LitWiki - User contributions [en]

Zephyrus

2006-11-29T03:34:47Z

Jramirez:

== '''Definition''' ==
Zephyrus [http://www.pantheon.org/areas/gallery/mythology/europe/greek/zephyrus.html] is the Greek god of the west wind, believed to live in a cave on Thrace. He is the son of Eos and Astraeus, the brother of Boreas, Eurus and Notus. He abducted the goddess Chloris and gave her dominion over flowers. In Roman myth, he is Favonius, the protector of flowers and plants.

== '''Sources''' ==

Encyclopedia Mythica[http://www.pantheon.org/articles/z/zephyrus.html]

Catechumen

2006-11-29T03:27:19Z

Jramirez: /* Works Cited */

== Catechumen ==

St. Augustine decides to become a Christian catechumen in the Catholic Church, something is parents had urged him to do, until something else would help guide him in his course (book 5, ch14). A catechumen, during the early church, was "the name applied to one who had not yet been initiated into the sacred mysteries, but was undergoing a course of preparation for that purpose (Catholic)." The catechumen was divided into two stages the audientes, akromeni. In each of these stages there was a three-fold preparation from catechetical, to ascetical, and then to liturgical.

An individual was not even called a catechumen until after going through elementary instruction in the fundamental doctrines and practices of the church. Once the instructor believed that the inquirer would prevail, the inquirer was promoted to the rank of catechumen. The catechumen now stayed in Mass after the sermon for special prayer. Though most notable he was now considered a Christian. However, he was still not considered on of the "faithful". Once the catechumen had completed the stage of preparation and trial his name was "inscribed among the competentes; i.e. those seeking to be baptized (Catholic)".

== Works Cited ==
Catholic Encyclopedia. ed. T.B. SCANNELL. 2003

http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/03430b.htm

Innatism

2006-11-29T03:20:30Z

Jramirez:

== Definition ==

Innatism is a philosophical doctrine introduced by Plato in the socratic dialogue Meno [http://etext.library.adelaide.edu.au/mirror/classics.mit.edu/Plato/meno.html] which holds that
the mind is born with ideas/knowledge, and that therefore the mind is not a tabula rasa at birth.
It asserts therefore that not all knowledge is obtained from experience and the senses. Innatism is
the opposite of empiricism[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empiricism]. Innatism was introduced by Plato
who claimed that we are born with ideas/forms in our mind that are in a dormant state and we need to
be reminded of them through proper education and experience. We have acquired these ideas, according
to Plato, when prior to our birth we existed as souls in the world of Forms.

A theory that human beings are born with some basic knowledge about languages in general that makes
it possible to learn the specific language of the environment.

The philosophy of innatism is sometimes divided into two areas:

Knowledge innatism - this doctrine asserts that humans have access to knowledge that is possessed
innately.
Idea innatism - also known as concept innatism, this doctrine asserts that humans have access to
certain inborn ideas.

== Sources ==

Wikipedia

Meno- Internet Classic Archives

Arianism

2006-11-07T02:37:29Z

Jramirez:

Arianism developed around 320, in Alexandria Egypt concerning the person of Christ and is named after Arius of Alexandar. For his doctrinal teaching he was exiled to Illyria in 325 after the first ecumenical council at Nicaea condemned his teaching as heresy. It was the greatest of heresies within the early church that developed a significant following. Some say, it almost took over the church.
Arius taught that only God the Father was eternal and too pure and infinite to appear on the earth. Therefore, God produced Christ the Son out of nothing as the first and greatest creation. The Son is then the one who created the universe. Because the Son relationship of the Son to the Father is not one of nature, it is, therefore, adoptive. God adopted Christ as the Son. Though Christ was a creation, because of his great position and authority, he was to be worshipped and even looked upon as God. Some Arians even held that the Holy Spirit was the first and greatest creation of the Son.
At Jesus' incarnation, the Arians asserted that the divine quality of the Son, the Logos, took the place of the human and spiritual aspect of Jesus, thereby denying the full and complete incarnation of God the Son, second person of the Trinity.In asserting that Christ the Son, as a created thing, was to be worshipped, the Arians were advocating idolatry.

In English-language works, it is sometimes said that Arians believe that Jesus is or was a "creature"; in this context, the word is being used in its original sense of "created being".

== Books on Arianism ==

Early Arianism--a view of salvation (Unknown Binding)by Robert C Gregg [http://www.amazon.com/Early-Arianism-salvation-Robert-Gregg/dp/0800605764]

Studies of Arianism: Chiefly Referring to the Character and Chronology of the Reaction Which Followed the Council of Nicaea (second edition; Cambridge: Deighton Bell and Co., 1900), by Henry Melvill Gwatkin
[http://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/book/browse?type=lcsubc&key=Arianism]

== Sources ==

http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01707c.htm

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heresy

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arianism

http://www.carm.org/heresy/arianism.htm

Stoicism

2006-11-07T02:32:53Z

Jramirez:

Stoicism was one of the new philosophical movements of the Hellenistic period. The name derives from the porch (stoa poikilê) in the Agora at Athens decorated with mural paintings, where the members of the school congregated, and their lectures were held. Unlike ‘epicurean,’ the sense of the English adjective ‘stoical’ is not utterly misleading with regard to its philosophical origins. The Stoics did, in fact, hold that emotions like fear or envy (or impassioned sexual attachments, or passionate love of anything whatsoever) either were, or arose from, false judgements and that the sage--a person who had attained moral and intellectual perfection--would not undergo them. The later Stoics of Roman Imperial times, Seneca and Epictetus, emphasise the doctrines (already central to the early Stoics' teachings) that the sage is utterly immune to misfortune and that virtue is sufficient for happiness. Our phrase ‘stoic calm’ perhaps encapsulates the general drift of these claims. It does not, however, hint at the even more radical ethical views which the Stoics defended, e.g. that only the sage is free while all others are slaves, or that all those who are morally vicious are equally so. Though it seems clear that some Stoics took a kind of perverse joy in advocating views which seem so at odds with common sense, they did not do so simply to shock. Stoic ethics achieves a certain plausibility within the context of their physical theory and psychology, and within the framework of Greek ethical theory as that was handed down to them from Plato and Aristotle.

== Books on Stoicism ==

Letters from a Stoic by Seneca [http://brian.zaadz.com/books/tagged/stoicism]

The stoic philosophy of Seneca; by Seneca [http://www.librarything.com/tag/stoic]

Marcus Aurelius and the Later Stoics by F. W. Bussell [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0009-840X(191109)1%3A25%3A6%3C182%3ATBOS%3E2.0.CO%3B2-%23]

Roman Stoicism by E. Vernon Arnold [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0009-840X(191109)1%3A25%3A6%3C182%3ATBOS%3E2.0.CO%3B2-%23]

== Sources ==

http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/

Stoicism

2006-11-07T02:32:14Z

Jramirez:

Stoicism was one of the new philosophical movements of the Hellenistic period. The name derives from the porch (stoa poikilê) in the Agora at Athens decorated with mural paintings, where the members of the school congregated, and their lectures were held. Unlike ‘epicurean,’ the sense of the English adjective ‘stoical’ is not utterly misleading with regard to its philosophical origins. The Stoics did, in fact, hold that emotions like fear or envy (or impassioned sexual attachments, or passionate love of anything whatsoever) either were, or arose from, false judgements and that the sage--a person who had attained moral and intellectual perfection--would not undergo them. The later Stoics of Roman Imperial times, Seneca and Epictetus, emphasise the doctrines (already central to the early Stoics' teachings) that the sage is utterly immune to misfortune and that virtue is sufficient for happiness. Our phrase ‘stoic calm’ perhaps encapsulates the general drift of these claims. It does not, however, hint at the even more radical ethical views which the Stoics defended, e.g. that only the sage is free while all others are slaves, or that all those who are morally vicious are equally so. Though it seems clear that some Stoics took a kind of perverse joy in advocating views which seem so at odds with common sense, they did not do so simply to shock. Stoic ethics achieves a certain plausibility within the context of their physical theory and psychology, and within the framework of Greek ethical theory as that was handed down to them from Plato and Aristotle.

== Books on Stoicism ==

1. Letters from a Stoic by Seneca [http://brian.zaadz.com/books/tagged/stoicism]

2. The stoic philosophy of Seneca; by Seneca [http://www.librarything.com/tag/stoic]

3. Marcus Aurelius and the Later Stoics by F. W. Bussell [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0009-840X(191109)1%3A25%3A6%3C182%3ATBOS%3E2.0.CO%3B2-%23]

4. Roman Stoicism by E. Vernon Arnold [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0009-840X(191109)1%3A25%3A6%3C182%3ATBOS%3E2.0.CO%3B2-%23]

== Sources ==

http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/

Stoicism

2006-11-07T02:31:43Z

Jramirez:

Stoicism was one of the new philosophical movements of the Hellenistic period. The name derives from the porch (stoa poikilê) in the Agora at Athens decorated with mural paintings, where the members of the school congregated, and their lectures were held. Unlike ‘epicurean,’ the sense of the English adjective ‘stoical’ is not utterly misleading with regard to its philosophical origins. The Stoics did, in fact, hold that emotions like fear or envy (or impassioned sexual attachments, or passionate love of anything whatsoever) either were, or arose from, false judgements and that the sage--a person who had attained moral and intellectual perfection--would not undergo them. The later Stoics of Roman Imperial times, Seneca and Epictetus, emphasise the doctrines (already central to the early Stoics' teachings) that the sage is utterly immune to misfortune and that virtue is sufficient for happiness. Our phrase ‘stoic calm’ perhaps encapsulates the general drift of these claims. It does not, however, hint at the even more radical ethical views which the Stoics defended, e.g. that only the sage is free while all others are slaves, or that all those who are morally vicious are equally so. Though it seems clear that some Stoics took a kind of perverse joy in advocating views which seem so at odds with common sense, they did not do so simply to shock. Stoic ethics achieves a certain plausibility within the context of their physical theory and psychology, and within the framework of Greek ethical theory as that was handed down to them from Plato and Aristotle.

== Books on Stoicism ==

1. Letters from a Stoic by Seneca [http://brian.zaadz.com/books/tagged/stoicism]
2. The stoic philosophy of Seneca; by Seneca [http://www.librarything.com/tag/stoic]
3. Marcus Aurelius and the Later Stoics by F. W. Bussell [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0009-840X(191109)1%3A25%3A6%3C182%3ATBOS%3E2.0.CO%3B2-%23]
4. Roman Stoicism by E. Vernon Arnold [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0009-840X(191109)1%3A25%3A6%3C182%3ATBOS%3E2.0.CO%3B2-%23]

== Sources ==

http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/

Stoicism

2006-11-07T02:28:01Z

Jramirez:

Stoicism was one of the new philosophical movements of the Hellenistic period. The name derives from the porch (stoa poikilê) in the Agora at Athens decorated with mural paintings, where the members of the school congregated, and their lectures were held. Unlike ‘epicurean,’ the sense of the English adjective ‘stoical’ is not utterly misleading with regard to its philosophical origins. The Stoics did, in fact, hold that emotions like fear or envy (or impassioned sexual attachments, or passionate love of anything whatsoever) either were, or arose from, false judgements and that the sage--a person who had attained moral and intellectual perfection--would not undergo them. The later Stoics of Roman Imperial times, Seneca and Epictetus, emphasise the doctrines (already central to the early Stoics' teachings) that the sage is utterly immune to misfortune and that virtue is sufficient for happiness. Our phrase ‘stoic calm’ perhaps encapsulates the general drift of these claims. It does not, however, hint at the even more radical ethical views which the Stoics defended, e.g. that only the sage is free while all others are slaves, or that all those who are morally vicious are equally so. Though it seems clear that some Stoics took a kind of perverse joy in advocating views which seem so at odds with common sense, they did not do so simply to shock. Stoic ethics achieves a certain plausibility within the context of their physical theory and psychology, and within the framework of Greek ethical theory as that was handed down to them from Plato and Aristotle.

== Books on Stoicism ==

1. Letters from a Stoic by Seneca [http://brian.zaadz.com/books/tagged/stoicism]
2.

== Sources ==

http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/

Stoicism

2006-11-07T02:23:47Z

Jramirez:

Stoicism was one of the new philosophical movements of the Hellenistic period. The name derives from the porch (stoa poikilê) in the Agora at Athens decorated with mural paintings, where the members of the school congregated, and their lectures were held. Unlike ‘epicurean,’ the sense of the English adjective ‘stoical’ is not utterly misleading with regard to its philosophical origins. The Stoics did, in fact, hold that emotions like fear or envy (or impassioned sexual attachments, or passionate love of anything whatsoever) either were, or arose from, false judgements and that the sage--a person who had attained moral and intellectual perfection--would not undergo them. The later Stoics of Roman Imperial times, Seneca and Epictetus, emphasise the doctrines (already central to the early Stoics' teachings) that the sage is utterly immune to misfortune and that virtue is sufficient for happiness. Our phrase ‘stoic calm’ perhaps encapsulates the general drift of these claims. It does not, however, hint at the even more radical ethical views which the Stoics defended, e.g. that only the sage is free while all others are slaves, or that all those who are morally vicious are equally so. Though it seems clear that some Stoics took a kind of perverse joy in advocating views which seem so at odds with common sense, they did not do so simply to shock. Stoic ethics achieves a certain plausibility within the context of their physical theory and psychology, and within the framework of Greek ethical theory as that was handed down to them from Plato and Aristotle.

== Sources ==

http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/

Arianism

2006-11-07T02:20:34Z

Jramirez:

Arianism developed around 320, in Alexandria Egypt concerning the person of Christ and is named after Arius of Alexandar. For his doctrinal teaching he was exiled to Illyria in 325 after the first ecumenical council at Nicaea condemned his teaching as heresy. It was the greatest of heresies within the early church that developed a significant following. Some say, it almost took over the church.
Arius taught that only God the Father was eternal and too pure and infinite to appear on the earth. Therefore, God produced Christ the Son out of nothing as the first and greatest creation. The Son is then the one who created the universe. Because the Son relationship of the Son to the Father is not one of nature, it is, therefore, adoptive. God adopted Christ as the Son. Though Christ was a creation, because of his great position and authority, he was to be worshipped and even looked upon as God. Some Arians even held that the Holy Spirit was the first and greatest creation of the Son.
At Jesus' incarnation, the Arians asserted that the divine quality of the Son, the Logos, took the place of the human and spiritual aspect of Jesus, thereby denying the full and complete incarnation of God the Son, second person of the Trinity.In asserting that Christ the Son, as a created thing, was to be worshipped, the Arians were advocating idolatry.

In English-language works, it is sometimes said that Arians believe that Jesus is or was a "creature"; in this context, the word is being used in its original sense of "created being".

== Sources ==

http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01707c.htm

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heresy

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arianism

http://www.carm.org/heresy/arianism.htm

Arianism

2006-11-07T02:15:01Z

Jramirez:

Arianism as a heresy that arouse in the fourth century, and denied the Divinity of Jesus Christ. Arianism occupies a large place in ecclesiastical history. Arianism is a Christological view originally held by followers of Arius, a Christian priest who lived and taught in Alexandria, Egypt, in the early 4th century. Arius taught that God the Father and the Son were not co-eternal, seeing the pre-incarnate Jesus as a divine being but nonetheless created by (and consequently inferior to) the Father at some point, before which the Son did not exist. In English-language works, it is sometimes said that Arians believe that Jesus is or was a "creature"; in this context, the word is being used in its original sense of "created being".

== Sources ==

http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01707c.htm

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heresy

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arianism

Arianism

2006-11-07T02:14:15Z

Jramirez:

Arianism as a heresy[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heresy] that arouse in the fourth century, and denied the Divinity of Jesus Christ. Arianism occupies a large place in ecclesiastical history. Arianism is a Christological view originally held by followers of Arius, a Christian priest who lived and taught in Alexandria, Egypt, in the early 4th century. Arius taught that God the Father and the Son were not co-eternal, seeing the pre-incarnate Jesus as a divine being but nonetheless created by (and consequently inferior to) the Father at some point, before which the Son did not exist. In English-language works, it is sometimes said that Arians believe that Jesus is or was a "creature"; in this context, the word is being used in its original sense of "created being".

== Sources ==

http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01707c.htm

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heresy

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arianism

Arianism

2006-11-07T02:13:23Z

Jramirez:

Arianism as a heresy[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heresy] that arouse in the fourth century, and denied the Divinity of Jesus Christ. Arianism occupies a large place in ecclesiastical history. Arianism is a Christological view originally held by followers of Arius, a Christian priest who lived and taught in Alexandria, Egypt, in the early 4th century. Arius taught that God the Father and the Son were not co-eternal, seeing the pre-incarnate Jesus as a divine being but nonetheless created by (and consequently inferior to) the Father at some point, before which the Son did not exist. In English-language works, it is sometimes said that Arians believe that Jesus is or was a "creature"; in this context, the word is being used in its original sense of "created being".

'''Sources:'''
http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01707c.htm

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heresy

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arianism

Arianism

2006-11-07T02:12:58Z

Jramirez:

Arianism as a heresy[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heresy] that arouse in the fourth century, and denied the Divinity of Jesus Christ. Arianism occupies a large place in ecclesiastical history. Arianism is a Christological view originally held by followers of Arius, a Christian priest who lived and taught in Alexandria, Egypt, in the early 4th century. Arius taught that God the Father and the Son were not co-eternal, seeing the pre-incarnate Jesus as a divine being but nonetheless created by (and consequently inferior to) the Father at some point, before which the Son did not exist. In English-language works, it is sometimes said that Arians believe that Jesus is or was a "creature"; in this context, the word is being used in its original sense of "created being".

'''Sources:'''
http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01707c.htm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heresy
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arianism

Manicheism

2006-10-25T01:10:44Z

Jramirez:

According to Wikipedia, Manicheism[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Manicheans.jpg]was one of the major ancient religions of Iranian origin. Though its organized form is mostly extinct today, a revival has been attempted under the name of Neo-Manichaeism. However, most of the writings of the founding prophet Mani [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mani_%28prophet%29] have been lost. Some scholars argue that its influence subtly continues in Western Christian thought via Saint Augustine of Hippo, who converted to Christianity from Manichaeism, which he passionately denounced in his writings, and whose writings continue to be enormously influential among Catholic, Protestant, and Orthodox theologians. Manichaeism originated in 3rd Century Babylon.

Manicheism

2006-10-25T01:07:43Z

Jramirez:

According to Wikipedia, Manicheism[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Manicheans.jpg]was one of the major ancient religions of Iranian origin. Though its organized form is mostly extinct today, a revival has been attempted under the name of Neo-Manichaeism. However, most of the writings of the founding prophet Mani have been lost. Some scholars argue that its influence subtly continues in Western Christian thought via Saint Augustine of Hippo, who converted to Christianity from Manichaeism, which he passionately denounced in his writings, and whose writings continue to be enormously influential among Catholic, Protestant, and Orthodox theologians. Manichaeism originated in 3rd Century Babylon.

Manicheism

2006-10-25T01:06:32Z

Jramirez:

According to Wikipedia, Manicheism was one of the major ancient religions of Iranian origin. Though its organized form is mostly extinct today, a revival has been attempted under the name of Neo-Manichaeism. However, most of the writings of the founding prophet Mani have been lost. Some scholars argue that its influence subtly continues in Western Christian thought via Saint Augustine of Hippo, who converted to Christianity from Manichaeism[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Manicheans.jpg], which he passionately denounced in his writings, and whose writings continue to be enormously influential among Catholic, Protestant, and Orthodox theologians. Manichaeism originated in 3rd Century Babylon.

Manicheism

2006-10-25T00:56:16Z

Jramirez:

Augustine comes across the Manichee[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Manicheans.jpg] sect in Carthage, when he goes there for his studies. He ends up believing strongly in Manichee doctrine for nearly ten years, until rational philosophy and astronomy persuade him that the colorful Manichee cosmology is false. The self-declared prophet Mani claimed that God was not omnipotent and struggled against the opposing substance of evil. The Manicheans also believed that the human soul was of the same substance of God. The opposition of these views is one of the main themes of the Confessions. Manichee doctrines depended heavily on visualization of the concepts of God and evil, and this dependence greatly delayed Augustine from coming to know God without imagining him.

Manicheism

2006-10-25T00:52:51Z

Jramirez:

Augustine comes across the Manichee sect in Carthage, when he goes there for his studies. He ends up believing strongly in Manichee doctrine for nearly ten years, until rational philosophy and astronomy persuade him that the colorful Manichee cosmology is false. The self-declared prophet Mani claimed that God was not omnipotent and struggled against the opposing substance of evil. The Manicheans also believed that the human soul was of the same substance of God. The opposition of these views is one of the main themes of the Confessions. Manichee doctrines depended heavily on visualization of the concepts of God and evil, and this dependence greatly delayed Augustine from coming to know God without imagining him.

Manicheism

2006-10-25T00:52:34Z

Jramirez:

Manicheism

2006-10-25T00:52:06Z

Jramirez:

'''''Manicheism'''''

Augustine comes across the Manichee sect in Carthage, when he goes there for his studies. He ends up believing strongly in Manichee doctrine for nearly ten years, until rational philosophy and astronomy persuade him that the colorful Manichee cosmology is false. The self-declared prophet Mani claimed that God was not omnipotent and struggled against the opposing substance of evil. The Manicheans also believed that the human soul was of the same substance of God. The opposition of these views is one of the main themes of the Confessions. Manichee doctrines depended heavily on visualization of the concepts of God and evil, and this dependence greatly delayed Augustine from coming to know God without imagining him.

Medieval Media

2006-10-25T00:50:50Z

Jramirez:

===People, Places, Things===
* [[Egil]]
* [[Olaf]]
* [[Battle of Brunanburh, date,site, description]]
* [[halberd and other weapons]]
* [[King Athelstan]]
* [[Hring and Adils]]
* [[kenning]]
* [[variation and repetition]]
* [[Hrothgar]]
* [[Geats]]
* [[wergild]]
* [[women in _Beowulf_]]
* [[Grendel]]
* [[comitatus]]
* [[Apocrypha]]
* [[elements of heroic poetry]]
* [[beot, pledge]]
* [[envelope patterns and alliteration]]
* [[Paper and Parchment Making]]
* [[St. Cuthbert]]
* [[bestiary]]
* [[St. Augustine]]
* [[Otho/Corpus Gospels]]
* '''[[Manicheism]]'''
===Manuscripts===
* '''[[The Garden of Paradise]]'''

* [[Insular iconography Style I]]
* [[Insular iconography Style II]]
* [[Animals in Medieval Art, Sixth Century]]
* [[Animals in Medieval Art, Seventh Century]]
* [[Animals in Medieval Art, Eighth and Early Ninth Centuries]]
* [[insular minuscule script]]
* [[The Echternach Lion]]
* [[Filigree Animal Ornament From Ireland and Scotland of the Late-Seventh to Ninth Centuries]]
* [[Image:Insular_s_variation.jpg]]
* [[Jesus Christ as a Lamb]]
* [[The Apocalyptic Lamb]]
* [[Jesus, as the Good Shepherd]]
* [[Jesus Christ as a Lion]]
* [[Jesus, Figured by the Fish]]
* [[Iona and the Book of Kells]]
* [[Irish manuscript found in peat bog]]

===Research Tools===
* [[Web Resources]]
* [[Bibliography from books]]
* [[Books on Reserve]]

St. Augustine

2006-10-24T14:00:14Z

Jramirez:

== Aurelius Augustinus / St. Augustine of Hippo ==

Portalie, Eugene. "Life of St. Augustine of Hippo." ''The Catholic Encyclopedia''. ?: Robert Appleton Co. 1908.

[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/02084a.htm St. Augustine] (354 - 430) was a Christian philosopher and the author of several books of "Confessions" (these books are now generally issued together as one text entitled ''The Confessions of St. Augustine'') and ''The City of God''. ''The Confessions'' are widely considered to be the first autobiographies in Western Literature. Also, he was born in Africa and his mother was St. Monica de Hippo. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monica_of_Hippo]His book was inspirational and influential for Christianity writers. His mother was raised Christian perhaps she married a pagan man which abused her. There are various works of art portraying St. Augustine [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Augustine_of_Hippo.jpg]. For example in the Nuremberg Chronicle.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Nuremberg_chronicles_-_Augustine_%28CXXXVIr%29.jpg] Another example is the stain glass window by Louis Comfort Tiffany [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Tiffany_Window_of_St_Augustine_-_Lightner_Museum.jpg]

St. Augustine

2006-10-24T13:49:26Z

Jramirez:

St. Augustine

2006-10-24T13:47:46Z

Jramirez:

File:Garden.jpg

2006-09-29T03:25:58Z

Jramirez:

The Garden of Paradise

2006-09-29T03:13:39Z

Jramirez:

== '''General Idea'''==

Rhodes, J.T., and Clifford Davidson. “The Garden of Earthly Paradise.” The Iconography of Heaven. Ed.Clifford Davidson. MI: Medieval Institute Publications, 1994.

Rhodes and Davidson presented the topic of the Garden of Paradise from the Medieval and Renaissance era. In the Ghent Altarpiece we can see contrast and symbolism in some of the figures. There is a contrast between Heaven and Hell. Also, they use the Garden of Eden as a symbolism of a site of growth and fruitfulness. Ghent Altarpiece is a very interesting piece.[http://www.ibiblio.org/wm/paint/auth/eyck/ghent/ghentopn.jpg] Another interesting manuscript is the Psalter of Robert de Lisle in which only the calendar and full-page miniatures survive from this remarkable English Psalter. The six scenes from the life of Christ on this folio are attributed to the Madonna Master. This piece portrays Christ as the full and fertile field.[http://www.bl.uk/catalogues/illuminatedmanuscripts/TourCollClosed.asp]

== '''Manuscripts''' ==
1. Ghent Altarpiece
2. Livre de la Vigne nostre Seigneur
3. Liber Floridus
4. Robert de Lisle Psalter
5. Nuremberg Chronicle
6. Cornish Creacion of the World
7. Tres Riches Heures
8. Bedford Hours
9. Hours of Catherine of Cleves
10. Holkham Bible Picture Book
11. Purgatorio or Paradiso

== '''Poetry and other texts''' ==
1. De gloria paradisi
2. Epithalamium Christi virginum alternantium
3. Myrrour of the Worlde
4. Saxony's Vita Jhesu Christi
5. Festyuall
6. Primavera
7. Biblia Pauperum
8. Speculum Humanae Salvationis
9. Pearl
10. The Lyfe of saynt Brandon
11. Golden Legend
12. Quia amore langueo
13. Romance of the Rose
14. Rothschild Canticles
15. Odes

The Garden of Paradise

2006-09-28T23:38:19Z

Jramirez:

The Garden of Paradise

2006-09-28T23:37:07Z

Jramirez:

== General Idea==

Rhodes, J.T., and Clifford Davidson. “The Garden of Earthly Paradise.” The Iconography of Heaven. Ed.Clifford Davidson. MI: Medieval Institute Publications, 1994.

Rhodes and Davidson presented the topic of the Garden of Paradise from the Medieval and Renaissance era. In the Ghent Altarpiece we can see contrast and symbolism in some of the figures. There is a contrast between Heaven and Hell. Also, they use the Garden of Eden as a symbolism of a site of growth and fruitfulness. Ghent Altarpiece is a very interesting piece.[http://www.ibiblio.org/wm/paint/auth/eyck/ghent/ghentopn.jpg] Another interesting manuscript is the Psalter of Robert de Lisle in which only the calendar and full-page miniatures survive from this remarkable English Psalter. The six scenes from the life of Christ on this folio are attributed to the Madonna Master. This piece portrays Christ as the full and fertile field.[http://www.bl.uk/catalogues/illuminatedmanuscripts/TourCollClosed.asp]

= '''Specific works''' =

== '''Manuscripts''' ==
1. Ghent Altarpiece

Elements of heroic poetry

2006-09-26T21:22:50Z

Jramirez:

== Definition ==

According to Susanne Kries in the Literary Encyclopedia (Old English Heroic Poetry (937-1000), the term heroic poetry, is attributed to narrative poetic texts of different ancient, medieval and modern cultures, which celebrate the valorous deeds, brave fights or physical tests of exceptional figures both legendary and historic.
[http://www.litencyc.com/php/stopics.php?rec=true&UID=1272]

== Elements ==

1. Lifelong glory

== Other sources ==

Encyclopedia Britannica Online [http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9040202]

Elements of heroic poetry

2006-09-26T21:20:56Z

Jramirez:

Elements of heroic poetry

2006-09-26T21:19:50Z

Jramirez:

== Definition ==

According to the Literary Encyclopedia (Old English Heroic Poetry (937-1000), the term heroic poetry, is attributed to narrative poetic texts of different ancient, medieval and modern cultures, which celebrate the valorous deeds, brave fights or physical tests of exceptional figures both legendary and historic.
[http://www.litencyc.com/php/stopics.php?rec=true&UID=1272]

== Elements ==

1. Lifelong glory

Apocrypha

2006-09-26T20:05:25Z

Jramirez:

== Definition ==

According to the Electronic Text Center of the University of Virginia, the term "apocrypha" was coined by the fifth-century biblical scholar St. Jerome and refers to the biblical books included as part of the Septuagint (the Greek version of the Old Testament), but not included in the Hebrew Bible.

Several works ranging from the fourth century B.C.E. to New Testament times are considered apocryphal--including Judith, the Wisdom of Solomon, Tobit, Sirach (or Ecclesiasticus), Baruch, First and Second Maccabees, the two Books of Esdras, various additions to the Book of Esther (10:4-10), the Book of Daniel (3:24-90;13;14), and the Prayer of Manasseh.

The apocrypha have been variously included and omitted from bibles over the course of the centuries. Protestant churches generally exclude the apocrypha (though the King James version of 1611 included them). The Roman Catholic and Orthodox churches include all of the apocrypha (except for the books of Esdras and the Prayer of Manasseh), but refer to them as "deuterocanonical" books. In this context, the term "apocrypha" generally refers to writings entirely outside of the biblical canon and not considered inspired (such as the Gospel of Thomas). These same books are referred to by Protestants as the "pseudoepigrapha."[http://etext.virginia.edu/apocrypha_exp.html]

== Other sources ==

Wikipedia [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apocrypha]

Internet Sacred Text Archive [http://www.sacred-texts.com/chr/apo/index.htm]

New Advent [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01601a.htm]

Apocrypha

2006-09-26T20:04:44Z

Jramirez:

'''== Definition =='''

According to the Electronic Text Center of the University of Virginia, the term "apocrypha" was coined by the fifth-century biblical scholar St. Jerome and refers to the biblical books included as part of the Septuagint (the Greek version of the Old Testament), but not included in the Hebrew Bible.

Several works ranging from the fourth century B.C.E. to New Testament times are considered apocryphal--including Judith, the Wisdom of Solomon, Tobit, Sirach (or Ecclesiasticus), Baruch, First and Second Maccabees, the two Books of Esdras, various additions to the Book of Esther (10:4-10), the Book of Daniel (3:24-90;13;14), and the Prayer of Manasseh.

The apocrypha have been variously included and omitted from bibles over the course of the centuries. Protestant churches generally exclude the apocrypha (though the King James version of 1611 included them). The Roman Catholic and Orthodox churches include all of the apocrypha (except for the books of Esdras and the Prayer of Manasseh), but refer to them as "deuterocanonical" books. In this context, the term "apocrypha" generally refers to writings entirely outside of the biblical canon and not considered inspired (such as the Gospel of Thomas). These same books are referred to by Protestants as the "pseudoepigrapha."[http://etext.virginia.edu/apocrypha_exp.html]

'''== Other sources =='''

Wikipedia [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apocrypha]

Internet Sacred Text Archive [http://www.sacred-texts.com/chr/apo/index.htm]

New Advent [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01601a.htm]

Apocrypha

2006-09-26T20:00:51Z

Jramirez:

Apocrypha

2006-09-26T20:00:18Z

Jramirez:

The Garden of Paradise

2006-09-21T23:05:32Z

Jramirez:

== Main topics ==

Rhodes, J.T., and Clifford Davidson. “The Garden of Earthly Paradise.” The Iconography of Heaven. Ed.Clifford Davidson. MI: Medieval Institute Publications, 1994.

Rhodes and Davidson presented the topic of the Garden of Paradise from the Medieval and Renaissance era. In the Ghent Altarpiece we can see contrast and symbolism in some of the figures. There is a contrast between Heaven and Hell. Also, they use the Garden of Eden as a symbolism of a site of growth and fruitfulness. Ghent Altarpiece is a very interesting piece.[http://www.ibiblio.org/wm/paint/auth/eyck/ghent/ghentopn.jpg] Another interesting manuscript is the Psalter of Robert de Lisle in which only the calendar and full-page miniatures survive from this remarkable English Psalter. The six scenes from the life of Christ on this folio are attributed to the Madonna Master. This piece portrays Christ as the full and fertile field.[http://www.bl.uk/catalogues/illuminatedmanuscripts/TourCollClosed.asp]

The Garden of Paradise

2006-09-21T23:01:51Z

Jramirez:

== Main topics ==

Rhodes, J.T., and Clifford Davidson. “The Garden of Earthly Paradise.” The Iconography of Heaven. Ed.Clifford Davidson. MI: Medieval Institute Publications, 1994.

Rhodes and Davidson presented the topic of the Garden of Paradise from the Medieval and Renaissance era. In the Ghent Altarpiece we can see the Annunciation with the archangel Gabriel at the left and the Virgin with the dove of the Holy Spirit above her head at the right. Through the windows of the spacious room you can see the palaces and buildings of the city of Jerusalem. There are symbolism and contrast figure in this piece. The symbol of fertility represented by the Garden of Eden. Also, the Garden of Eden in contrast with hell. Ghent Altarpiece is a very interesting piece.[http://www.ibiblio.org/wm/paint/auth/eyck/ghent/ghentopn.jpg] Another interesting manuscript is the Psalter of Robert de Lisle in which only the calendar and full-page miniatures survive from this remarkable English Psalter. The six scenes from the life of Christ on this folio are attributed to the Madonna Master. This piece portrays Christ as the full and fertile field.[http://www.bl.uk/catalogues/illuminatedmanuscripts/TourCollClosed.asp]

The Garden of Paradise

2006-09-19T21:25:53Z

Jramirez:

== Main topics ==

Ghent Altarpiece shows the Annunciation with the archangel Gabriel at the left and the Virgin with the dove of the Holy Spirit above her head at the right. Through the windows of the spacious room you can see the palaces and buildings of the city of Jerusalem. There are symbolism and contrast figure in this piece. The symbol of fertility represented by the Garden of Eden. Also, the Garden of Eden in contrast with hell. Ghent Altarpiece is a very interesting piece.[http://www.ibiblio.org/wm/paint/auth/eyck/ghent/ghentopn.jpg]

Rhodes, J.T., and Clifford Davidson. “The Garden of Earthly Paradise.” The Iconography of Heaven. Ed.Clifford Davidson. MI: Medieval Institute Publications, 1994. 69-95.

In the Psalter of Robert de Lisle only the calendar and full-page miniatures survive from this remarkable English Psalter. The six scenes from the life of Christ on this folio are attributed to the Madonna Master. This piece portrays Christ as the full and fertile field.[http://www.bl.uk/catalogues/illuminatedmanuscripts/TourCollClosed.asp]

The British Library Catalog of Illuminated Manuscripts. "The Psalter of Robert de Lisle" London. 1983.

The Garden of Paradise

2006-09-19T00:02:03Z

Jramirez:

== Main topics ==

Ghent Altarpiece shows the Annunciation with the archangel Gabriel at the left and the Virgin with the dove of the Holy Spirit above her head at the right. Through the windows of the spacious room you can see the palaces and buildings of the city of Jerusalem. There are symbolism and contrast figure in this piece. The symbol of fertility represented by the Garden of Eden. Also, the Garden of Eden in contrast with hell. Ghent Altarpiece is a very interesting piece.[http://www.ibiblio.org/wm/paint/auth/eyck/ghent/ghentopn.jpg]

J. T. Roberts and Clifford Davidson. "The Garden of Paradise". Medieval Institute Publications, 1994. 69-95.

In the Psalter of Robert de Lisle only the calendar and full-page miniatures survive from this remarkable English Psalter. The six scenes from the life of Christ on this folio are attributed to the Madonna Master. This piece portrays Christ as the full and fertile field.[http://www.bl.uk/catalogues/illuminatedmanuscripts/TourCollClosed.asp]

The British Library Catalog of Illuminated Manuscripts. "The Psalter of Robert de Lisle" London. 1983.

The Garden of Paradise

2006-09-18T23:59:14Z

Jramirez:

== Main topics ==

Ghent Altarpiece shows the Annunciation with the archangel Gabriel at the left and the Virgin with the dove of the Holy Spirit above her head at the right. Through the windows of the spacious room you can see the palaces and buildings of the city of Jerusalem. There are symbolism and contrast figure in this piece. The symbol of fertility represented by the Garden of Eden. Also, the Garden of Eden in contrast with hell. Ghent Altarpiece is a very interesting piece.[http://www.ibiblio.org/wm/paint/auth/eyck/ghent/ghentopn.jpg]

J. T. Roberts and Clifford Davidson. "The Garden of Paradise". Medieval Institute Publications, 1994. 69-95.

In the Psalter of Robert de Lisle only the calendar and full-page miniatures survive from this remarkable English Psalter. The six scenes from the life of Christ on this folio are attributed to the Madonna Master. [http://www.bl.uk/catalogues/illuminatedmanuscripts/TourCollClosed.asp]

The British Library Catalog of Illuminated Manuscripts. "The Psalter of Robert de Lisle" London. 1983.

The Garden of Paradise

2006-09-18T23:53:17Z

Jramirez:

== Main topics ==

Ghent Altarpiece shows the Annunciation with the archangel Gabriel at the left and the Virgin with the dove of the Holy Spirit above her head at the right. Through the windows of the spacious room you can see the palaces and buildings of the city of Jerusalem. There are symbolism and contrast figure in this piece. The symbol of fertility represented by the Garden of Eden. Also, the Garden of Eden in contrast with hell. Ghent Altarpiece is a very interesting piece.[http://www.ibiblio.org/wm/paint/auth/eyck/ghent/ghentopn.jpg]

J. T. Roberts and Clifford Davidson. "The Garden of Paradise". Medieval Institute Publications, 1994. 69-95.

In the Psalter of Robert de Lisle only the calendar and full-page miniatures survive from this remarkable English Psalter. The six scenes from the life of Christ on this folio are attributed to the Madonna Master. [http://www.bl.uk/catalogues/illuminatedmanuscripts/TourCollClosed.asp]

The British Library Catalog of Illuminated Manuscripts. "The Psalter of Robert de Lisle"

The Garden of Paradise

2006-09-18T23:48:23Z

Jramirez:

The Garden of Paradise

2006-09-18T23:47:22Z

Jramirez:

The Garden of Paradise

2006-09-18T23:38:03Z

Jramirez:

== Main topics ==

Ghent Altarpiece shows the Annunciation with the archangel Gabriel at the left and the Virgin with the dove of the Holy Spirit above her head at the right. Through the windows of the spacious room you can see the palaces and buildings of the city of Jerusalem. There are symbolism and contrast figure in this piece. The symbol of fertility represented by the Garden of Eden. Also, the Garden of Eden in contrast with hell. Ghent Altarpiece is a very interesting piece.[http://www.ibiblio.org/wm/paint/auth/eyck/ghent/ghentopn.jpg]

Rhodes, J. T. Davidson, Clifford. "The Garden of Paradise". Medieval Institute Publications, 1994. 69-95.

The Liber Floridus, a twelfth century encyclopedia, by Lambert of Saint-Omer. It is thought that this manuscript is Lambert's own autograph copy; it is at least the earliest known copy. Full color illustrations. [http://liberfloridus.cines.fr/]

The Garden of Paradise

2006-09-18T22:16:48Z

Jramirez:

The Garden of Paradise

2006-09-18T22:16:00Z

Jramirez:

The Garden of Paradise

2006-09-18T22:13:56Z

Jramirez:

== Main topics ==

1. Ghent Altarpiece [http://www.ibiblio.org/wm/paint/auth/eyck/ghent/ghentopn.jpg]

Ghent Altarpiece shows the Annunciation with the archangel Gabriel at the left and the Virgin with the dove of the Holy Spirit above her head at the right. Through the windows of the spacious room you can see the palaces and buildings of the city of Jerusalem.

2. Livre de la Vigne nostre Seignerur

3. The Liber Floridus, a twelfth century encyclopedia, by Lambert of Saint-Omer. It is thought that this manuscript is Lambert's own autograph copy; it is at least the earliest known copy. Full color illustrations. [http://liberfloridus.cines.fr/]

The Garden of Paradise

2006-09-18T22:13:13Z

Jramirez:

== Main topics ==

1. Ghent Altarpiece [http://www.ibiblio.org/wm/paint/auth/eyck/ghent/ghentopn.jpg]

It shows the Annunciation with the archangel Gabriel at the left and the Virgin with the dove of the Holy Spirit above her head at the right.Through the windows of the spacious room you can see the palaces and buildings of the city of Jerusalem.

2. Livre de la Vigne nostre Seignerur

3. The Liber Floridus, a twelfth century encyclopedia, by Lambert of Saint-Omer. It is thought that this manuscript is Lambert's own autograph copy; it is at least the earliest known copy. Full color illustrations. [http://liberfloridus.cines.fr/]

The Garden of Paradise

2006-09-18T22:13:01Z

Jramirez: