesion. Even though Louis gets extremely upset, Prior takes it in a very joking manner; though he fears that Louis will leave him because of his illness. Louis goes to bury his grandmother and Prior asks him if he will come home right after the burial. Louis assures Prior that he will come home after his grandmother’s burial.

==Notes==
*'''Emma Goldman''' (25) - A major figure in the history of American [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radicalism_%28historical%29 radicalism] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feminism feminism]. She was a well-known [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchism anarchist] and an early advocate of free speech.

*'''Yiddish''' (25)- Yiddish meaning “Jewish”, is a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_language Germanic language.]

*'''Feh''' (26) - Indicative of disproval of something.

*'''Fellating''' (26) - Oral stimulation of the penis in which a male places his penis into the mouth of another person. Fellatio comes from the Latin Fellatus.

*'''WASPs''' (26) - [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WASP "White Anglo-Saxon Protestants"], a term that denotes either an ethnic group, or the culture, customs, and heritage of the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yankee Yankee] ethnic group in the U.S..
*'''Shirley Booth''' (27) - an Academy Award-winning [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirley_Booth actress] who gained enormous success in the 1950 Broadway [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Come_Back%2C_Little_Sheba_%28play%29 play] (as well, as the 1952 [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Come_Back%2C_Little_Sheba_%28movie%29 movie adaptation]), ''Come Back, Little Sheba''.
*'''K.S.''' (27) - [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaposi%27s_Sarcoma Kaposi's Sarcoma], a cancer that afflicts tissues of the bones, muscles, blood vessels, cartilage, etc. Commonly linked to homosexual men with HIV or AIDS.

==Commentary==

==Study Questions==
#What is the Jewish custom to express love for the dead?
#How long was Louis's grandmother in the nursing home?
#Why didn't Louis visit her?
#What is the cat's name?
#What does Prior show Louis?
#What disease does Prior have?
#How does Louis react?
#Why does Prior believe the cat ran away?
#Why hasn't Prior told Louis of his illness until today?

==External Resources==

==Works Cited==
*Kushner, Tony. ''Angels in America: A Gay Fantasia on National Themes''. New York: Theatre Communications Group, 1995.

------
[[Angels in America | Millennium Approaches Act 1 Scene 5]]

[[Category:Literature]]

Millennium Approaches 1.4

2006-04-19T08:32:08Z

Kfox: /* Works Cited */

Millennium Approaches 1.4

2006-04-19T08:14:24Z

Kfox: /* Summary */

Millennium Approaches 1.3

2006-04-19T07:08:59Z

Kfox: /* Notes */

==Summary==
Harper is alone at home listening to the radio and speaking to herself. Mr. Lies, her imaginary travel agent friend appears. Harper is telling Mr. Lies she wants to travel, she knows things are not right with her. When asked where she might like to go, she says Antarctica, but does not want to go immediately. She chooses to wait and tells Mr. Lies to stay around because she knows that she will need to go soon. She questions Joe's love for her and whether there is real trouble coming or if it is just her mind playing tricks on her. Joe returns home, late as usual, and asks Harper how she would like to move to Washington.

==Notes==
*'''ozone layer''' (22)- naturally occuring gases that make up the [http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-ozone.htm?referrer=adwords_campaign=ozone_ad=024321&_search_kw=ozone%20layer atmosphere].
*'''aureole'''(22) - : a [http://www.m-w.com/dictionary/aureole radiant light] around the head or body of a representation of a sacred personage
*'''Antarctica''' (23)- an ice covered [http://www.antarctica.net.au/ continent] that lies in the Artic Ocean.
*'''Nomad''' (23)- A person who moves about with no fixed home.
*'''Acolyte''' (23)- One who wishes to attain clergyhood. This term can refer to anyone who performs ceremonial duties. See [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acolyte Roman Catholicism].
*'''Flux''' (23)- A continuous flow or flood.

==Commentary==

==Study Questions==

#What year is it now?
#How many years is it until the third millennium?
#What is Mr. Lies job title?
#Who enters the elevator as Mr. Lies vanishes?
#Why does Harper want to go to Antarctica?
#What is Harper addicted to?

==External Resources==

==Works Cited==
*Kushner, Tony. Angels in America: A Gay Fantasia on National Themes. New York: Theatre Communications Group, 1995.

--------
[[Angels in America | Angels in America Act 1 Scene 4]]

[[Category:Literature]]

Millennium Approaches 1.3

2006-04-19T06:15:25Z

Kfox: /* Works Cited */

==Summary==
Harper is alone at home listening to the radio and speaking to herself. Mr. Lies, her imaginary travel agent friend appears. Harper is telling Mr. Lies she wants to travel, she knows things are not right with her. When asked where she might like to go, she says Antarctica, but does not want to go immediately. She chooses to wait and tells Mr. Lies to stay around because she knows that she will need to go soon. She questions Joe's love for her and whether there is real trouble coming or if it is just her mind playing tricks on her. Joe returns home, late as usual, and asks Harper how she would like to move to Washington.

==Notes==
*'''ozone layer''' (22)- naturally occuring gases that make up the [http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-ozone.htm?referrer=adwords_campaign=ozone_ad=024321&_search_kw=ozone%20layer atmosphere].
*'''aureole'''(22) - : a [http://www.m-w.com/dictionary/aureole radiant light] around the head or body of a representation of a sacred personage
*'''Antarctica''' (23)- an ice covered [http://www.antarctica.net.au/ continent] that lies in the Artic Ocean.

==Commentary==

==Study Questions==

#What year is it now?
#How many years is it until the third millennium?
#What is Mr. Lies job title?
#Who enters the elevator as Mr. Lies vanishes?
#Why does Harper want to go to Antarctica?
#What is Harper addicted to?

==External Resources==

==Works Cited==
*Kushner, Tony. Angels in America: A Gay Fantasia on National Themes. New York: Theatre Communications Group, 1995.

--------
[[Angels in America | Angels in America Act 1 Scene 4]]

[[Category:Literature]]

Millennium Approaches 1.3

2006-04-19T06:10:48Z

Kfox: /* Summary */

==Summary==
Harper is alone at home listening to the radio and speaking to herself. Mr. Lies, her imaginary travel agent friend appears. Harper is telling Mr. Lies she wants to travel, she knows things are not right with her. When asked where she might like to go, she says Antarctica, but does not want to go immediately. She chooses to wait and tells Mr. Lies to stay around because she knows that she will need to go soon. She questions Joe's love for her and whether there is real trouble coming or if it is just her mind playing tricks on her. Joe returns home, late as usual, and asks Harper how she would like to move to Washington.

==Notes==
*'''ozone layer''' (22)- naturally occuring gases that make up the [http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-ozone.htm?referrer=adwords_campaign=ozone_ad=024321&_search_kw=ozone%20layer atmosphere].
*'''aureole'''(22) - : a [http://www.m-w.com/dictionary/aureole radiant light] around the head or body of a representation of a sacred personage
*'''Antarctica''' (23)- an ice covered [http://www.antarctica.net.au/ continent] that lies in the Artic Ocean.

==Commentary==

==Study Questions==

#What year is it now?
#How many years is it until the third millennium?
#What is Mr. Lies job title?
#Who enters the elevator as Mr. Lies vanishes?
#Why does Harper want to go to Antarctica?
#What is Harper addicted to?

==External Resources==

==Works Cited==

--------
[[Angels in America | Angels in America Act 1 Scene 4]]

[[Category:Literature]]

Millennium Approaches 1.2

2006-04-19T05:32:41Z

Kfox: /* Notes */

==Summary==
Joseph Pitt sits waiting in Roy Cohn's office while Roy conducts business with several people through his phone system. Roy is loud and obscene until Joe asks him to "please not use the Lord's name in vain" (20). When Roy asks what religion he is, Joe tells him that he is Mormon. Roy then suddenly offers Joe a job in the Justice Department in Washington, DC. Joe says that "it's incredibly exciting" but that he must talk to his wife before accepting the job (22).

== Notes ==
[[Image:LaCage1.jpg|right|thumb|''La Cage aux Folles'']]
*'''''Cats''''' (18) - a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cats_%28musical%29 musical] composed by [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Lloyd_Webber Andrew Lloyd Webber] in 1978 and based on [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Possum%27s_Book_of_Practical_Cats ''Old Possum's Book of Practical Cats''] by [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T._S._Eliot T. S. Eliot].

*'''''42nd Street''''' (18) - a Broadway [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/42nd_Street_%28musical%29 musical]. It premiered in New York City in 1980 and is considered one of the most successful productions in the history of Broadway theater.

*'''''La Cage''''' (18) - [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Cage_aux_Folles ''La Cage aux Folles''] is a French play that became Broadway's first "homosexual" musical in 1983.

*'''Schtupping''' (20)- an offensive or indecent slang term for sexual intercourse.

*'''Baptist''' (21)- The largest protestant [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_denomination religious denomination] based on Christian Gospels: Matthew, Mark, Luke, or John in the United States that are particularly insistent on the separation of church and state.

*'''Catholic''' (21)- A universal religion comprehensive of all mankind that is [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LiberaL liberal].

*'''Mormon''' (21) - the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mormon name] given to members of the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latter_Day_Saint_movement Latter Day Saint movement].

*'''Ed Meese''' (21) - the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Meese seventy-fifth] [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General Attorney General] of the United States from 1985 to 1988.

==Commentary==
''Angels in America'''s Roy Cohn is based on the real-life American [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Cohn lawyer] of the same name; however, Kushner's play is not as much "about" Cohn as it is about what "Cohn represents socially and historically" (Borreca). Still, the play's character follows the nonfictional Cohn's life almost flawlessly.

[[Image:Judge.jpg|left|thumb|Roy Marcus Cohn (February 20, 1927 – August 2, 1986).]]

Cohn became famous during [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_McCarthy Senator Joseph McCarthy's] investigations into Communism in the government and especially during the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army-McCarthy_Hearings Army-McCarthy Hearings]. Cohn was widely unpopular during his lifetime, yet he still gained tremendous political power. He was most famous for his role in the 1951 trial of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethel_Rosenberg Julius and Ethel Rosenberg]. His cross examination of Ethel's brother produced the testimony that was mainly responsible for the defendents' conviction and execution. Cohn took great pride in the case, claiming to have played an even greater role than was realized. In his autobiography, he wrote that his influence had led to the appointment of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Kaufman Judge Irving Kaufman] to the case, and that Kaufman, who was a family friend, had imposed the death penalty on Cohn's personal advice.

It was because of the Rosenberg trial that Cohn, at the age of twenty-four, had been recommended and appointed as McCarthy's chief counsel. In 1954, when McCarthy was censured, Cohn resigned and went into private practice, beginning a thirty-year career as a high-powered attorney in New York City. In the 1970s and 1980s, he was charged three times with professional misconduct but never convicted. However, eventually the New York Bar association brought disbarment proceedings against him for unethical and unprofessional conduct, which caused him to lose his license in the last month of his life.

Although he was extremely conservative in politics, Cohn was rumored to be a homosexual, and it was widely believed that he and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G._David_Schine G. David Schine], whom he appointed chief consultant, had a sexual relationship. However, Cohn continued to deny he was gay and he even lent his support to anti-gay political campaigns. In 1984, he was diagnosed with AIDs, but he attemped to keep it secret by saying he had liver cancer. Despite aggressive drug treatment, he died on August 2, 1986 (six months after the Cohn in Kushner's play) at the age of 54.

Roy Cohn was also portrayed by actor [http://us.imdb.com/name/nm0000249/ James Woods] in the 1992 biographical television movie [http://us.imdb.com/title/tt0103973/ ''Citizen Cohn''].

==Study Questions==
#What is Roy Cohn's profession?
#What is Roy's favorite Broadway musical? What does this suggest about the character?
#While he is conducting business, what does Roy keep insisting Joe do?
#What job does Roy offer to Joe and what would it require Joe to do?
#Why does Joe tell Roy that he has to "think about" his job offer?
#Who is the Attorney General at the time of the play?
#What is the meaning of “only in America”? - Does a persons life change for better or worse by living in the United States? Does living in the U.S. mark a turning point for religious and political history?

==External Resources==
*[[http://www.hbo.com/films/angelsinamerica/video/index.html HBO Conversations with the Actors]
*[http://chronicle.com/free/v49/i43/43b00701.htm The Chronicle Review: Only in America] - By Eric Hobsbawm

==Works Cited==
*Kushner, Tony. ''Angels in America''. New York: Theatre Communications Group, 1995.
*Borreca, Art. "''Angels in America'', Part 1: Millennium Approaches." ''Theatre Journal'' 45.2 (May 1993): 235.

------
[[Angels in America | Millennium Approaches Act 1 Scene 3]]

[[Category:Literature]]

Millennium Approaches 1.2

2006-04-19T05:26:45Z

Kfox: /* External Resources */

==Summary==
Joseph Pitt sits waiting in Roy Cohn's office while Roy conducts business with several people through his phone system. Roy is loud and obscene until Joe asks him to "please not use the Lord's name in vain" (20). When Roy asks what religion he is, Joe tells him that he is Mormon. Roy then suddenly offers Joe a job in the Justice Department in Washington, DC. Joe says that "it's incredibly exciting" but that he must talk to his wife before accepting the job (22).

== Notes ==
[[Image:LaCage1.jpg|right|thumb|''La Cage aux Folles'']]
*'''''Cats''''' (18) - a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cats_%28musical%29 musical] composed by [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Lloyd_Webber Andrew Lloyd Webber] in 1978 and based on [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Possum%27s_Book_of_Practical_Cats ''Old Possum's Book of Practical Cats''] by [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T._S._Eliot T. S. Eliot].

*'''''42nd Street''''' (18) - a Broadway [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/42nd_Street_%28musical%29 musical]. It premiered in New York City in 1980 and is considered one of the most successful productions in the history of Broadway theater.

*'''''La Cage''''' (18) - [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Cage_aux_Folles ''La Cage aux Folles''] is a French play that became Broadway's first "homosexual" musical in 1983.

*'''Mormon''' (21) - the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mormon name] given to members of the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latter_Day_Saint_movement Latter Day Saint movement].

*'''Ed Meese''' (21) - the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Meese seventy-fifth] [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General Attorney General] of the United States from 1985 to 1988.

==Commentary==
''Angels in America'''s Roy Cohn is based on the real-life American [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Cohn lawyer] of the same name; however, Kushner's play is not as much "about" Cohn as it is about what "Cohn represents socially and historically" (Borreca). Still, the play's character follows the nonfictional Cohn's life almost flawlessly.

[[Image:Judge.jpg|left|thumb|Roy Marcus Cohn (February 20, 1927 – August 2, 1986).]]

Cohn became famous during [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_McCarthy Senator Joseph McCarthy's] investigations into Communism in the government and especially during the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army-McCarthy_Hearings Army-McCarthy Hearings]. Cohn was widely unpopular during his lifetime, yet he still gained tremendous political power. He was most famous for his role in the 1951 trial of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethel_Rosenberg Julius and Ethel Rosenberg]. His cross examination of Ethel's brother produced the testimony that was mainly responsible for the defendents' conviction and execution. Cohn took great pride in the case, claiming to have played an even greater role than was realized. In his autobiography, he wrote that his influence had led to the appointment of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Kaufman Judge Irving Kaufman] to the case, and that Kaufman, who was a family friend, had imposed the death penalty on Cohn's personal advice.

It was because of the Rosenberg trial that Cohn, at the age of twenty-four, had been recommended and appointed as McCarthy's chief counsel. In 1954, when McCarthy was censured, Cohn resigned and went into private practice, beginning a thirty-year career as a high-powered attorney in New York City. In the 1970s and 1980s, he was charged three times with professional misconduct but never convicted. However, eventually the New York Bar association brought disbarment proceedings against him for unethical and unprofessional conduct, which caused him to lose his license in the last month of his life.

Although he was extremely conservative in politics, Cohn was rumored to be a homosexual, and it was widely believed that he and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G._David_Schine G. David Schine], whom he appointed chief consultant, had a sexual relationship. However, Cohn continued to deny he was gay and he even lent his support to anti-gay political campaigns. In 1984, he was diagnosed with AIDs, but he attemped to keep it secret by saying he had liver cancer. Despite aggressive drug treatment, he died on August 2, 1986 (six months after the Cohn in Kushner's play) at the age of 54.

Roy Cohn was also portrayed by actor [http://us.imdb.com/name/nm0000249/ James Woods] in the 1992 biographical television movie [http://us.imdb.com/title/tt0103973/ ''Citizen Cohn''].

==Study Questions==
#What is Roy Cohn's profession?
#What is Roy's favorite Broadway musical? What does this suggest about the character?
#While he is conducting business, what does Roy keep insisting Joe do?
#What job does Roy offer to Joe and what would it require Joe to do?
#Why does Joe tell Roy that he has to "think about" his job offer?
#Who is the Attorney General at the time of the play?
#What is the meaning of “only in America”? - Does a persons life change for better or worse by living in the United States? Does living in the U.S. mark a turning point for religious and political history?

==External Resources==
*[[http://www.hbo.com/films/angelsinamerica/video/index.html HBO Conversations with the Actors]
*[http://chronicle.com/free/v49/i43/43b00701.htm The Chronicle Review: Only in America] - By Eric Hobsbawm

==Works Cited==
*Kushner, Tony. ''Angels in America''. New York: Theatre Communications Group, 1995.
*Borreca, Art. "''Angels in America'', Part 1: Millennium Approaches." ''Theatre Journal'' 45.2 (May 1993): 235.

------
[[Angels in America | Millennium Approaches Act 1 Scene 3]]

[[Category:Literature]]

Millennium Approaches 1.2

2006-04-19T05:23:46Z

Kfox: /* Study Questions */

==Summary==
Joseph Pitt sits waiting in Roy Cohn's office while Roy conducts business with several people through his phone system. Roy is loud and obscene until Joe asks him to "please not use the Lord's name in vain" (20). When Roy asks what religion he is, Joe tells him that he is Mormon. Roy then suddenly offers Joe a job in the Justice Department in Washington, DC. Joe says that "it's incredibly exciting" but that he must talk to his wife before accepting the job (22).

== Notes ==
[[Image:LaCage1.jpg|right|thumb|''La Cage aux Folles'']]
*'''''Cats''''' (18) - a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cats_%28musical%29 musical] composed by [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Lloyd_Webber Andrew Lloyd Webber] in 1978 and based on [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Possum%27s_Book_of_Practical_Cats ''Old Possum's Book of Practical Cats''] by [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T._S._Eliot T. S. Eliot].

*'''''42nd Street''''' (18) - a Broadway [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/42nd_Street_%28musical%29 musical]. It premiered in New York City in 1980 and is considered one of the most successful productions in the history of Broadway theater.

*'''''La Cage''''' (18) - [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Cage_aux_Folles ''La Cage aux Folles''] is a French play that became Broadway's first "homosexual" musical in 1983.

*'''Mormon''' (21) - the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mormon name] given to members of the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latter_Day_Saint_movement Latter Day Saint movement].

*'''Ed Meese''' (21) - the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Meese seventy-fifth] [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General Attorney General] of the United States from 1985 to 1988.

==Commentary==
''Angels in America'''s Roy Cohn is based on the real-life American [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Cohn lawyer] of the same name; however, Kushner's play is not as much "about" Cohn as it is about what "Cohn represents socially and historically" (Borreca). Still, the play's character follows the nonfictional Cohn's life almost flawlessly.

[[Image:Judge.jpg|left|thumb|Roy Marcus Cohn (February 20, 1927 – August 2, 1986).]]

Cohn became famous during [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_McCarthy Senator Joseph McCarthy's] investigations into Communism in the government and especially during the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army-McCarthy_Hearings Army-McCarthy Hearings]. Cohn was widely unpopular during his lifetime, yet he still gained tremendous political power. He was most famous for his role in the 1951 trial of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethel_Rosenberg Julius and Ethel Rosenberg]. His cross examination of Ethel's brother produced the testimony that was mainly responsible for the defendents' conviction and execution. Cohn took great pride in the case, claiming to have played an even greater role than was realized. In his autobiography, he wrote that his influence had led to the appointment of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Kaufman Judge Irving Kaufman] to the case, and that Kaufman, who was a family friend, had imposed the death penalty on Cohn's personal advice.

It was because of the Rosenberg trial that Cohn, at the age of twenty-four, had been recommended and appointed as McCarthy's chief counsel. In 1954, when McCarthy was censured, Cohn resigned and went into private practice, beginning a thirty-year career as a high-powered attorney in New York City. In the 1970s and 1980s, he was charged three times with professional misconduct but never convicted. However, eventually the New York Bar association brought disbarment proceedings against him for unethical and unprofessional conduct, which caused him to lose his license in the last month of his life.

Although he was extremely conservative in politics, Cohn was rumored to be a homosexual, and it was widely believed that he and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G._David_Schine G. David Schine], whom he appointed chief consultant, had a sexual relationship. However, Cohn continued to deny he was gay and he even lent his support to anti-gay political campaigns. In 1984, he was diagnosed with AIDs, but he attemped to keep it secret by saying he had liver cancer. Despite aggressive drug treatment, he died on August 2, 1986 (six months after the Cohn in Kushner's play) at the age of 54.

Roy Cohn was also portrayed by actor [http://us.imdb.com/name/nm0000249/ James Woods] in the 1992 biographical television movie [http://us.imdb.com/title/tt0103973/ ''Citizen Cohn''].

==Study Questions==
#What is Roy Cohn's profession?
#What is Roy's favorite Broadway musical? What does this suggest about the character?
#While he is conducting business, what does Roy keep insisting Joe do?
#What job does Roy offer to Joe and what would it require Joe to do?
#Why does Joe tell Roy that he has to "think about" his job offer?
#Who is the Attorney General at the time of the play?
#What is the meaning of “only in America”? - Does a persons life change for better or worse by living in the United States? Does living in the U.S. mark a turning point for religious and political history?

==External Resources==
*[http://www.hbo.com/films/angelsinamerica/video/index.html HBO Conversations with the Actors]

==Works Cited==
*Kushner, Tony. ''Angels in America''. New York: Theatre Communications Group, 1995.
*Borreca, Art. "''Angels in America'', Part 1: Millennium Approaches." ''Theatre Journal'' 45.2 (May 1993): 235.

------
[[Angels in America | Millennium Approaches Act 1 Scene 3]]

[[Category:Literature]]

Millennium Approaches 1.1

2006-04-19T03:42:22Z

Kfox: /* External Resources */

==Summary==
The opening begins with Rabbi Isador Chemelwitz from the Bronx Home for Aged Hebrews speaking impressively at the funeral of Sarah Ironson. Sarah was a resident at the Home for Aged Hebrews. She is the grandmother of a large Jewish family and yet she is being buried in a wooden pine box.

Rabbi Chemelwitz states that he did not know Sarah Ironson well enough to explain her qualities precisely and that she was a quiet person, but yet he knows her type.

The Rabbi preaches how Sarah had immigrated to America from Eastern Europe to make a home for her family.He also preaches that America does not exist, that America belongs to the ones that cause trouble with the elderly and authority figures. He then praises Sarah for having presence on the cultural beliefs of her family and that they could never accomplish what she has. She was the last of her kind.

==Notes==

*'''Star of David''' (15) - a six-pointed [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_of_David star] formed from two equilateral triangles; an emblem symbolizing Judaism. Also called Shield of David.

[[Image:Prayer shawl.jpg|thumb|Prayer Shawl with Star of David emblem]]

*'''prayer shawl''' (15) - a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prayer_shawl shawl] with a ritually knotted fringe at each corner; worn by Jews at morning prayer, also called a tallit, or talles.

*'''yarzheit candle''' (15) - Yarzheit is the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yiddish_language Yiddish] word given to the anniversary of a person's death.

*'''goyische''' (16) - Hebrew/Yiddish [http://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=goyische term] for someone/thing which is not Jewish.

*'''Litvak''' (16) - the name given to [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuanian_Jews Lithuanian Jews] or to those who are associated with their religious beliefs.

*'''shtetl''' (16) - a small [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shtetl Jewish town or village] formerly found throughout Eastern Europe.

*'''steppe''' (16) - A vast, semi-arid and grass-covered [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steppe plain], as found in southeast Europe, Siberia, and central North America.

*'''Grand Concourse Avenue''' (16) - a [http://maps.yahoo.com/maps_result?addr=grand+concourse+avenue&csz=bronx%2C+ny&country=us&new=1&name=&qty= street] in the Bronx.

*'''Mohicans''' (17) a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahican member] of an American Indian tribe living in or around the Hudson Valley.

==Commentary==

==Study Questions==
#The beginning scene takes place at who's funeral?
#She is the grandmother of which character?
#During the rabbi's eulogy he tells the family that Sarah was the kind of person that brought the villages with her to America. Where did these villages come from?
#What Great Voyages no longer exist?
#What was Sarah Ironson's husband's name?
#Rabbi Chemelwitz describes America as a “strange place, in the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melting_pot melting pot] where nothing melted (16).” Does this mean that immigrants of different cultures and races do not fit into an integrated American society?

==External Resources==
[http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/national/longterm/meltingpot/melt0222.htm The Myth of the Melting Pot: America’s Racial and Ethnic Divides.]

==Works Cited==
*Kushner, Tony. ''Angels in America: A Gay Fantasia on National Themes''. New York: Theatre Communications Group, 1995.

------
[[Angels in America | Millennium Approaches Act 1 Scene 2]]

[[Category:Literature]]

Millennium Approaches 1.1

2006-04-19T03:29:09Z

Kfox: /* Study Questions */

==Summary==
The opening begins with Rabbi Isador Chemelwitz from the Bronx Home for Aged Hebrews speaking impressively at the funeral of Sarah Ironson. Sarah was a resident at the Home for Aged Hebrews. She is the grandmother of a large Jewish family and yet she is being buried in a wooden pine box.

Rabbi Chemelwitz states that he did not know Sarah Ironson well enough to explain her qualities precisely and that she was a quiet person, but yet he knows her type.

The Rabbi preaches how Sarah had immigrated to America from Eastern Europe to make a home for her family.He also preaches that America does not exist, that America belongs to the ones that cause trouble with the elderly and authority figures. He then praises Sarah for having presence on the cultural beliefs of her family and that they could never accomplish what she has. She was the last of her kind.

==Notes==

*'''Star of David''' (15) - a six-pointed [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_of_David star] formed from two equilateral triangles; an emblem symbolizing Judaism. Also called Shield of David.

[[Image:Prayer shawl.jpg|thumb|Prayer Shawl with Star of David emblem]]

*'''prayer shawl''' (15) - a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prayer_shawl shawl] with a ritually knotted fringe at each corner; worn by Jews at morning prayer, also called a tallit, or talles.

*'''yarzheit candle''' (15) - Yarzheit is the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yiddish_language Yiddish] word given to the anniversary of a person's death.

*'''goyische''' (16) - Hebrew/Yiddish [http://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=goyische term] for someone/thing which is not Jewish.

*'''Litvak''' (16) - the name given to [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuanian_Jews Lithuanian Jews] or to those who are associated with their religious beliefs.

*'''shtetl''' (16) - a small [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shtetl Jewish town or village] formerly found throughout Eastern Europe.

*'''steppe''' (16) - A vast, semi-arid and grass-covered [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steppe plain], as found in southeast Europe, Siberia, and central North America.

*'''Grand Concourse Avenue''' (16) - a [http://maps.yahoo.com/maps_result?addr=grand+concourse+avenue&csz=bronx%2C+ny&country=us&new=1&name=&qty= street] in the Bronx.

*'''Mohicans''' (17) a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahican member] of an American Indian tribe living in or around the Hudson Valley.

==Commentary==

==Study Questions==
#The beginning scene takes place at who's funeral?
#She is the grandmother of which character?
#During the rabbi's eulogy he tells the family that Sarah was the kind of person that brought the villages with her to America. Where did these villages come from?
#What Great Voyages no longer exist?
#What was Sarah Ironson's husband's name?
#Rabbi Chemelwitz describes America as a “strange place, in the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melting_pot melting pot] where nothing melted (16).” Does this mean that immigrants of different cultures and races do not fit into an integrated American society?

==External Resources==

==Works Cited==
*Kushner, Tony. ''Angels in America: A Gay Fantasia on National Themes''. New York: Theatre Communications Group, 1995.

------
[[Angels in America | Millennium Approaches Act 1 Scene 2]]

[[Category:Literature]]

Harper Amaty Pitt

2006-04-19T01:00:38Z

Kfox: spelling error

Harper Pitt is Joseph (Joe) Pitt's wife. She is addicted to [http://www.rocheusa.com/products/valium/ valium] which frequently makes her hallucinate. She has [http://www.websters-online-dictionary.org/definition/english/Ag/Agoraphobia.html agoraphobia], and creates an imaginary friend to avoid bad situations. Prior and Harper cross over into one another's hallucination. During this hallucination, she learns that her husband (Joe) is a homosexual. Harper appearing as a sexually frustrated and politically detached female, learns to manage these weaknesses she has and reshapes her life by leaving Joe and moving away from New York (Meisner 178). Though she appears as a weak character in the beginning of the play, she ends the play as a changed person. According to Bloom, Kushner’s women are stronger than the men (with the exception of Roy Cohn), especially Harper (299).

Harper Amaty Pitt

2006-04-19T01:00:00Z

Kfox:

Harper Pitt is Joseph (Joe) Pitt's wife. She is addicted to [http://www.rocheusa.com/products/valium/ valium] which frequently makes her hallucinate. She has [http://www.websters-online-dictionary.org/definition/english/Ag/Agoraphobia.html agoraphobia], and creates an imaginary friend to avoid bad situations. Prior and Harper cross over into one another's halucination. During this hallucination, she learns that her husband (Joe) is a homosexual. Harper appearing as a sexually frustrated and politically detached female, learns to manage these weaknesses she has and reshapes her life by leaving Joe and moving away from New York (Meisner 178). Though she appears as a weak character in the beginning of the play, she ends the play as a changed person. According to Bloom, Kushner’s women are stronger than the men (with the exception of Roy Cohn), especially Harper (299).

Angels in America

2006-04-19T00:43:05Z

Kfox: /* Additional Resources */

[[Image:Angels-in-america-04.jpg|thumb|Angels in America]]

==Factual Information==

==Study Guide==

===Part One: Millennium Approaches===
====Act One: Bad News====
#[[Millennium Approaches 1.1|Act One, Scene 1]]
#[[Millennium Approaches 1.2|Act One, Scene 2]]
#[[Millennium Approaches 1.3|Act One, Scene 3]]
#[[Millennium Approaches 1.4|Act One, Scene 4]]
#[[Millennium Approaches 1.5|Act One, Scene 5]]
#[[Millennium Approaches 1.6|Act One, Scene 6]]
#[[Millennium Approaches 1.7|Act One, Scene 7]]
#[[Millennium Approaches 1.8|Act One, Scene 8]]
#[[Millennium Approaches 1.9|Act One, Scene 9]]
====Act Two: In Vitro====
#[[Millennium Approaches 2.1|Act Two, Scene 1]]
#[[Millennium Approaches 2.2|Act Two, Scene 2]]
#[[Millennium Approaches 2.3|Act Two, Scene 3]]
#[[Millennium Approaches 2.4|Act Two, Scene 4]]
#[[Millennium Approaches 2.5|Act Two, Scene 5]]
#[[Millennium Approaches 2.6|Act Two, Scene 6]]
#[[Millennium Approaches 2.7|Act Two, Scene 7]]
#[[Millennium Approaches 2.8|Act Two, Scene 8]]
#[[Millennium Approaches 2.9|Act Two, Scene 9]]
#[[Millennium Approaches 2.10|Act Two, Scene 10]]
====Act Three: Not-Yet-Conscious, Foward Dawning====
#[[Millennium Approaches 3.1|Act Three, Scene 1]]
#[[Millennium Approaches 3.2|Act Three, Scene 2]]
#[[Millennium Approaches 3.3|Act Three, Scene 3]]
#[[Millennium Approaches 3.4|Act Three, Scene 4]]
#[[Millennium Approaches 3.5|Act Three, Scene 5]]
#[[Millennium Approaches 3.6|Act Three, Scene 6]]
#[[Millennium Approaches 3.7|Act Three, Scene 7]]

===Part Two: Perestroika===
====Act One: Spooj====
#[[Perestroika 1.1|Act One, Scene 1]]
#[[Perestroika 1.2|Act One, Scene 2]]
#[[Perestroika 1.3|Act One, Scene 3]]
#[[Perestroika 1.4|Act One, Scene 4]]
#[[Perestroika 1.5|Act One, Scene 5]]
#[[Perestroika 1.6|Act One, Scene 6]]
====Act Two: The Epistle====
#[[Perestroika 2.1|Act Two, Scene 1]]
====Act Three: Borborygmi====
#[[Perestroika 3.1|Act Three, Scene 1]]
#[[Perestroika 3.2|Act Three, Scene 2]]
#[[Perestroika 3.3|Act Three, Scene 3]]
#[[Perestroika 3.4|Act Three, Scene 4]]
#[[Perestroika 3.5|Act Three, Scene 5]]
====Act Four: John Brown's Body====
#[[Perestroika 4.1|Act Four, Scene 1]]
#[[Perestroika 4.2|Act Four, Scene 2]]
#[[Perestroika 4.3|Act Four, Scene 3]]
#[[Perestroika 4.4|Act Four, Scene 4]]
#[[Perestroika 4.5|Act Four, Scene 5]]
#[[Perestroika 4.6|Act Four, Scene 6]]
#[[Perestroika 4.7|Act Four, Scene 7]]
#[[Perestroika 4.8|Act Four, Scene 8]]
#[[Perestroika 4.9|Act Four, Scene 9]]
====Act Five: Heaven, I'm in Heaven====
#[[Perestroika 5.1|Act Five, Scene 1]]
#[[Perestroika 5.2|Act Five, Scene 2]]
#[[Perestroika 5.3|Act Five, Scene 3]]
#[[Perestroika 5.4|Act Five, Scene 4]]
#[[Perestroika 5.5|Act Five, Scene 5]]
#[[Perestroika 5.6|Act Five, Scene 6]]
#[[Perestroika 5.7|Act Five, Scene 7]]
#[[Perestroika 5.8|Act Five, Scene 8]]
#[[Perestroika 5.9|Act Five, Scene 9]]
#[[Perestroika 5.10|Act Five, Scene 10]]
====Epilogue: Bethesda====
#[[Perestroika Epilogue]]

==Characters==
[[Roy Cohn]]

[[Joseph Porter Pitt]]

[[Harper Amaty Pitt]]

[[Louis Ironson]]

[[Prior Walter]]

[[Hannah Porter Pitt]]

[[Belize]]

[[The Angel]]

[[Rabbi Isidor Chemelwitz]]

[[Mr. Lies]]

[[The Man in the Park]]

[[The Voice]]

[[Henry]]

[[Emily]]

[[Martin Heller]]

[[Sister Ella Chapter]]

[[Prior I]]

[[Prior II]]

[[The Eskimo]]

[[The Woman in the South Bronx]]

[[Ethel Rosenberg]]

==Major Themes==

==Major Symbols==

==Influences==

==Study Questions==
#Many of the gay characters struggle with the question of how their sexuality should be, and several come out in different ways during the course of the play. Discuss the meaning of the ''closet'' — are closeted characters different from uncloseted ones? What implications does coming out have for self and community?
#"It's law not justice," Joe tells Louis during their final breakup. Discuss the themes of law and justice as they appear in the play. Is Joe correct that the two are separate entities? Or does the play encourage a more visionary potential of the law?
#Belize stands out as exceptionally compassionate and good, yet at times seems two-dimensional. Which view is correct? Is Belize a virtuous stereotype or a complex moral authority?
#What does the subtitle "A Gay Fantasia on National Themes" suggest? What national themes are evident in the plays? What is the relationship between "gay" and "national"?
#[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perestroika Perestroika] was the term for Mikhail Gorbachev's policy of political and economic reform in the Soviet Union. In what ways does the play represent the possibility of ''perestroika'' in America? Is this an appropriate title for part two?
#Choosing at least two examples ([http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethel_Rosenberg The Rosenberg Trial], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1906_earthquake The San Francisco Earthquake], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chernobyl Chernobyl], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reagan_administration The Reagan Administration]), analyze the role of history in the plays. Does Kushner more or less depict events as they happened? If not, what dramatic and thematic purposes does he serve by shading the facts?
#As a "fantasia," ''Angels in America'' is a major departure from prevailing theatrical realism, with detours into the religious and the supernatural — angels, ghosts, apparitions, and visions appear over and over. What effect do these fantastical elements have on the play as a whole? Go beyond a simple analysis of plot to consider the implications for characters, messages, and themes.

==Additional Resources==
[http://www.januarymagazine.com/artcult/angelsinam.html Larger Than Life] - A review of'' Angels in America'' by Tony Buchsbaum.

==Works Cited==

* Garner, Stanton B. ''"Angels in America: The Millennium and Postmodern Memory," in Approaching the Millenium, Essays on Angels in America,'' edited by Deborah R. Geis and Steven F. Kruger, University of Michigan Press, 1987: pp.173-84.

* Glenn, Lane A.. "Angels in America." ''Drama for Students''. Gale, 1999.

* Kruger, Steven F. ''"Identity and Conversion in Angels in America."in Approaching the Millennium: Essays on "Angels in America."'' edited by Deborah R. Geis and Steven F.Kruger, University of Michigan Press, 1997: pp. 151-69.

* Layman, Bruccoli Clark. ''"Tony Kushner,"in Dictionary of Literary Biography,'' Volume 228: Twentienth Century American Dramatists, Second Series. Edited by Christopher J. Wheatley.

* McNutty, Charles. ''"Angels in America: Tony Kushner's Theses on the Philosophy of History."'' Modern Drama 39,no.1 (Spring 1996): 84-96.

* Meisner, Natalie. ''Messing with the Idyllic: The Performance of Femininity in Kushner's Angels in America''. ''The Yale Journal of Criticism'' 16,no.1 (2003): 177-189.

* Quinn, John R. ''"Corpus Juris Tertium: Redemptive Jurisprudence in Angels in America."'' Theatre Journal 48,no.1 (March 1996): 79-90.

* Trilling, Lionel, et. al. ''Bloom’s Period Studies: Modern American Drama''. Chelsea House Publishers, 2005.

* Kushner, Tony. ''Angels in America''. New York: Theatre Communications Group, 1995.

[[Category:Literature]]

Millennium Approaches 1.1

2006-04-14T23:15:46Z

Kfox: /* Study Questions */

==Summary==
The opening begins with Rabbi Isador Chemelwitz from the Bronx Home for Aged Hebrews speaking impressively at the funeral of Sarah Ironson. Sarah was a resident at the Home for Aged Hebrews. She is the grandmother of a large Jewish family and yet she is being buried in a wooden pine box.

Rabbi Chemelwitz states that he did not know Sarah Ironson well enough to explain her qualities precisely and that she was a quiet person, but yet he knows her type.

The Rabbi preaches how Sarah had immigrated to America from Eastern Europe to make a home for her family.He also preaches that America does not exist, that America belongs to the ones that cause trouble with the elderly and authority figures. He then praises Sarah for having presence on the cultural beliefs of her family and that they could never accomplish what she has. She was the last of her kind.

==Notes==

*'''Star of David''' (15) - a six-pointed [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_of_David star] formed from two equilateral triangles; an emblem symbolizing Judaism. Also called Shield of David.

[[Image:Prayer shawl.jpg|thumb|Prayer Shawl with Star of David emblem]]

*'''prayer shawl''' (15) - a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prayer_shawl shawl] with a ritually knotted fringe at each corner; worn by Jews at morning prayer, also called a tallit, or talles.

*'''yarzheit candle''' (15) - Yarzheit is the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yiddish_language Yiddish] word given to the anniversary of a person's death.

*'''goyische''' (16) - Hebrew/Yiddish [http://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=goyische term] for someone/thing which is not Jewish.

*'''Litvak''' (16) - the name given to [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuanian_Jews Lithuanian Jews] or to those who are associated with their religious beliefs.

*'''shtetl''' (16) - a small [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shtetl Jewish town or village] formerly found throughout Eastern Europe.

*'''steppe''' (16) - A vast, semi-arid and grass-covered [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steppe plain], as found in southeast Europe, Siberia, and central North America.

*'''Grand Concourse Avenue''' (16) - a [http://maps.yahoo.com/maps_result?addr=grand+concourse+avenue&csz=bronx%2C+ny&country=us&new=1&name=&qty= street] in the Bronx.

*'''Mohicans'''(17) a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahican member] of an American Indian tribe living in or around the Hudson Valley.

==Commentary==

==Study Questions==
#The beginning scene takes place at who's funeral?
#She is the grandmother of which character?
#During the rabbi's eulogy he tells the family that Sarah was the kind of person that brought the villages with her to America. Where did these villages come from?
#What Great Voyages no longer exist?
#What was Sarah Ironson's husband's name?

==External Resources==

==Works Cited==
*Kushner, Tony. ''Angels in America: A Gay Fantasia on National Themes''. New York: Theatre Communications Group, 1995.

------
[[Angels in America | Millennium Approaches Act 1 Scene 2]]

[[Category:Literature]]

Angels in America

2006-04-14T19:57:28Z

Kfox: /* Works Cited */

Harper Amaty Pitt

2006-04-14T19:45:28Z

Kfox:

Harper Pitt is Joseph (Joe) Pitt's wife. She is addicted to [http://www.rocheusa.com/products/valium/ valium] which frequently makes her hallucinate. She has [http://www.websters-online-dictionary.org/definition/english/Ag/Agoraphobia.html agoraphobia], and creates an imaginary friend to avoid bad situations. Prior and Harper cross over into one another's dreams, representing gay culture on one hand and Salt Lake City Mormonism on the other (Meisner 181). During this hallucination, she learns that her husband (Joe) is a homosexual. Harper appearing as a sexually frustrated and politically detached female, learns to manage these weaknesses she has and reshapes her life by leaving Joe and moving away from New York (Meisner 178). Though she appears as a weak character in the beginning of the play, she ends the play as a changed person. According to Bloom, Kushner’s women are stronger than the men (with the exception of Roy Cohn), especially Harper (299).

Angels in America

2006-04-13T02:23:54Z

Kfox: /* Works Cited */

Tony Kushner

2006-04-09T02:22:24Z

Kfox: /* Major Works */

[[Image:TonyKushner.jpg|thumb|Tony Kushner]]
==Major Works==

*Caroline, or Change, a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libretto libretto], produced, 2003.

*''Munich'' (co-authored by Eric Roth), the screenplay for the Academy Award nominated film directed by Steven Spielberg, 2005.

==Plays==
* ''In Great Eliza’s Golden Time'', a children’s play produced, 1986.

* ''The Age of Assassins'', a children’s play produced, 1986.

* ''Yes, Yes, No, No'', published in ''Plays in Process'', 1987.

* ''Stella'', produced in New York, NY, 1987.

* ''A Bright Room Called Day'', (produced in San Francisco, CA, 1987).

* ''Hydriotaphia'', produced in New York, NY, 1987.

* ''The Illusion'' (adapted from Pierre Corneille's play L'Illusion comique, produced in New York, NY, 1988.

* ''Widows'' (with Ariel Dorfman), produced in Los Angeles, CA, 1991.

* ''Angels in America: A Gay Fantasia on National Themes'', Part One: ''Millennium Approaches''(produced in San Francisco,1991),Hern, 1992, Part Two: Perestroika,produced in New York,NY, 1992).

* ''A Bright Room Called Day'', Theatre Communications Group (New York, NY), 1994.

* ''The Good Person of Szechuan'', adapted from original play by Brecht, produced, 1994.

* ''Slavs! Thinking About the Longstanding Problems of Virtue and Happiness'' produced, 1994.

* Angels in America: A Gay Fantasia on National Themes (includes both parts; produced as two-part television film on Home Box Office, 2003), Theatre Communications Group (New York, NY), 1995.

* ''A Dybbuk, or Between Two Worlds'', adapted from a translation of the original play by S. Ansky produced, 1995.

* ''Henry Box Brown, or the Mirror of Slavery'', performed at Royal National Theatre,London, 1998.

*''Terminating, or Lass Meine Schmerzen Nicht Verloren Sein, or Ambivalence'' produced, 1998.

*''Homebody/Kabul'' produced, 1999.

==Biography==
Tony Kushner was born in Manhattan on July 16, 1956, the son of William and Sylvia (Deutscher) Kushner, both classically trained musicians who encouraged his budding interests in the arts and literature. Kushner spent most of his childhood in Lake Charles, Louisiana. His mother, an amateur actress, performed in local plays, and Kushner became entranced by the emotional power of the theater and the arts in general. Kushner moved to New York in 1974 to begin his undergraduate college education at Columbia University, where he completed a B.A. in English literature in 1978. While in college, he also immersed himself in the New York theater scene. Though aware of his sexual preference from an early age, Kushner attempted to overcome his homosexuality through psychotherapy. He eventually came to terms with his sexual orientation and opened his writing to homosexual themes. Following the completion of his degree at Columbia, Kushner worked as a switchboard operator at the United Nations Plaza Hotel from 1979 to 1985, during which time he also enrolled at the Tisch School of the Arts, New York University.
Trained as a director under the guidance of Bertolt Brecht specialist Carl Weber, Kushner wrote plays and directed them with his fellow students prior to completing his M.F.A. in directing in 1984. Some of these plays were also staged by the Imaginary Theatre Company at the Repertory Theatre of St. Louis where Kushner worked as an assistant director (Wheatley 1).

Kushner came of age in an era of major changes in the American cultural landscape. Having come to terms in his late teens with his homosexuality, following some abortive efforts to find a "cure" for his sexual orientation, Kushner became inspired,in part, by the writers and artists emerging from the Stonewall generation and after. He was especially drawn to such organizations as ACT UP and Queer Nation, whose chant, "We're here, we're queer, we're fabulous," pervades his two ''Angels in America'' plays. As a gay man, Kushner also acknowledges some debt to gay dramatists Larry Kramer and Harvey Fierstein, but more directly significant to his development as a dramatist is his deep admiration for Tennessee Williams, the American dramatist who brought sexuality out of the theatrical closet. It is of central significance that Kushner identifies himself as a gay dramatist (Wheatley 2).

In 2003, Kushner married his boyfriend, Mark Harris and they were the first homosexual couple to be featured in the "Vows" column of the ''New York Times''. Mark Harris is currently the Editor at Large of ''Entertainment Weekly'' magazine. [http://www.imdb.com/find?s=Tony+Kushner Tony Kushner]

==Awards==
*In 1993 ''Angels in America, Millennium Approaches'', won the Pulitzer Prize for drama, the Antoinette Perry (Tony) Award for Best Play,and the New York Drama Critics Award for best play. Kushner won another Tony Award for best play in 1994 for the second part of ''Angels in America, Perestroika''. Also in 1994, Kushner recieved an American Academy of Arts and Letters Award for ''Perestroika''.

*In 2004, Kushner won an Emmy for Outstanding writing of a mini series, movie or dramatic special for ''Angels in America''.

*In 2006, Kushner shared nominations for a Golden Globe and Academy Award with Eric Roth for best screenplay of ''Munich''.

*Kushner won a Writer's Guild Award in 2005 in the long film adapted category for ''Angels in America''.

==Timeline==
1979 to 1985: Switchboard operator at the United Nations Plaza Hotel in New York City.

1985 to 1986: Assistant Director of the St. Louis Repertory Theatre.

1987 to 1988: Artistic Director of the New York Theatre Workshop.

1989: Director of Literary Services for the Theatre Communications Group.

1996: Became permanent faculty member at New York University's Tisch School.

==Additional Reading about the Author==

* [http://www.imagi-nation.com/moonstruck/clsc51.html Tony Kushner (1956-)]
* [http://www.barclayagency.com/kushner.html Steven Barclay Agency: lectures & readings] - Tony Kushner
* [http://www.imdb.com/find?s=Tony+Kushner Tony Kushner]
* Jacobus, Lee A., Ed. ''The Bedford Introduction to Drama.'' 3rd Ed. Boston:Bedford, 1997.

==Works Cited==
*Steyn, Mark, et al. ''Tony Kushner: Bloom's Modern Critical Views''. Ed. Harold Bloom. New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 2005.

*Wheatley, Christopher J. ''"Tony Kushner," in Dictionary of Literary Biography,Volume 228: Twentieth-Century American Dramatists, Second Series.'' A Bruccoli Clark Layman Book.

[[Category:Literature]]

Tony Kushner

2006-04-09T02:08:52Z

Kfox: /* Additional Reading about the Author */

[[Image:TonyKushner.jpg|thumb|Tony Kushner]]
==Major Works==
*''Munich'' (co-authored by Eric Roth), the screenplay for the Academy Award nominated film directed by Steven Spielberg, 2005.

==Plays==
* ''In Great Eliza’s Golden Time'', a children’s play produced, 1986.

* ''The Age of Assassins'', a children’s play produced, 1986.

* ''Yes, Yes, No, No'', published in ''Plays in Process'', 1987.

* ''Stella'', produced in New York, NY, 1987.

* ''A Bright Room Called Day'', (produced in San Francisco, CA, 1987).

* ''Hydriotaphia'', produced in New York, NY, 1987.

* ''The Illusion'' (adapted from Pierre Corneille's play L'Illusion comique, produced in New York, NY, 1988.

* ''Widows'' (with Ariel Dorfman), produced in Los Angeles, CA, 1991.

* ''Angels in America: A Gay Fantasia on National Themes'', Part One: ''Millennium Approaches''(produced in San Francisco,1991),Hern, 1992, Part Two: Perestroika,produced in New York,NY, 1992).

* ''A Bright Room Called Day'', Theatre Communications Group (New York, NY), 1994.

* ''The Good Person of Szechuan'', adapted from original play by Brecht, produced, 1994.

* ''Slavs! Thinking About the Longstanding Problems of Virtue and Happiness'' produced, 1994.

* Angels in America: A Gay Fantasia on National Themes (includes both parts; produced as two-part television film on Home Box Office, 2003), Theatre Communications Group (New York, NY), 1995.

* ''A Dybbuk, or Between Two Worlds'', adapted from a translation of the original play by S. Ansky produced, 1995.

* ''Henry Box Brown, or the Mirror of Slavery'', performed at Royal National Theatre,London, 1998.

*''Terminating, or Lass Meine Schmerzen Nicht Verloren Sein, or Ambivalence'' produced, 1998.

*''Homebody/Kabul'' produced, 1999.

==Biography==
Tony Kushner was born in Manhattan on July 16, 1956, the son of William and Sylvia (Deutscher) Kushner, both classically trained musicians who encouraged his budding interests in the arts and literature. Kushner spent most of his childhood in Lake Charles, Louisiana. His mother, an amateur actress, performed in local plays, and Kushner became entranced by the emotional power of the theater and the arts in general. Kushner moved to New York in 1974 to begin his undergraduate college education at Columbia University, where he completed a B.A. in English literature in 1978. While in college, he also immersed himself in the New York theater scene. Though aware of his sexual preference from an early age, Kushner attempted to overcome his homosexuality through psychotherapy. He eventually came to terms with his sexual orientation and opened his writing to homosexual themes. Following the completion of his degree at Columbia, Kushner worked as a switchboard operator at the United Nations Plaza Hotel from 1979 to 1985, during which time he also enrolled at the Tisch School of the Arts, New York University.
Trained as a director under the guidance of Bertolt Brecht specialist Carl Weber, Kushner wrote plays and directed them with his fellow students prior to completing his M.F.A. in directing in 1984. Some of these plays were also staged by the Imaginary Theatre Company at the Repertory Theatre of St. Louis where Kushner worked as an assistant director (Wheatley 1).

Kushner came of age in an era of major changes in the American cultural landscape. Having come to terms in his late teens with his homosexuality, following some abortive efforts to find a "cure" for his sexual orientation, Kushner became inspired,in part, by the writers and artists emerging from the Stonewall generation and after. He was especially drawn to such organizations as ACT UP and Queer Nation, whose chant, "We're here, we're queer, we're fabulous," pervades his two ''Angels in America'' plays. As a gay man, Kushner also acknowledges some debt to gay dramatists Larry Kramer and Harvey Fierstein, but more directly significant to his development as a dramatist is his deep admiration for Tennessee Williams, the American dramatist who brought sexuality out of the theatrical closet. It is of central significance that Kushner identifies himself as a gay dramatist (Wheatley 2).

In 2003, Kushner married his boyfriend, Mark Harris and they were the first homosexual couple to be featured in the "Vows" column of the ''New York Times''. Mark Harris is currently the Editor at Large of ''Entertainment Weekly'' magazine. [http://www.imdb.com/find?s=Tony+Kushner Tony Kushner]

==Awards==
*In 1993 ''Angels in America, Millennium Approaches'', won the Pulitzer Prize for drama, the Antoinette Perry (Tony) Award for Best Play,and the New York Drama Critics Award for best play. Kushner won another Tony Award for best play in 1994 for the second part of ''Angels in America, Perestroika''. Also in 1994, Kushner recieved an American Academy of Arts and Letters Award for ''Perestroika''.

*In 2004, Kushner won an Emmy for Outstanding writing of a mini series, movie or dramatic special for ''Angels in America''.

*In 2006, Kushner shared nominations for a Golden Globe and Academy Award with Eric Roth for best screenplay of ''Munich''.

*Kushner won a Writer's Guild Award in 2005 in the long film adapted category for ''Angels in America''.

==Timeline==
1979 to 1985: Switchboard operator at the United Nations Plaza Hotel in New York City.

1985 to 1986: Assistant Director of the St. Louis Repertory Theatre.

1987 to 1988: Artistic Director of the New York Theatre Workshop.

1989: Director of Literary Services for the Theatre Communications Group.

1996: Became permanent faculty member at New York University's Tisch School.

==Additional Reading about the Author==

* [http://www.imagi-nation.com/moonstruck/clsc51.html Tony Kushner (1956-)]
* [http://www.barclayagency.com/kushner.html Steven Barclay Agency: lectures & readings] - Tony Kushner
* [http://www.imdb.com/find?s=Tony+Kushner Tony Kushner]
* Jacobus, Lee A., Ed. ''The Bedford Introduction to Drama.'' 3rd Ed. Boston:Bedford, 1997.

==Works Cited==
*Steyn, Mark, et al. ''Tony Kushner: Bloom's Modern Critical Views''. Ed. Harold Bloom. New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 2005.

*Wheatley, Christopher J. ''"Tony Kushner," in Dictionary of Literary Biography,Volume 228: Twentieth-Century American Dramatists, Second Series.'' A Bruccoli Clark Layman Book.

[[Category:Literature]]

Tony Kushner

2006-04-09T02:07:59Z

Kfox: /* Additional Reading about the Author */

[[Image:TonyKushner.jpg|thumb|Tony Kushner]]
==Major Works==
*''Munich'' (co-authored by Eric Roth), the screenplay for the Academy Award nominated film directed by Steven Spielberg, 2005.

==Plays==
* ''In Great Eliza’s Golden Time'', a children’s play produced, 1986.

* ''The Age of Assassins'', a children’s play produced, 1986.

* ''Yes, Yes, No, No'', published in ''Plays in Process'', 1987.

* ''Stella'', produced in New York, NY, 1987.

* ''A Bright Room Called Day'', (produced in San Francisco, CA, 1987).

* ''Hydriotaphia'', produced in New York, NY, 1987.

* ''The Illusion'' (adapted from Pierre Corneille's play L'Illusion comique, produced in New York, NY, 1988.

* ''Widows'' (with Ariel Dorfman), produced in Los Angeles, CA, 1991.

* ''Angels in America: A Gay Fantasia on National Themes'', Part One: ''Millennium Approaches''(produced in San Francisco,1991),Hern, 1992, Part Two: Perestroika,produced in New York,NY, 1992).

* ''A Bright Room Called Day'', Theatre Communications Group (New York, NY), 1994.

* ''The Good Person of Szechuan'', adapted from original play by Brecht, produced, 1994.

* ''Slavs! Thinking About the Longstanding Problems of Virtue and Happiness'' produced, 1994.

* Angels in America: A Gay Fantasia on National Themes (includes both parts; produced as two-part television film on Home Box Office, 2003), Theatre Communications Group (New York, NY), 1995.

* ''A Dybbuk, or Between Two Worlds'', adapted from a translation of the original play by S. Ansky produced, 1995.

* ''Henry Box Brown, or the Mirror of Slavery'', performed at Royal National Theatre,London, 1998.

*''Terminating, or Lass Meine Schmerzen Nicht Verloren Sein, or Ambivalence'' produced, 1998.

*''Homebody/Kabul'' produced, 1999.

==Biography==
Tony Kushner was born in Manhattan on July 16, 1956, the son of William and Sylvia (Deutscher) Kushner, both classically trained musicians who encouraged his budding interests in the arts and literature. Kushner spent most of his childhood in Lake Charles, Louisiana. His mother, an amateur actress, performed in local plays, and Kushner became entranced by the emotional power of the theater and the arts in general. Kushner moved to New York in 1974 to begin his undergraduate college education at Columbia University, where he completed a B.A. in English literature in 1978. While in college, he also immersed himself in the New York theater scene. Though aware of his sexual preference from an early age, Kushner attempted to overcome his homosexuality through psychotherapy. He eventually came to terms with his sexual orientation and opened his writing to homosexual themes. Following the completion of his degree at Columbia, Kushner worked as a switchboard operator at the United Nations Plaza Hotel from 1979 to 1985, during which time he also enrolled at the Tisch School of the Arts, New York University.
Trained as a director under the guidance of Bertolt Brecht specialist Carl Weber, Kushner wrote plays and directed them with his fellow students prior to completing his M.F.A. in directing in 1984. Some of these plays were also staged by the Imaginary Theatre Company at the Repertory Theatre of St. Louis where Kushner worked as an assistant director (Wheatley 1).

Kushner came of age in an era of major changes in the American cultural landscape. Having come to terms in his late teens with his homosexuality, following some abortive efforts to find a "cure" for his sexual orientation, Kushner became inspired,in part, by the writers and artists emerging from the Stonewall generation and after. He was especially drawn to such organizations as ACT UP and Queer Nation, whose chant, "We're here, we're queer, we're fabulous," pervades his two ''Angels in America'' plays. As a gay man, Kushner also acknowledges some debt to gay dramatists Larry Kramer and Harvey Fierstein, but more directly significant to his development as a dramatist is his deep admiration for Tennessee Williams, the American dramatist who brought sexuality out of the theatrical closet. It is of central significance that Kushner identifies himself as a gay dramatist (Wheatley 2).

In 2003, Kushner married his boyfriend, Mark Harris and they were the first homosexual couple to be featured in the "Vows" column of the ''New York Times''. Mark Harris is currently the Editor at Large of ''Entertainment Weekly'' magazine. [http://www.imdb.com/find?s=Tony+Kushner Tony Kushner]

==Awards==
*In 1993 ''Angels in America, Millennium Approaches'', won the Pulitzer Prize for drama, the Antoinette Perry (Tony) Award for Best Play,and the New York Drama Critics Award for best play. Kushner won another Tony Award for best play in 1994 for the second part of ''Angels in America, Perestroika''. Also in 1994, Kushner recieved an American Academy of Arts and Letters Award for ''Perestroika''.

*In 2004, Kushner won an Emmy for Outstanding writing of a mini series, movie or dramatic special for ''Angels in America''.

*In 2006, Kushner shared nominations for a Golden Globe and Academy Award with Eric Roth for best screenplay of ''Munich''.

*Kushner won a Writer's Guild Award in 2005 in the long film adapted category for ''Angels in America''.

==Timeline==
1979 to 1985: Switchboard operator at the United Nations Plaza Hotel in New York City.

1985 to 1986: Assistant Director of the St. Louis Repertory Theatre.

1987 to 1988: Artistic Director of the New York Theatre Workshop.

1989: Director of Literary Services for the Theatre Communications Group.

1996: Became permanent faculty member at New York University's Tisch School.

==Additional Reading about the Author==

* [http://www.imagi-nation.com/moonstruck/clsc51.html Tony Kushner (1956-)]
* [http://www.barclayagency.com/kushner.html Steven Barclay Agency: Lectures & Readings] - Tony Kushner
* [http://www.imdb.com/find?s=Tony+Kushner Tony Kushner]
* Jacobus, Lee A., Ed. ''The Bedford Introduction to Drama.'' 3rd Ed. Boston:Bedford, 1997.

==Works Cited==
*Steyn, Mark, et al. ''Tony Kushner: Bloom's Modern Critical Views''. Ed. Harold Bloom. New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 2005.

*Wheatley, Christopher J. ''"Tony Kushner," in Dictionary of Literary Biography,Volume 228: Twentieth-Century American Dramatists, Second Series.'' A Bruccoli Clark Layman Book.

[[Category:Literature]]

Angels in America

2006-04-08T07:26:17Z

Kfox: /* Characters */

Angels in America

2006-04-06T21:49:32Z

Kfox: /* Characters */

Angels in America

2006-04-06T21:16:56Z

Kfox: /* Works Cited */

Angels in America

2006-04-06T21:16:19Z

Kfox: /* Characters */

Millennium Approaches 1.1

2006-04-06T02:56:15Z

Kfox: /* Works Cited */

==Summary==
The opening begins with Rabbi Isador Chemelwitz from the Bronx Home for Aged Hebrews speaking impressively at the funeral of Sarah Ironson, who lived in the home herself. She is the grandmother of a large Jewish family and yet being buried in a wooden pine box.

Rabbi Chemelwitz states that he did not know Sarah Ironson well enough to explain her qualities precisely and that she was a quiet person, but yet he knows her type.

The Rabbi preaches how Sarah had immigrated to America from Eastern Europe to make a home for her family. Then he preaches that America does not exist, that America belongs to the ones that cause trouble with the elderly and authority figures. He then praises Sarah for having presence on the cultural beliefs of her family and that they could never accomplish what she has. She was the last of her kind.

==Notes==

*'''Star of David''' (15) - a six-pointed [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_of_David star] formed from two equilateral triangles; an emblem symbolizing Judaism. Also called Shield of David.

[[Image:Prayer shawl.jpg|thumb|Prayer Shawl with Star of David emblem]]

*'''prayer shawl''' (15) - a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prayer_shawl shawl] with a ritually knotted fringe at each corner; worn by Jews at morning prayer, also called a tallit, or talles.

*'''yarzheit candle''' (15) - Yarzheit is the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yiddish_language Yiddish] word given to the anniversary of a person's death.

*'''goyische''' (16) - Hebrew/Yiddish [http://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=goyische term] for someone/thing which is not Jewish.

*'''Litvak''' (16) - the name given to [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuanian_Jews Lithuanian Jews] or to those who are associated with their religious beliefs.

*'''shtetl''' (16) - a small [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shtetl Jewish town or village] formerly found throughout Eastern Europe.

*'''steppe''' (16) - A vast, semi-arid and grass-covered [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steppe plain], as found in southeast Europe, Siberia, and central North America.

*'''Grand Concourse Avenue''' (16) - a [http://maps.yahoo.com/maps_result?addr=grand+concourse+avenue&csz=bronx%2C+ny&country=us&new=1&name=&qty= street] in the Bronx.

==Commentary==

==Study Questions==

==External Resources==

==Works Cited==
*Kushner, Tony. ''Angels in America: A Gay Fantasia on National Themes''. New York: Theatre Communications Group, 1995.

Millennium Approaches 1.1

2006-04-06T02:55:23Z

Kfox: /* Summary */

Tony Kushner

2006-04-05T22:02:06Z

Kfox: /* Works Cited */

[[Image:TonyKushner.jpg|thumb|Tony Kushner]]
==Major Works==
*''Munich'', the screenplay for the Academy Award nominated film directed by Steven Spielberg, 2005.

==Plays==
* ''In Great Eliza’s Golden Time'', a children’s play produced, 1986.

* ''The Age of Assassins'', a children’s play produced, 1986.

* ''Yes, Yes, No, No'', published in ''Plays in Process'', 1987.

* ''Stella'', produced in New York, NY, 1987.

* ''A Bright Room Called Day'', (produced in San Francisco, CA, 1987).

* ''Hydriotaphia'', produced in New York, NY, 1987.

* ''The Illusion'' (adapted from Pierre Corneille's play L'Illusion comique, produced in New York, NY, 1988.

* ''Widows'' (with Ariel Dorfman), produced in Los Angeles, CA, 1991.

* ''Angels in America: A Gay Fantasia on National Themes'', Part One: ''Millennium Approaches''(produced in San Francisco,1991),Hern, 1992, Part Two: Perestroika,produced in New York,NY, 1992).

* ''A Bright Room Called Day'', Theatre Communications Group (New York, NY), 1994.

* ''The Good Person of Szechuan'', adapted from original play by Brecht, produced, 1994.

* ''Slavs! Thinking About the Longstanding Problems of Virtue and Happiness'' produced, 1994.

* Angels in America: A Gay Fantasia on National Themes (includes both parts; produced as two-part television film on Home Box Office, 2003), Theatre Communications Group (New York, NY), 1995.

* ''A Dybbuk, or Between Two Worlds'', adapted from a translation of the original play by S. Ansky produced, 1995.

* ''Henry Box Brown, or the Mirror of Slavery'', performed at Royal National Theatre,London, 1998.

*''Terminating, or Lass Meine Schmerzen Nicht Verloren Sein, or Ambivalence'' produced, 1998.

*''Homebody/Kabul'' produced, 1999.

==Biography==
Tony Kushner was born in Manhattan on July 16, 1956, the son of William and Sylvia (Deutscher) Kushner, both classically trained musicians who encouraged his budding interests in the arts and literature. Kushner spent most of his childhood in Lake Charles, Louisiana. His mother, an amateur actress, performed in local plays, and Kushner became entranced by the emotional power of the theater and the arts in general. Kushner moved to New York in 1974 to begin his undergraduate college education at Columbia University, where he completed a B.A. in English literature in 1978. While in college, he also immersed himself in the New York theater scene. Though aware of his sexual preference from an early age, Kushner attempted to overcome his homosexuality through psychotherapy. He eventually came to terms with his sexual orientation and opened his writing to homosexual themes. Following the completion of his degree at Columbia, Kushner worked as a switchboard operator at the United Nations Plaza Hotel from 1979 to 1985, during which time he also enrolled at the Tisch School of the Arts, New York University.
Trained as a director under the guidance of Bertolt Brecht specialist Carl Weber, Kushner wrote plays and directed them with his fellow students prior to completing his M.F.A. in directing in 1984. Some of these plays were also staged by the Imaginary Theatre Company at the Repertory Theatre of St. Louis where Kushner worked as an assistant director (Wheatley 1).

Kushner came of age in an era of major changes in the American cultural landscape. Having come to terms in his late teens with his homosexuality, following some abortive efforts to find a "cure" for his sexual orientation, Kushner became inspired,in part, by the writers and artists emerging from the Stonewall generation and after. He was especially drawn to such organizations as ACT UP and Queer Nation, whose chant, "We're here, we're queer, we're fabulous," pervades his two ''Angels in America'' plays. As a gay man, Kushner also acknowledges some debt to gay dramatists Larry Kramer and Harvey Fierstein, but more directly significant to his development as a dramatist is his deep admiration for Tennessee Williams, the American dramatist who brought sexuality out of the theatrical closet. It is of central significance that Kushner identifies himself as a gay dramatist (Wheatley 2).

In 2003, Kushner married his boyfriend, Mark Harris and they were the first homosexual couple to be featured in the "Vows" column of the ''New York Times''. Mark Harris is currently the Editor at Large of ''Entertainment Weekly'' magazine. [http://www.imdb.com/find?s=Tony+Kushner Tony Kushner]

==Awards==
*In 1993 ''Angels in America, Millennium Approaches'', won the Pulitzer Prize for drama, the Antoinette Perry (Tony) Award for Best Play,and the New York Drama Critics Award for best play. Kushner won another Tony Award for best play in 1994 for the second part of ''Angels in America, Perestroika''. Also in 1994, Kushner recieved an American Academy of Arts and Letters Award for ''Perestroika''.

*In 2004, Kushner won an Emmy for Outstanding writing of a mini series, movie or dramatic special for ''Angels in America''.

*In 2006, Kushner shared nominations for a Golden Globe and Academy Award with Eric Roth for best screenplay of ''Munich''.

*Kushner won a Writer's Guild Award in 2005 in the long film adapted category for ''Angels in America''.

==Timeline==
1979 to 1985: Switchboard operator at the United Nations Plaza Hotel in New York City.

1985 to 1986: Assistant Director of the St. Louis Repertory Theatre.

1987 to 1988: Artistic Director of the New York Theatre Workshop.

1989: Director of Literary Services for the Theatre Communications Group.

1996: Became permanent faculty member at New York University's Tisch School.

==Additional Reading about the Author==

* [http://www.imagi-nation.com/moonstruck/clsc51.html Tony Kushner (1956-)]
* [http://www.barclayagency.com/kushner.html On Angels in America]
* [http://www.imdb.com/find?s=Tony+Kushner Tony Kushner]
* Jacobus, Lee A., Ed. ''The Bedford Introduction to Drama.'' 3rd Ed. Boston:Bedford, 1997.

==Works Cited==
*Steyn, Mark, et al. ''Tony Kushner: Bloom's Modern Critical Views''. Ed. Harold Bloom. New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 2005.

*Wheatley, Christopher J. ''"Tony Kushner," in Dictionary of Literary Biography,Volume 228: Twentieth-Century American Dramatists, Second Series.'' A Bruccoli Clark Layman Book.

[[Category:Literature]]

Tony Kushner

2006-04-05T22:00:03Z

Kfox: /* Works Cited */

[[Image:TonyKushner.jpg|thumb|Tony Kushner]]
==Major Works==
*''Munich'', the screenplay for the Academy Award nominated film directed by Steven Spielberg, 2005.

==Plays==
* ''In Great Eliza’s Golden Time'', a children’s play produced, 1986.

* ''The Age of Assassins'', a children’s play produced, 1986.

* ''Yes, Yes, No, No'', published in ''Plays in Process'', 1987.

* ''Stella'', produced in New York, NY, 1987.

* ''A Bright Room Called Day'', (produced in San Francisco, CA, 1987).

* ''Hydriotaphia'', produced in New York, NY, 1987.

* ''The Illusion'' (adapted from Pierre Corneille's play L'Illusion comique, produced in New York, NY, 1988.

* ''Widows'' (with Ariel Dorfman), produced in Los Angeles, CA, 1991.

* ''Angels in America: A Gay Fantasia on National Themes'', Part One: ''Millennium Approaches''(produced in San Francisco,1991),Hern, 1992, Part Two: Perestroika,produced in New York,NY, 1992).

* ''A Bright Room Called Day'', Theatre Communications Group (New York, NY), 1994.

* ''The Good Person of Szechuan'', adapted from original play by Brecht, produced, 1994.

* ''Slavs! Thinking About the Longstanding Problems of Virtue and Happiness'' produced, 1994.

* Angels in America: A Gay Fantasia on National Themes (includes both parts; produced as two-part television film on Home Box Office, 2003), Theatre Communications Group (New York, NY), 1995.

* ''A Dybbuk, or Between Two Worlds'', adapted from a translation of the original play by S. Ansky produced, 1995.

* ''Henry Box Brown, or the Mirror of Slavery'', performed at Royal National Theatre,London, 1998.

*''Terminating, or Lass Meine Schmerzen Nicht Verloren Sein, or Ambivalence'' produced, 1998.

*''Homebody/Kabul'' produced, 1999.

==Biography==
Tony Kushner was born in Manhattan on July 16, 1956, the son of William and Sylvia (Deutscher) Kushner, both classically trained musicians who encouraged his budding interests in the arts and literature. Kushner spent most of his childhood in Lake Charles, Louisiana. His mother, an amateur actress, performed in local plays, and Kushner became entranced by the emotional power of the theater and the arts in general. Kushner moved to New York in 1974 to begin his undergraduate college education at Columbia University, where he completed a B.A. in English literature in 1978. While in college, he also immersed himself in the New York theater scene. Though aware of his sexual preference from an early age, Kushner attempted to overcome his homosexuality through psychotherapy. He eventually came to terms with his sexual orientation and opened his writing to homosexual themes. Following the completion of his degree at Columbia, Kushner worked as a switchboard operator at the United Nations Plaza Hotel from 1979 to 1985, during which time he also enrolled at the Tisch School of the Arts, New York University.
Trained as a director under the guidance of Bertolt Brecht specialist Carl Weber, Kushner wrote plays and directed them with his fellow students prior to completing his M.F.A. in directing in 1984. Some of these plays were also staged by the Imaginary Theatre Company at the Repertory Theatre of St. Louis where Kushner worked as an assistant director (Wheatley 1).

Kushner came of age in an era of major changes in the American cultural landscape. Having come to terms in his late teens with his homosexuality, following some abortive efforts to find a "cure" for his sexual orientation, Kushner became inspired,in part, by the writers and artists emerging from the Stonewall generation and after. He was especially drawn to such organizations as ACT UP and Queer Nation, whose chant, "We're here, we're queer, we're fabulous," pervades his two ''Angels in America'' plays. As a gay man, Kushner also acknowledges some debt to gay dramatists Larry Kramer and Harvey Fierstein, but more directly significant to his development as a dramatist is his deep admiration for Tennessee Williams, the American dramatist who brought sexuality out of the theatrical closet. It is of central significance that Kushner identifies himself as a gay dramatist (Wheatley 2).

In 2003, Kushner married his boyfriend, Mark Harris and they were the first homosexual couple to be featured in the "Vows" column of the ''New York Times''. Mark Harris is currently the Editor at Large of ''Entertainment Weekly'' magazine. [http://www.imdb.com/find?s=Tony+Kushner Tony Kushner]

==Awards==
*In 1993 ''Angels in America, Millennium Approaches'', won the Pulitzer Prize for drama, the Antoinette Perry (Tony) Award for Best Play,and the New York Drama Critics Award for best play. Kushner won another Tony Award for best play in 1994 for the second part of ''Angels in America, Perestroika''. Also in 1994, Kushner recieved an American Academy of Arts and Letters Award for ''Perestroika''.

*In 2004, Kushner won an Emmy for Outstanding writing of a mini series, movie or dramatic special for ''Angels in America''.

*In 2006, Kushner shared nominations for a Golden Globe and Academy Award with Eric Roth for best screenplay of ''Munich''.

*Kushner won a Writer's Guild Award in 2005 in the long film adapted category for ''Angels in America''.

==Timeline==
1979 to 1985: Switchboard operator at the United Nations Plaza Hotel in New York City.

1985 to 1986: Assistant Director of the St. Louis Repertory Theatre.

1987 to 1988: Artistic Director of the New York Theatre Workshop.

1989: Director of Literary Services for the Theatre Communications Group.

1996: Became permanent faculty member at New York University's Tisch School.

==Additional Reading about the Author==

* [http://www.imagi-nation.com/moonstruck/clsc51.html Tony Kushner (1956-)]
* [http://www.barclayagency.com/kushner.html On Angels in America]
* [http://www.imdb.com/find?s=Tony+Kushner Tony Kushner]
* Jacobus, Lee A., Ed. ''The Bedford Introduction to Drama.'' 3rd Ed. Boston:Bedford, 1997.

==Works Cited==
Steyn, Mark, et al. ''Tony Kushner: Bloom's Modern Critical Views''. Ed. Harold Bloom. New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 2005.

Wheatley, Christopher J. ''"Tony Kushner," in Dictionary of Literary Biography,Volume 228: Twentieth-Century American Dramatists, Second Series.'' A Bruccoli Clark Layman Book.

[[Category:Literature]]

Tony Kushner

2006-04-04T18:38:17Z

Kfox: /* Awards */

[[Image:TonyKushner.jpg|thumb|Tony Kushner]]
==Major Works==
==Plays==
* ''In Great Eliza’s Golden Time'', a children’s play produced, 1986.

* ''The Age of Assassins'', a children’s play produced, 1986.

* ''Yes, Yes, No, No'', published in ''Plays in Process'', 1987.

* ''Stella'', produced in New York, NY, 1987.

* ''A Bright Room Called Day'', (produced in San Francisco, CA, 1987).

* ''Hydriotaphia'', produced in New York, NY, 1987.

* ''The Illusion'' (adapted from Pierre Corneille's play L'Illusion comique, produced in New York, NY, 1988.

* ''Widows'' (with Ariel Dorfman), produced in Los Angeles, CA, 1991.

* ''Angels in America: A Gay Fantasia on National Themes'', Part One: ''Millennium Approaches''(produced in San Francisco,1991),Hern, 1992, Part Two: Perestroika,produced in New York,NY, 1992).

* ''A Bright Room Called Day'', Theatre Communications Group (New York, NY), 1994.

* ''The Good Person of Szechuan'', adapted from original play by Brecht, produced, 1994.

* ''Slavs! Thinking About the Longstanding Problems of Virtue and Happiness'' produced, 1994.

* Angels in America: A Gay Fantasia on National Themes (includes both parts; produced as two-part television film on Home Box Office, 2003), Theatre Communications Group (New York, NY), 1995.

* ''A Dybbuk, or Between Two Worlds'', adapted from a translation of the original play by S. Ansky produced, 1995.

* ''Henry Box Brown, or the Mirror of Slavery'', performed at Royal National Theatre,London, 1998.

*''Terminating, or Lass Meine Schmerzen Nicht Verloren Sein, or Ambivalence'' produced, 1998.

*''Homebody/Kabul'' produced, 1999.

==Biography==
Tony Kushner was born in Manhattan on July 16, 1956, the son of William and Sylvia (Deutscher) Kushner, both classically trained musicians who encouraged his budding interests in the arts and literature. Kushner spent most of his childhood in Lake Charles, Louisiana. His mother, an amateur actress, performed in local plays, and Kushner became entranced by the emotional power of the theater and the arts in general. Kushner moved to New York in 1974 to begin his undergraduate college education at Columbia University, where he completed a B.A. in English literature in 1978. While in college, he also immersed himself in the New York theater scene. Though aware of his sexual preference from an early age, Kushner attempted to overcome his homosexuality through psychotherapy. He eventually came to terms with his sexual orientation and opened his writing to homosexual themes. Following the completion of his degree at Columbia, Kushner worked as a switchboard operator at the United Nations Plaza Hotel from 1979 to 1985, during which time he also enrolled at the Tisch School of the Arts, New York University.
Trained as a director under the guidance of Bertolt Brecht specialist Carl Weber, Kushner wrote plays and directed them with his fellow students prior to completing his M.F.A. in directing in 1984. Some of these plays were also staged by the Imaginary Theatre Company at the Repertory Theatre of St. Louis where Kushner worked as an assistant director (Wheatley 1).

Kushner came of age in an era of major changes in the American cultural landscape. Having come to terms in his late teens with his homosexuality, following some abortive efforts to find a "cure" for his sexual orientation, Kushner became inspired,in part, by the writers and artists emerging from the Stonewall generation and after. He was especially drawn to such organizations as ACT UP and Queer Nation, whose chant, "We're here, we're queer, we're fabulous," pervades his two ''Angels in America'' plays. As a gay man, Kushner also acknowledges some debt to gay dramatists Larry Kramer and Harvey Fierstein, but more directly significant to his development as a dramatist is his deep admiration for Tennessee Williams, the American dramatist who brought sexuality out of the theatrical closet. It is of central significance that Kushner identifies himself as a gay dramatist (Wheatley 2).

In 2003, Kushner married his boyfriend, Mark Harris and they were the first homosexual couple to be featured in the "Vows" column of the ''New York Times''. Mark Harris is currently the Editor at Large of ''Entertainment Weekly'' magazine. (www.imdb.com)

==Awards==
*In 1993 ''Angels in America, Millennium Approaches'', won the Pulitzer Prize for drama, the Antoinette Perry (Tony) Award for Best Play,and the New York Drama Critics Award for best play. Kushner won another Tony Award for best play in 1994 for the second part of ''Angels in America, Perestroika''. Also in 1994, Kushner recieved an American Academy of Arts and Letters Award for ''Perestroika''.

*In 2004, Kushner won an Emmy for Outstanding writing of a mini series, movie or dramatic special for ''Angels in America''.

*In 2006, Kushner shared nominations for a Golden Globe and Academy Award with Eric Roth for best screenplay of ''Munich''.

*Kushner won a Writer's Guild Award in 2005 in the long film adapted category for ''Angels in America''.

==Timeline==
1979 to 1985: Switchboard operator at the United Nations Plaza Hotel in New York City.

1985 to 1986: Assistant Director of the St. Louis Repertory Theatre.

1987 to 1988: Artistic Director of the New York Theatre Workshop.

1989: Director of Literary Services for the Theatre Communications Group.

1996: Became permanent faculty member at New York University's Tisch School.

==Additional Reading about the Author==

* [http://www.imagi-nation.com/moonstruck/clsc51.html Tony Kushner (1956-)]
* [http://www.barclayagency.com/kushner.html On Angels in America]

==Works Cited==

Wheatley, Christopher J. ''"Tony Kushner," in Dictionary of Literary Biography,Volume 228: Twentieth-Century American Dramatists, Second Series.'' A Bruccoli Clark Layman Book.

[[Category:Literature]]