LitWiki - User contributions [en]

Ma Rainey’s Black Bottom

2021-11-17T17:32:51Z

Jojo1221: /* Major Themes */ added footnote

{{Infobox play
| name = Ma Rainey’s Black Bottom
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| writer = [[w:August Wilson|August Wilson]]
| based_on = 
| chorus =
| characters =
| mute =
| setting = Chicago, 1927
| premiere = 1984 
| place =
| orig_lang =
| series = The Pittsburgh Cycle
| subject =
| genre = Drama
| web =
}}

'''''Ma Rainey’s Black Bottom''''' is a 1984 play by August Wilson. It first opened on April 6, 1984, at the Yale Repertory Theater in New Haven, Connecticut. {{sfn|Wilson|1985|p=7}}


==Plot==


==Characters==
===Sturdyvant===
Sturdyvant is a white music business executive. He appears to own the recording label that releases Ma Rainey's songs, despite the fact that it is never clearly stated in the play. Despite the fact that he gets his money by selling Black musicians' music, he is extremely bigoted when it comes to Ma. He orders Irvin, one of his associates, to keep Ma "in line" throughout the recording session, as if Ma is an unstable, untrustworthy person. When he tries to lord his white manhood over Ma, she defies him by refusing to continue with her music. Sturdyvant gives in to Ma's requests since he knows he'll lose money if he doesn't let him record her.

===Irvin===
Irvin is a white music business executive. Though he is Ma Rainey's manager, he works alongside Sturdyvant. He, on the other hand, spends almost as much time attempting to satisfy Sturdyvant as he does working for Ma, frequently functioning as a buffer between Sturdyvant's racist condescension and Ma's strong will. Despite the fact that Irvin is her manager, Ma realizes that he just cares about her because her music brings him money. He frequently talks to her about "sticking together," but it's evident to her that he merely wants to keep her as a client.

===Cutler===
Ma Rainey's band features Cutler, a Black guitarist and trombone player. He serves as the band's unofficial leader, ensuring that the band plays whatever Ma requests. Unlike Levee, he believes in simply performing what is asked of him, saying that the objective of this band is for the musicians to accompany Ma rather than for them to shine. He takes issue with Levee's idealistic concepts about art and musicianship because of his unselfish approach, seeking to persuade him that as long as he's in Ma's band, the only thing that matters is what Ma says, not Levee's great ideas about art and music. Cutler tries to help Levee stay out of trouble.

===Toledo===
Toledo is a pianist who appreciates philosophical discussions about life and what it's like to be Black in America. He is the band's only literate member. As he and the other musicians pass the time in the band room, he frequently pushes them by encouraging them to consider topics such as change, history, and tradition. He highlights the argument that since enslavers forcibly removed their ancestors from Africa, Black Americans have been cut off from their cultural history. Toledo believes that in order to re-establish a sense of culture, Black people must work together to improve their status in American society.

===Slow Drag===
Slow Drag a Black musician who plays the bass. He appears sluggish and unobservant, although he is actually highly bright. He's content to play whatever Ma orders him to play, much like Cutler and Toledo, but he's also anxious to get the job done and go home. He frequently encourages his bandmates to concentrate on rehearsing, telling them that practicing the songs will save them from having to spend the entire day and night in the studio. And the sooner they complete the recording, the sooner they will get compensated. Levee, who is more concerned with creating innovative art than with making money, is irritated by his utilitarian, workmanlike attitude to music. Slow Drag, on the other hand, has no grand aspirations about innovation; all he wants to do is make a living.

===Levee===
Ma Rainey's band include Levee, a young Black trumpet player. He is a self-assured, ambitious man who is dissatisfied with his employment as a backup musician. He believes Ma Rainey's music isn't interesting enough, so he attempts to drive the band forward by performing in a more modern, "fresh" way. Not only does his behavior irritate Ma, but it also irritates Cutler, who tries to persuade Levee that his high ideals about music and art don't matter to Cutler; all Levee has to do is perform what he's taught. However, Levee dislikes being told what to do, and his obstinacy prevents him from working well with his bandmates. Levee tends to speak blasphemously.

===Ma Rainey===
Ma Rainey was a real-life Black musician who made a name for herself in the early twentieth century by singing the blues. She is well aware of her own power in the play and understands how to utilize it to her advantage. Sturdyvant, for example, wants to take advantage of her gift, but she understands that if she doesn't allow him record her songs, he won't be able to make any money. When he and Irvin try to force her to do something she doesn't want to do, she threatens to leave the studio. As a result, she maintains creative ownership over her music, even though white studio executives profit from her songs in the end.

===Policeman===
When Ma, Sylvester, and Dussie Mae get into a car accident on their way to the studio, the police officer assumes they're driving a stolen automobile and racially profiles them. He also blames them for the accident, claiming that Ma pushed a nearby cab driver over, despite Ma's allegation that the driver fell down on his own. However, because Ma claims to be famous, the officer offers to take her to the studio on his way to the police station, apparently fearing that he would be bribed to look the other way. Irvin then offers him money to forget about the incident, so he goes without causing any more trouble for Ma.

===Dussie Mae===
Dussie Mae is a young woman who joins Ma on her journey. Dussie Mae and Ma are romantically involved, despite the fact that it is never directly stated in the play. Dussie Mae, on the other hand, remains receptive to Levee's amorous approaches, though she informs him that she won't fully let him date her until he forms his own band and starts selling his own recordings. Despite this, she and Levee kiss in the band room while Ma is in the studio upstairs.

===Sylvester===
Ma's nephew is Sylvester. Ma brings him to the studio and tells him that he'll be doing a spoken-word entrance for the song "Ma Rainey's Black Bottom." However, because Sylvester has a pronounced stutter, the band is suspicious about his ability to deliver the introduction appropriately. Ma's decision enrages Levee in particular, because it means the band will not perform his arrangement of the song. Sylvester succeeds in performing the intro after numerous takes, but Levee is still furious about having to record the song in Ma's traditional, old-fashioned style.

===Eliza Cottor===
Slow Drag tells his colleagues a story about a man he knew in Alabama named Eliza Cottor. Eliza used to be a regular guy who placed shoes on mules and horses for a livelihood, but he sold his soul to the devil and began living a luxury lifestyle. He went on to murder someone, but the cops and the courts let him off the hook. Slow Drag claims to be roaming the country with a huge sack filled with the bloody fingerprints of anyone willing to sell their soul to the devil. Eliza gives individuals $100 for their souls wherever he goes.

==Major Themes==
Power and exploitation plays a big part in this play. The musicians are forced to deal with complicated power dynamics. They are subjected to racist manipulation by greedy white studio executives as Black artists in the exploitative entertainment industry of the 1920s. Sturdyvant, for example, treats Ma Rainey badly, speaking of her as if she were an untrustworthy child who needed to be "kept in line."{{sfn|Wilson|1985|p=18}} Despite his suspicions and racism, he continues to profit from her music. Worse, he offers her pitiful remuneration, paying her one-time recording fees while retaining all of the royalties for himself, a practice that was widespread at the time and prevented some of the era's most famous Black performers from receiving the money they deserved.

==Development History==


===Publication History===


===Explanation of the Work's Title===


==Literary Significance and Reception==


==Awards and Nominations==


==Adaptations==


==Citations==

{{Reflist}}

==Works Cited==
{{Refbegin}}

* . . .
{{Refend}}

==External Links==



[[Category:Drama]]
[[Category:20th Century]]
[[Category:Contemporary]]
[[Category:Literary]]

Ma Rainey’s Black Bottom

2021-11-17T17:26:28Z

Jojo1221: /* Major Themes */ added a theme

{{Infobox play
| name = Ma Rainey’s Black Bottom
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| writer = [[w:August Wilson|August Wilson]]
| based_on = 
| chorus =
| characters =
| mute =
| setting = Chicago, 1927
| premiere = 1984 
| place =
| orig_lang =
| series = The Pittsburgh Cycle
| subject =
| genre = Drama
| web =
}}

'''''Ma Rainey’s Black Bottom''''' is a 1984 play by August Wilson. It first opened on April 6, 1984, at the Yale Repertory Theater in New Haven, Connecticut. {{sfn|Wilson|1985|p=7}}


==Plot==


==Characters==
===Sturdyvant===
Sturdyvant is a white music business executive. He appears to own the recording label that releases Ma Rainey's songs, despite the fact that it is never clearly stated in the play. Despite the fact that he gets his money by selling Black musicians' music, he is extremely bigoted when it comes to Ma. He orders Irvin, one of his associates, to keep Ma "in line" throughout the recording session, as if Ma is an unstable, untrustworthy person. When he tries to lord his white manhood over Ma, she defies him by refusing to continue with her music. Sturdyvant gives in to Ma's requests since he knows he'll lose money if he doesn't let him record her.

===Irvin===
Irvin is a white music business executive. Though he is Ma Rainey's manager, he works alongside Sturdyvant. He, on the other hand, spends almost as much time attempting to satisfy Sturdyvant as he does working for Ma, frequently functioning as a buffer between Sturdyvant's racist condescension and Ma's strong will. Despite the fact that Irvin is her manager, Ma realizes that he just cares about her because her music brings him money. He frequently talks to her about "sticking together," but it's evident to her that he merely wants to keep her as a client.

===Cutler===
Ma Rainey's band features Cutler, a Black guitarist and trombone player. He serves as the band's unofficial leader, ensuring that the band plays whatever Ma requests. Unlike Levee, he believes in simply performing what is asked of him, saying that the objective of this band is for the musicians to accompany Ma rather than for them to shine. He takes issue with Levee's idealistic concepts about art and musicianship because of his unselfish approach, seeking to persuade him that as long as he's in Ma's band, the only thing that matters is what Ma says, not Levee's great ideas about art and music. Cutler tries to help Levee stay out of trouble.

===Toledo===
Toledo is a pianist who appreciates philosophical discussions about life and what it's like to be Black in America. He is the band's only literate member. As he and the other musicians pass the time in the band room, he frequently pushes them by encouraging them to consider topics such as change, history, and tradition. He highlights the argument that since enslavers forcibly removed their ancestors from Africa, Black Americans have been cut off from their cultural history. Toledo believes that in order to re-establish a sense of culture, Black people must work together to improve their status in American society.

===Slow Drag===
Slow Drag a Black musician who plays the bass. He appears sluggish and unobservant, although he is actually highly bright. He's content to play whatever Ma orders him to play, much like Cutler and Toledo, but he's also anxious to get the job done and go home. He frequently encourages his bandmates to concentrate on rehearsing, telling them that practicing the songs will save them from having to spend the entire day and night in the studio. And the sooner they complete the recording, the sooner they will get compensated. Levee, who is more concerned with creating innovative art than with making money, is irritated by his utilitarian, workmanlike attitude to music. Slow Drag, on the other hand, has no grand aspirations about innovation; all he wants to do is make a living.

===Levee===
Ma Rainey's band include Levee, a young Black trumpet player. He is a self-assured, ambitious man who is dissatisfied with his employment as a backup musician. He believes Ma Rainey's music isn't interesting enough, so he attempts to drive the band forward by performing in a more modern, "fresh" way. Not only does his behavior irritate Ma, but it also irritates Cutler, who tries to persuade Levee that his high ideals about music and art don't matter to Cutler; all Levee has to do is perform what he's taught. However, Levee dislikes being told what to do, and his obstinacy prevents him from working well with his bandmates. Levee tends to speak blasphemously.

===Ma Rainey===
Ma Rainey was a real-life Black musician who made a name for herself in the early twentieth century by singing the blues. She is well aware of her own power in the play and understands how to utilize it to her advantage. Sturdyvant, for example, wants to take advantage of her gift, but she understands that if she doesn't allow him record her songs, he won't be able to make any money. When he and Irvin try to force her to do something she doesn't want to do, she threatens to leave the studio. As a result, she maintains creative ownership over her music, even though white studio executives profit from her songs in the end.

===Policeman===
When Ma, Sylvester, and Dussie Mae get into a car accident on their way to the studio, the police officer assumes they're driving a stolen automobile and racially profiles them. He also blames them for the accident, claiming that Ma pushed a nearby cab driver over, despite Ma's allegation that the driver fell down on his own. However, because Ma claims to be famous, the officer offers to take her to the studio on his way to the police station, apparently fearing that he would be bribed to look the other way. Irvin then offers him money to forget about the incident, so he goes without causing any more trouble for Ma.

===Dussie Mae===
Dussie Mae is a young woman who joins Ma on her journey. Dussie Mae and Ma are romantically involved, despite the fact that it is never directly stated in the play. Dussie Mae, on the other hand, remains receptive to Levee's amorous approaches, though she informs him that she won't fully let him date her until he forms his own band and starts selling his own recordings. Despite this, she and Levee kiss in the band room while Ma is in the studio upstairs.

===Sylvester===
Ma's nephew is Sylvester. Ma brings him to the studio and tells him that he'll be doing a spoken-word entrance for the song "Ma Rainey's Black Bottom." However, because Sylvester has a pronounced stutter, the band is suspicious about his ability to deliver the introduction appropriately. Ma's decision enrages Levee in particular, because it means the band will not perform his arrangement of the song. Sylvester succeeds in performing the intro after numerous takes, but Levee is still furious about having to record the song in Ma's traditional, old-fashioned style.

===Eliza Cottor===
Slow Drag tells his colleagues a story about a man he knew in Alabama named Eliza Cottor. Eliza used to be a regular guy who placed shoes on mules and horses for a livelihood, but he sold his soul to the devil and began living a luxury lifestyle. He went on to murder someone, but the cops and the courts let him off the hook. Slow Drag claims to be roaming the country with a huge sack filled with the bloody fingerprints of anyone willing to sell their soul to the devil. Eliza gives individuals $100 for their souls wherever he goes.

==Major Themes==
Power and exploitation plays a big part in this play. The musicians are forced to deal with complicated power dynamics. They are subjected to racist manipulation by greedy white studio executives as Black artists in the exploitative entertainment industry of the 1920s. Sturdyvant, for example, treats Ma Rainey badly, speaking of her as if she were an untrustworthy child who needed to be "kept in order." Despite his suspicions and racism, he continues to profit from her music. Worse, he offers her pitiful remuneration, paying her one-time recording fees while retaining all of the royalties for himself, a practice that was widespread at the time and prevented some of the era's most famous Black performers from receiving the money they deserved.

==Development History==


===Publication History===


===Explanation of the Work's Title===


==Literary Significance and Reception==


==Awards and Nominations==


==Adaptations==


==Citations==

{{Reflist}}

==Works Cited==
{{Refbegin}}

* . . .
{{Refend}}

==External Links==



[[Category:Drama]]
[[Category:20th Century]]
[[Category:Contemporary]]
[[Category:Literary]]

Bartleby, the Scrivener

2021-11-08T18:36:49Z

Jojo1221: /* Characters */ added a character

==Plot==

==Characters==
===Narrator/ The Lawyer ===
The Lawyer was the unknown narrator of "Bartleby the Scrivener." He has his own law firm located on Wall Street. He employed four men at his law firm who were: Turkey, Nippers, Ginger Nut, and Bartleby. He is level-headed and has a good mind for good business. He is also good when it comes to customer service.

===Bartleby===
Bartleby is a young man was was hired by there Lawyer ton serve as a scrivener, or law-copyist. He starts as a excellent copyist, but when asked to examine his work for errors, he replies that he "would prefer not too." Bartleby soon answers anything he is asked too do with "I would prefer not too," and he slowly drives the lawyer and his fellow scriveners crazy.

===Turkey===
Turkey is the oldest employee of the Lawyer in "Bartleby the Scrivener." He was a good worker in the morning but when it came to the afternoon he would get flushed in the face and has a short temper. He makes more mistakes in the afternoon that takes a way from his outstanding work he does in the morning.

===Nippers===
At midday, a young scrivener in The Lawyer's office executes a sort of changing of the guard with Turkey. Nippers is only useful after lunch because he has what The Lawyer refers to as "indigestion," which could be a drug habit that The Lawyer is unaware of. Nippers' real name is never revealed, as The Lawyer only refers to him by his nickname.

===The Other Lawyer===
This lawyer enters the story after The Lawyer has switched offices in order to get away from Bartleby. This second lawyer notifies The Lawyer (who narrates the story) that Bartleby hasn't left his old office and threatens to call the cops to take him away unless The Lawyer intervenes.

==Major themes==

==Development History==

==Explanation of Work's Title==

==Literary Significance and Reception==

==Awards and Nominations==

==Adaptations==

==Citations==

==Works Cited==

==External Links==

Bartleby, the Scrivener

2021-11-08T18:33:34Z

Jojo1221: /* Nipper */ corrected grammar & added info.

==Plot==

==Characters==
===Narrator/ The Lawyer ===
The Lawyer was the unknown narrator of "Bartleby the Scrivener." He has his own law firm located on Wall Street. He employed four men at his law firm who were: Turkey, Nippers, Ginger Nut, and Bartleby. He is level-headed and has a good mind for good business. He is also good when it comes to customer service.

===Bartleby===
Bartleby is a young man was was hired by there Lawyer ton serve as a scrivener, or law-copyist. He starts as a excellent copyist, but when asked to examine his work for errors, he replies that he "would prefer not too." Bartleby soon answers anything he is asked too do with "I would prefer not too," and he slowly drives the lawyer and his fellow scriveners crazy.

===Turkey===
Turkey is the oldest employee of the Lawyer in "Bartleby the Scrivener." He was a good worker in the morning but when it came to the afternoon he would get flushed in the face and has a short temper. He makes more mistakes in the afternoon that takes a way from his outstanding work he does in the morning.

===Nippers===
At midday, a young scrivener in The Lawyer's office executes a sort of changing of the guard with Turkey. Nippers is only useful after lunch because he has what The Lawyer refers to as "indigestion," which could be a drug habit that The Lawyer is unaware of. Nippers' real name is never revealed, as The Lawyer only refers to him by his nickname.

==Major themes==

==Development History==

==Explanation of Work's Title==

==Literary Significance and Reception==

==Awards and Nominations==

==Adaptations==

==Citations==

==Works Cited==

==External Links==

Bartleby, the Scrivener

2021-11-08T18:30:16Z

Jojo1221: /* Bartleby */ corrected grammatic errors

==Plot==

==Characters==
===Narrator/ The Lawyer ===
The Lawyer was the unknown narrator of "Bartleby the Scrivener." He has his own law firm located on Wall Street. He employed four men at his law firm who were: Turkey, Nippers, Ginger Nut, and Bartleby. He is level-headed and has a good mind for good business. He is also good when it comes to customer service.

===Bartleby===
Bartleby is a young man was was hired by there Lawyer ton serve as a scrivener, or law-copyist. He starts as a excellent copyist, but when asked to examine his work for errors, he replies that he "would prefer not too." Bartleby soon answers anything he is asked too do with "I would prefer not too," and he slowly drives the lawyer and his fellow scriveners crazy.

===Turkey===
Turkey is the oldest employee of the Lawyer in "Bartleby the Scrivener." He was a good worker in the morning but when it came to the afternoon he would get flushed in the face and has a short temper. He makes more mistakes in the afternoon that takes a way from his outstanding work he does in the morning.

===Nipper===
Nippers is only useful after lunch because he suffers from what The Lawyer calls “indigestion,”

==Major themes==

==Development History==

==Explanation of Work's Title==

==Literary Significance and Reception==

==Awards and Nominations==

==Adaptations==

==Citations==

==Works Cited==

==External Links==

Bartleby, the Scrivener

2021-11-08T18:28:42Z

Jojo1221: /* Narrator/ The Lawyer */ corrected grammatic errors

==Plot==

==Characters==
===Narrator/ The Lawyer ===
The Lawyer was the unknown narrator of "Bartleby the Scrivener." He has his own law firm located on Wall Street. He employed four men at his law firm who were: Turkey, Nippers, Ginger Nut, and Bartleby. He is level-headed and has a good mind for good business. He is also good when it comes to customer service.

===Bartleby===
Bartleby is a young man was was hired by there Lawyer ton serve as a scrivener, or law-copyist. he starts as a excellent copyist, but when asked to examine his work for errors. he replies that he "would prefer not too." Bartleby soon answers anything he is asked too do with "I would prefer not too," and he slowly dives to the Lawyer and his fellow scriveners crazy.

===Turkey===
Turkey is the oldest employee of the Lawyer in "Bartleby the Scrivener." He was a good worker in the morning but when it came to the afternoon he would get flushed in the face and has a short temper. He makes more mistakes in the afternoon that takes a way from his outstanding work he does in the morning.

===Nipper===
Nippers is only useful after lunch because he suffers from what The Lawyer calls “indigestion,”

==Major themes==

==Development History==

==Explanation of Work's Title==

==Literary Significance and Reception==

==Awards and Nominations==

==Adaptations==

==Citations==

==Works Cited==

==External Links==

Ma Rainey’s Black Bottom

2021-11-08T16:41:32Z

Jojo1221: /* Characters */ added 1 character; added 11 characters info.

{{Infobox play
| name = Ma Rainey’s Black Bottom
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| writer = [[w:August Wilson|August Wilson]]
| based_on = 
| chorus =
| characters =
| mute =
| setting = Chicago, 1927
| premiere = 1984 
| place =
| orig_lang =
| series = The Pittsburgh Cycle
| subject =
| genre = Drama
| web =
}}

'''''Ma Rainey’s Black Bottom''''' is a 1984 play by August Wilson. It first opened on April 6, 1984, at the Yale Repertory Theater in New Haven, Connecticut. {{sfn|Wilson|1985|p=7}}


==Plot==


==Characters==
===Sturdyvant===
Sturdyvant is a white music business executive. He appears to own the recording label that releases Ma Rainey's songs, despite the fact that it is never clearly stated in the play. Despite the fact that he gets his money by selling Black musicians' music, he is extremely bigoted when it comes to Ma. He orders Irvin, one of his associates, to keep Ma "in line" throughout the recording session, as if Ma is an unstable, untrustworthy person. When he tries to lord his white manhood over Ma, she defies him by refusing to continue with her music. Sturdyvant gives in to Ma's requests since he knows he'll lose money if he doesn't let him record her.

===Irvin===
Irvin is a white music business executive. Though he is Ma Rainey's manager, he works alongside Sturdyvant. He, on the other hand, spends almost as much time attempting to satisfy Sturdyvant as he does working for Ma, frequently functioning as a buffer between Sturdyvant's racist condescension and Ma's strong will. Despite the fact that Irvin is her manager, Ma realizes that he just cares about her because her music brings him money. He frequently talks to her about "sticking together," but it's evident to her that he merely wants to keep her as a client.

===Cutler===
Ma Rainey's band features Cutler, a Black guitarist and trombone player. He serves as the band's unofficial leader, ensuring that the band plays whatever Ma requests. Unlike Levee, he believes in simply performing what is asked of him, saying that the objective of this band is for the musicians to accompany Ma rather than for them to shine. He takes issue with Levee's idealistic concepts about art and musicianship because of his unselfish approach, seeking to persuade him that as long as he's in Ma's band, the only thing that matters is what Ma says, not Levee's great ideas about art and music.

===Toledo===
Toledo is a pianist who appreciates philosophical discussions about life and what it's like to be Black in America. He is the band's only literate member. As he and the other musicians pass the time in the band room, he frequently pushes them by encouraging them to consider topics such as change, history, and tradition. He highlights the argument that since enslavers forcibly removed their ancestors from Africa, Black Americans have been cut off from their cultural history. Toledo believes that in order to re-establish a sense of culture, Black people must work together to improve their status in American society.

===Slow Drag===
Slow Drag a Black musician who plays the bass. He appears sluggish and unobservant, although he is actually highly bright. He's content to play whatever Ma orders him to play, much like Cutler and Toledo, but he's also anxious to get the job done and go home. He frequently encourages his bandmates to concentrate on rehearsing, telling them that practicing the songs will save them from having to spend the entire day and night in the studio. And the sooner they complete the recording, the sooner they will get compensated. Levee, who is more concerned with creating innovative art than with making money, is irritated by his utilitarian, workmanlike attitude to music. Slow Drag, on the other hand, has no grand aspirations about innovation; all he wants to do is make a living.

===Levee===
Ma Rainey's band include Levee, a young Black trumpet player. He is a self-assured, ambitious man who is dissatisfied with his employment as a backup musician. He believes Ma Rainey's music isn't interesting enough, so he attempts to drive the band forward by performing in a more modern, "fresh" way. Not only does his behavior irritate Ma, but it also irritates Cutler, who tries to persuade Levee that his high ideals about music and art don't matter to Cutler; all Levee has to do is perform what he's taught. However, Levee dislikes being told what to do, and his obstinacy prevents him from working well with his bandmates.

===Ma Rainey===
Ma Rainey was a real-life Black musician who made a name for herself in the early twentieth century by singing the blues. She is well aware of her own power in the play and understands how to utilize it to her advantage. Sturdyvant, for example, wants to take advantage of her gift, but she understands that if she doesn't allow him record her songs, he won't be able to make any money. When he and Irvin try to force her to do something she doesn't want to do, she threatens to leave the studio. As a result, she maintains creative ownership over her music, even though white studio executives profit from her songs in the end.

===Policeman===
When Ma, Sylvester, and Dussie Mae get into a car accident on their way to the studio, the police officer assumes they're driving a stolen automobile and racially profiles them. He also blames them for the accident, claiming that Ma pushed a nearby cab driver over, despite Ma's allegation that the driver fell down on his own. However, because Ma claims to be famous, the officer offers to take her to the studio on his way to the police station, apparently fearing that he would be bribed to look the other way. Irvin then offers him money to forget about the incident, so he goes without causing any more trouble for Ma.

===Dussie Mae===
Dussie Mae is a young woman who joins Ma on her journey. Dussie Mae and Ma are romantically involved, despite the fact that it is never directly stated in the play. Dussie Mae, on the other hand, remains receptive to Levee's amorous approaches, though she informs him that she won't fully let him date her until he forms his own band and starts selling his own recordings. Despite this, she and Levee kiss in the band room while Ma is in the studio upstairs.

===Sylvester===
Ma's nephew is Sylvester. Ma brings him to the studio and tells him that he'll be doing a spoken-word entrance for the song "Ma Rainey's Black Bottom." However, because Sylvester has a pronounced stutter, the band is suspicious about his ability to deliver the introduction appropriately. Ma's decision enrages Levee in particular, because it means the band will not perform his arrangement of the song. Sylvester succeeds in performing the intro after numerous takes, but Levee is still furious about having to record the song in Ma's traditional, old-fashioned style.

===Eliza Cottor===
Slow Drag tells his colleagues a story about a man he knew in Alabama named Eliza Cottor. Eliza used to be a regular guy who placed shoes on mules and horses for a livelihood, but he sold his soul to the devil and began living a luxury lifestyle. He went on to murder someone, but the cops and the courts let him off the hook. Slow Drag claims to be roaming the country with a huge sack filled with the bloody fingerprints of anyone willing to sell their soul to the devil. Eliza gives individuals $100 for their souls wherever he goes.

==Major Themes==


==Development History==


===Publication History===


===Explanation of the Work's Title===


==Literary Significance and Reception==


==Awards and Nominations==


==Adaptations==


==Citations==

{{Reflist}}

==Works Cited==
{{Refbegin}}

* . . .
{{Refend}}

==External Links==



[[Category:Drama]]
[[Category:20th Century]]
[[Category:Contemporary]]
[[Category:Literary]]

Ma Rainey’s Black Bottom

2021-11-08T16:11:40Z

Jojo1221: /* Characters */ added 10 characters

Ma Rainey’s Black Bottom

2021-11-08T16:07:46Z

Jojo1221: added info. at the top

The Cask of Amontillado

2021-10-20T14:50:35Z

Jojo1221: /* Works Cited */ fixed some ones citation

{{Infobox short story
| name = The Cask of Amontillado
| image = 
| caption =
| author = [[w:Edgar Allen Poe|Edgar Allan Poe]]
| title_orig =
| translator =
| country = United States
| language = English
| series =
| genre = Horror Fiction
| published_in =
| publication_type =
| publisher =
| media_type =
| pub_date = November 1846
| english_pub_date =
| preceded_by =
| followed_by =
| preceded_by_italics =
| followed_by_italics =
}}

'''“The Cask of Amontillado”''' is a 1846 short horror story wrote by Edgar Allan Poe.
==Plot==
“The Cast of Amontillado” begins by recounting the last meeting between two aristocratic gentlemen, the narrator Montresor, and the wine connoisseur Fortunato.{{sfn|Nesbitt|2000|p=297}} Montresor is plotting his revenge for the thousand injuries Fortunato did to him.{{sfn|Sipiora|2002|p=240}} While at the pre-Lenten festival, Montresor tells Fortunato that he has in his possession a cast of amontillado sherry and does not feel as though it is authentic.{{sfn|Nesbitt|2000|p=297}} Montresor leads Fortunato deep underground to his family catacombs in his palazzo. Although Fortunato has a cough from the nitre, he continues so his rival Luchesi does not steal his opportunity to taste the wine. Once they get into the catacombs Montresor chains him to the wall and begins to use a trowel and fresh mortar to entomb Fortunato.{{sfn|Nesbitt|2000|p=297}}

The story begins at a drinking festival during the Carnivale in an unspecified year in Italy. To entice his victim into his trap and seek revenge over Fortunato's "thousand injuries" against Montresor and his family, Montresor appropriates a key symbol of Freemasonry.

==Characters==
===Montresor===
He is the narrator of the story. He's a fascinating and nuanced character whose desire for vengeance drives the plot. His family motto is Nemo me impune lacessit,{{sfn|Sipiora|2002|p=242}} which translates to "no one insults me with impunity," which explains his motivation for murdering his friend.

===Fortunato===
His name means "fortunate". He is Montresor's Italian friend who is completely oblivious to his friend's revenge motive. It isn't until Montresor locks him in a crypt and begins to brick him in that Fortunato finally realizes he's been tricked. He is the antagonist of the story and loves vintage wines and carnival attire.

Fortunato apparently has a brotherhood and Montresor recognizes this fact and utilizes it for his own destruction hatred and his longing to lure Fortunate to his death.

===Luchesi===
Even though Luchesi isn't a key character in the story, he is still talked about. Luchesi is Fortunato's wine-tasting opponent. Montresor doesn't need to bring up Luchesi in order to entice Fortunato to his doom. The prospect of Amontillado is sufficient enough. For Montresor, Luchesi is a type of insurance.

==Major Themes==
Montresor is motivated by hate and seeks revenge on Fortunato. He feels as if he has insulted him and caused a thousand injuries to him but the injuries are not identified in the short story "The Cask of the Amontillado.

The plot revolves around alcohol and inebriation, with both contributing to Fortunato's gullibility and eventual demise in Montresor's wine cellar. Engaging Fortunato in dialogue ripe with irony, Montresor lures his victim deep into the family catacombs, urging him to try other wines along the way. {{sfn|Nesbett|2000|p=297}}

==Publication History==

==Explanation of the Work's Title==
The Cask of Amontillado is translated to Casket of Wine. Montresor uses the wine to talk Fortunato into following him into his family catacombs. That is how Montresor was able to enact his revenge by entombing Fortunato.{{sfn|Nesbitt|2000|p=297}}

==Literary Significance and Reception==

==Awards and Nominations==

==Citations==

{{Reflist|15em}}

== Works Cited==
Also see the [[/Annotated Bibliography|annotated bibliography]].
{{Refbegin|indent=yes|30em}} 
* {{cite journal | last= Foy | first= Roslyn Reso | date= October 2015 | title= Freemasonry, the Brethren, and the Twists of Edgar Allen Poe in 'The Cask of Amontillado' | journal = Taylor & Francis, Routledge | volume = 35 | issue = 0014-4940 1939-926X (electronic) | pages = 252-256 }}
* {{cite book |last= Nesbitt |first= Anna |date={{date|2000}} |chapter= Edgar Allan Poe |title=The Cask of Amontillado |url= |location= |publisher= Gale Group |pages=297-354}}
* {{cite book |last1= Poe |first1= Edgar |date=2002 |chapter=The Cask of Amontillado |title=Reading and Writing about Literature |editor-last=Sipiora |editor-first=Phillip |location=Upper Saddle River, NJ |publisher=Prentice Hall |pages=240-244}}
{{Refend}}

==External Links ==

The Cask of Amontillado

2021-10-20T14:40:57Z

Jojo1221: /* Major Themes */

{{Infobox short story
| name = The Cask of Amontillado
| image = 
| caption =
| author = [[w:Edgar Allen Poe|Edgar Allan Poe]]
| title_orig =
| translator =
| country = United States
| language = English
| series =
| genre = Horror Fiction
| published_in =
| publication_type =
| publisher =
| media_type =
| pub_date = November 1846
| english_pub_date =
| preceded_by =
| followed_by =
| preceded_by_italics =
| followed_by_italics =
}}

'''“The Cask of Amontillado”''' is a 1846 short horror story wrote by Edgar Allan Poe.
==Plot==
“The Cast of Amontillado” begins by recounting the last meeting between two aristocratic gentlemen, the narrator Montresor, and the wine connoisseur Fortunato.{{sfn|Nisbitt|2000|p=297}} Montresor is plotting his revenge for the thousand injuries Fortunato did to him.{{sfn|Sipiora|2002|p=240}} While at the pre-Lenten festival, Montresor tells Fortunato that he has in his possession a cast of amontillado sherry and does not feel as though it is authentic.{{sfn|Nisbitt|2000|p=297}} Montresor leads Fortunato deep underground to his family catacombs in his palazzo. Although Fortunato has a cough from the nitre, he continues so his rival Luchesi does not steal his opportunity to taste the wine. Once they get into the catacombs Montresor chains him to the wall and begins to use a trowel and fresh mortar to entomb Fortunato.{{sfn|Nisbitt|2000|p=297}}

The story begins at a drinking festival during the Carnivale in an unspecified year in Italy. To entice his victim into his trap and seek revenge over Fortunato's "thousand injuries" against Montresor and his family, Montresor appropriates a key symbol of Freemasonry.

==Characters==
===Montresor===
He is the narrator of the story. He's a fascinating and nuanced character whose desire for vengeance drives the plot. His family motto is Nemo me impune lacessit,{{sfn|Sipiora|2002|p=242}} which translates to "no one insults me with impunity," which explains his motivation for murdering his friend.

===Fortunato===
His name means "fortunate". He is Montresor's Italian friend who is completely oblivious to his friend's revenge motive. It isn't until Montresor locks him in a crypt and begins to brick him in that Fortunato finally realizes he's been tricked. He is the antagonist of the story and loves vintage wines and carnival attire.

Fortunato apparently has a brotherhood and Montresor recognizes this fact and utilizes it for his own destruction hatred and his longing to lure Fortunate to his death.

===Luchesi===
Even though Luchesi isn't a key character in the story, he is still talked about. Luchesi is Fortunato's wine-tasting opponent. Montresor doesn't need to bring up Luchesi in order to entice Fortunato to his doom. The prospect of Amontillado is sufficient enough. For Montresor, Luchesi is a type of insurance.

==Major Themes==
Montresor is motivated by hate and seeks revenge on Fortunato. He feels as if he has insulted him and caused a thousand injuries to him but the injuries are not identified in the short story "The Cask of the Amontillado.

The plot revolves around alcohol and inebriation, with both contributing to Fortunato's gullibility and eventual demise in Montresor's wine cellar. Engaging Fortunato in dialogue ripe with irony, Montresor lures his victim deep into the family catacombs, urging him to try other wines along the way. {{sfn|Nesbett|2000|p=297}}

==Publication History==

==Explanation of the Work's Title==
The Cask of Amontillado is translated to Casket of Wine. Montresor uses the wine to talk Fortunato into following him into his family catacombs. That is how Montresor was able to enact his revenge by entombing Fortunato.{{sfn|Nisbitt|2000|p=297}}

==Literary Significance and Reception==

==Awards and Nominations==

==Citations==

{{Reflist|15em}}

== Works Cited==
Also see the [[/Annotated Bibliography|annotated bibliography]].
{{Refbegin|indent=yes|30em}} 
* {{cite book |last= Nesbitt |first= Anna |date={{date|2000}} |chapter= Edgar Allan Poe |title=The Cask of Amontillado |url= |location= |publisher= Gale Group |pages=297-354}}
* {{cite book |last1= Poe |first1= Edgar |date=2002 |chapter=The Cask of Amontillado |title=Reading and Writing about Literature |editor-last=Sipiora |editor-first=Phillip |location=Upper Saddle River, NJ |publisher=Prentice Hall |pages=240-244}}

*{{cite journal |last1= Foy |first1= Roslyn Reso |last2= Lambo|first2= William E.|date= 2015 Oct-Dec |title= Freemasonry, the Brethren, and the Twists of Edgar Allen Poe in 'The Cask of Amontillado' |url=https://eds.a.ebscohost.com/eds/detail/detail?vid=7&sid=c837bcf4-118b-42e7-924e-a77c2fce50b8%40sdc-v-sessmgr01&bdata=JkF1dGhUeXBlPWlwLHNoaWImc2l0ZT1lZHMtbGl2ZSZzY29wZT1zaXRl#AN=2016380026&db=mlf |journal= Taylor & Francis, Routledge |volume= |issue= 0014-4940 1939-926X (electronic) |pages= 252-256|access-date= 2015 Oct }}

{{Refend}}

==External Links ==

The Cask of Amontillado

2021-10-20T14:39:52Z

Jojo1221: /* Major Themes */ added a theme

{{Infobox short story
| name = The Cask of Amontillado
| image = 
| caption =
| author = [[w:Edgar Allen Poe|Edgar Allan Poe]]
| title_orig =
| translator =
| country = United States
| language = English
| series =
| genre = Horror Fiction
| published_in =
| publication_type =
| publisher =
| media_type =
| pub_date = November 1846
| english_pub_date =
| preceded_by =
| followed_by =
| preceded_by_italics =
| followed_by_italics =
}}

'''“The Cask of Amontillado”''' is a 1846 short horror story wrote by Edgar Allan Poe.
==Plot==
“The Cast of Amontillado” begins by recounting the last meeting between two aristocratic gentlemen, the narrator Montresor, and the wine connoisseur Fortunato.{{sfn|Nisbitt|2000|p=297}} Montresor is plotting his revenge for the thousand injuries Fortunato did to him.{{sfn|Sipiora|2002|p=240}} While at the pre-Lenten festival, Montresor tells Fortunato that he has in his possession a cast of amontillado sherry and does not feel as though it is authentic.{{sfn|Nisbitt|2000|p=297}} Montresor leads Fortunato deep underground to his family catacombs in his palazzo. Although Fortunato has a cough from the nitre, he continues so his rival Luchesi does not steal his opportunity to taste the wine. Once they get into the catacombs Montresor chains him to the wall and begins to use a trowel and fresh mortar to entomb Fortunato.{{sfn|Nisbitt|2000|p=297}}

The story begins at a drinking festival during the Carnivale in an unspecified year in Italy. To entice his victim into his trap and seek revenge over Fortunato's "thousand injuries" against Montresor and his family, Montresor appropriates a key symbol of Freemasonry.

==Characters==
===Montresor===
He is the narrator of the story. He's a fascinating and nuanced character whose desire for vengeance drives the plot. His family motto is Nemo me impune lacessit,{{sfn|Sipiora|2002|p=242}} which translates to "no one insults me with impunity," which explains his motivation for murdering his friend.

===Fortunato===
His name means "fortunate". He is Montresor's Italian friend who is completely oblivious to his friend's revenge motive. It isn't until Montresor locks him in a crypt and begins to brick him in that Fortunato finally realizes he's been tricked. He is the antagonist of the story and loves vintage wines and carnival attire.

Fortunato apparently has a brotherhood and Montresor recognizes this fact and utilizes it for his own destruction hatred and his longing to lure Fortunate to his death.

===Luchesi===
Even though Luchesi isn't a key character in the story, he is still talked about. Luchesi is Fortunato's wine-tasting opponent. Montresor doesn't need to bring up Luchesi in order to entice Fortunato to his doom. The prospect of Amontillado is sufficient enough. For Montresor, Luchesi is a type of insurance.

==Major Themes==
Montresor is motivated by hate and seeks revenge on Fortunato. He feels as if he has insulted him and caused a thousand injuries to him but the injuries are not identified in the short story "The Cask of the Amontillado.

The plot revolves around alcohol and inebriation, with both contributing to Fortunato's gullibility and eventual demise in Montresor's wine cellar. Engaging Fortunato in dialogue ripe with irony, Montresor lures his victim deep into the family catacombs, urging him to try other wines along the way. {{sfn|Nisbett|2000|p=297}}

==Publication History==

==Explanation of the Work's Title==
The Cask of Amontillado is translated to Casket of Wine. Montresor uses the wine to talk Fortunato into following him into his family catacombs. That is how Montresor was able to enact his revenge by entombing Fortunato.{{sfn|Nisbitt|2000|p=297}}

==Literary Significance and Reception==

==Awards and Nominations==

==Citations==

{{Reflist|15em}}

== Works Cited==
Also see the [[/Annotated Bibliography|annotated bibliography]].
{{Refbegin|indent=yes|30em}} 
* {{cite book |last= Nesbitt |first= Anna |date={{date|2000}} |chapter= Edgar Allan Poe |title=The Cask of Amontillado |url= |location= |publisher= Gale Group |pages=297-354}}
* {{cite book |last1= Poe |first1= Edgar |date=2002 |chapter=The Cask of Amontillado |title=Reading and Writing about Literature |editor-last=Sipiora |editor-first=Phillip |location=Upper Saddle River, NJ |publisher=Prentice Hall |pages=240-244}}

*{{cite journal |last1= Foy |first1= Roslyn Reso |last2= Lambo|first2= William E.|date= 2015 Oct-Dec |title= Freemasonry, the Brethren, and the Twists of Edgar Allen Poe in 'The Cask of Amontillado' |url=https://eds.a.ebscohost.com/eds/detail/detail?vid=7&sid=c837bcf4-118b-42e7-924e-a77c2fce50b8%40sdc-v-sessmgr01&bdata=JkF1dGhUeXBlPWlwLHNoaWImc2l0ZT1lZHMtbGl2ZSZzY29wZT1zaXRl#AN=2016380026&db=mlf |journal= Taylor & Francis, Routledge |volume= |issue= 0014-4940 1939-926X (electronic) |pages= 252-256|access-date= 2015 Oct }}

{{Refend}}

==External Links ==

The Cask of Amontillado

2021-10-20T14:18:50Z

Jojo1221: /* Works Cited */ added a citation

{{Infobox short story
| name = The Cask of Amontillado
| image = 
| caption =
| author = [[w:Edgar Allen Poe|Edgar Allan Poe]]
| title_orig =
| translator =
| country = United States
| language = English
| series =
| genre = Horror Fiction
| published_in =
| publication_type =
| publisher =
| media_type =
| pub_date = November 1846
| english_pub_date =
| preceded_by =
| followed_by =
| preceded_by_italics =
| followed_by_italics =
}}

'''“The Cask of Amontillado”''' is a 1846 short horror story wrote by Edgar Allan Poe.
==Plot==
“The Cast of Amontillado” begins by recounting the last meeting between two aristocratic gentlemen, the narrator Montresor, and the wine connoisseur Fortunato.{{sfn|Nisbitt|2000|p=297}} Montresor is plotting his revenge for the thousand injuries Fortunato did to him.{{sfn|Sipiora|2002|p=240}} While at the pre-Lenten festival, Montresor tells Fortunato that he has in his possession a cast of amontillado sherry and does not feel as though it is authentic. Montresor leads Fortunato deep underground to his family catacombs in his palazzo. Although Fortunato has a cough from the nitre, he continues so his rival Luchresi does not steal his opportunity to taste the wine. Once they get into the catacombs Montresor chains him to the wall and begins to use a trowel and fresh mortar to entomb Fortunato.{{sfn|Nisbitt|2000|p=297}}

==Characters==
===Montresor===
He is the narrator of the story. He's a fascinating and nuanced character whose desire for vengeance drives the plot. His family motto is Nemo me impune lacessit,{{sfn|Sipiora|2002|p=242}} which translates to "no one insults me with impunity," which explains his motivation for murdering his friend.

===Fortunato===
His name means "fortunate". He is Montresor's Italian friend who is completely oblivious to his friend's revenge motive. It isn't until Montresor locks him in a crypt and begins to brick him in that Fortunato finally realizes he's been tricked. He is the antagonist of the story and loves vintage wines and carnival attire.

Fortunato apparently has a brotherhood and Montresor recognizes this fact and utilizes it for his own destruction hatred and his longing to lure Fortunate to his death.

===Luchresi===
Even though Luchresi isn't a key character in the story, he is still talked about. Luchesi is Fortunato's wine-tasting opponent. Montresor doesn't need to bring up Luchresi in order to entice Fortunato to his doom. The prospect of Amontillado is sufficient enough. For Montresor, Luchresi is a type of insurance.

==Major Themes==
Montresor seeks revenge on Fortunato because he feels as if he has insulted him but the reason is unidentified in the short story "The Cask of the Amontillado.

==Publication History==

==Explanation of the Work's Title==

==Literary Significance and Reception==

==Awards and Nominations==

==Citations==

{{Reflist|15em}}

== Works Cited==
Also see the [[/Annotated Bibliography|annotated bibliography]].
{{Refbegin|indent=yes|30em}} 
* {{cite book |last= Nesbitt |first= Anna |date={{date|2000}} |chapter= Edgar Allan Poe |title=The Cask of Amontillado |url= |location= |publisher= Gale Group |pages=297-354}}
* {{cite book |last1= Poe |first1= Edgar |date=2002 |chapter=The Cask of Amontillado |title=Reading and Writing about Literature |editor-last=Sipiora |editor-first=Phillip |location=Upper Saddle River, NJ |publisher=Prentice Hall |pages=240-244}}
{{Refend}}

==External Links ==

The Cask of Amontillado

2021-10-20T14:05:28Z

Jojo1221: /* Characters */ added a character

The Cask of Amontillado

2021-10-20T13:44:36Z

Jojo1221: corrected grammatic error

The Cask of Amontillado

2021-10-20T13:43:25Z

Jojo1221: added 9 headings

{{Infobox short story
| name = The Cask of Amontillado
| image = 
| caption =
| author = [[w:Edgar Allen Poe|Edgar Allen Poe]]
| title_orig =
| translator =
| country = United States
| language = English
| series =
| genre = Horror Fiction
| published_in =
| publication_type =
| publisher =
| media_type =
| pub_date = November 1846
| english_pub_date =
| preceded_by =
| followed_by =
| preceded_by_italics =
| followed_by_italics =
}}

'''“The Cask of Amontillado”''' is a 1846 short story by Edgar Allen Poe.
==Plot==

==Characters==
===Montresor===
He is the narrator of the story. He's a fascinating and nuanced character whose desire for vengeance drives the plot. His family motto is Nemo me impune lacessit,{{sfn|Sipiora|2002|p=242}} which translates to "no one insults me with impunity," which explains his motivation for murdering his friend.

===Fortunato===
His name means "fortunate". He is Montresor's Italian friend who is completely oblivious to his friend's revenge motive. It isn't until Montresor locks him in a crypt and begins to brick him in that Fortunato finally realizes he's been tricked. He is the antagonist of the story and loves vintage wines and carnival attire.

==Major Themes==

==Publication History==

==Explanation of the Work's Title==

==Literary Significance and Reception==

==Awards and Nominations==

==Citations==

{{Reflist|15em}}

== Works Cited==

==External Links ==

The Cask of Amontillado

2021-10-19T15:12:48Z

Jojo1221: added citations

{{Infobox short story
| name = The Cask of Amontillado
| image = 
| caption =
| author = [[w:Edgar Allen Poe|Edgar Allen Poe]]
| title_orig =
| translator =
| country = United States
| language = English
| series =
| genre = Horror Fiction
| published_in =
| publication_type =
| publisher =
| media_type =
| pub_date = November 1846
| english_pub_date =
| preceded_by =
| followed_by =
| preceded_by_italics =
| followed_by_italics =
}}

'''“The Cask of Amontillado”''' is a 1846 short story by Edgar Allen Poe.

==Characters==
===Montresor===
He is the narrator of the story. He's a fascinating and nuanced character whose desire for vengeance drives the plot. His family motto is Nemo me impune lacessit,{{sfn|Sipiora|2002|p=242}} which translates to "no one insults me with impunity," which explains his motivation for murdering his friend.

===Fortunato===
His name means "fortunate". He is Montresor's Italian friend who is completely oblivious to his friend's revenge motive. It isn't until Montresor locks him in a crypt and begins to brick him in that Fortunato finally realizes he's been tricked. He is the antagonist of the story and loves vintage wines and carnival attire.

==Citations==

{{Reflist|15em}}

The Cask of Amontillado

2021-10-19T15:09:58Z

Jojo1221: /* Montresor */ added footnote

{{Infobox short story
| name = The Cask of Amontillado
| image = 
| caption =
| author = [[w:Edgar Allen Poe|Edgar Allen Poe]]
| title_orig =
| translator =
| country = United States
| language = English
| series =
| genre = Horror Fiction
| published_in =
| publication_type =
| publisher =
| media_type =
| pub_date = November 1846
| english_pub_date =
| preceded_by =
| followed_by =
| preceded_by_italics =
| followed_by_italics =
}}

'''“The Cask of Amontillado”''' is a 1846 short story by Edgar Allen Poe.

==Characters==
===Montresor===
He is the narrator of the story. He's a fascinating and nuanced character whose desire for vengeance drives the plot. His family motto is Nemo me impune lacessit,{{sfn|Sipiora|2002|p=242}} which translates to "no one insults me with impunity," which explains his motivation for murdering his friend.

===Fortunato===
His name means "fortunate". He is Montresor's Italian friend who is completely oblivious to his friend's revenge motive. It isn't until Montresor locks him in a crypt and begins to brick him in that Fortunato finally realizes he's been tricked. He is the antagonist of the story and loves vintage wines and carnival attire.

The Cask of Amontillado

2021-10-18T17:32:49Z

Jojo1221: added two characters

{{Infobox short story
| name = The Cask of Amontillado
| image = 
| caption =
| author = [[w:Edgar Allen Poe|Edgar Allen Poe]]
| title_orig =
| translator =
| country = United States
| language = English
| series =
| genre = Horror Fiction
| published_in =
| publication_type =
| publisher =
| media_type =
| pub_date = November 1846
| english_pub_date =
| preceded_by =
| followed_by =
| preceded_by_italics =
| followed_by_italics =
}}

'''“The Cask of Amontillado”''' is a 1846 short story by Edgar Allen Poe.

==Characters==
===Montresor===
He is the narrator of the story. He's a fascinating and nuanced character whose desire for vengeance drives the plot. His family motto is Nemo me impune lacessit, which translates to "no one insults me with impunity," which explains his motivation for murdering his friend.

===Fortunato===
His name means "fortunate". He is Montresor's Italian friend who is completely oblivious to his friend's revenge motive. It isn't until Montresor locks him in a crypt and begins to brick him in that Fortunato finally realizes he's been tricked.

The Cask of Amontillado

2021-10-18T17:15:20Z

Jojo1221: added story info.

The Cask of Amontillado

2021-10-18T17:03:27Z

Jojo1221: added info. box

Harrison Bergeron

2021-10-13T14:51:57Z

Jojo1221: /* Major Themes */ added a footnote

{{Infobox short story 
| name = Harrison Bergeron
| author = [[w:Kurt Vonnegut|Kurt Vonnegut]]
| country = United States
| language = English
| genre = [[Dystopia]], [[Science fiction]], political fiction
| published_in = ''[[w:The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction|The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction]]''
| publisher =
| media_type = Print (magazine)
| pub_date = 1961
}}

“'''Harrison Bergeron'''” is a 1961 short story by Kurt Vonnegut.


==Plot==
The story begins in the year of 2081, where the 211th, 212th and the 213th amendments control the lives of individuals. Nobody is allowed to be smarter than anybody else and people with mental disabilities have to wear handicaps. Then people who are better looking than others have to wear a face mask. Harrison Bergeron being taken away by the government at the age of 14 caused him to escape and invade the television studio in an attempt to overthrow the government. He then takes off his handicaps along with a ballerina's handicap and calls himself the Emporer and her the empress. After they dance, Diana Moon Glampers, the handicapped general walks in and kills them both.

==Characters==
===George Bergeron===
George Bergeron is Harrison Bergeron's father and Hazel Bergeron's husband. Despite his strength and "far above normal" IQ, George's abilities are limited by state-imposed mental and physical handicaps{{sfn|Sipiora|2002|p=135}}, making him equal to everyone else.

===Harrison Bergeron===
He is the son of George and Hazel Bergeron, he was taken away by the government at age 14.{{sfn|Sipiora|2002|p=135}} He is seven feet tall{{sfn|Sipiora|2002|p=137}} and appears to be the most advanced model the human species has to offer. Harrison is imprisoned for refusing to accept the government's regulations on himself and society, but he escapes, removes his handicaps, and in an act of disobedience against the government.

=== Hazel Bergeron===
Hazel Bergeron is Harrison Bergeron's mother and George Bergeron's wife. Unlike her husband and son, Hazel is described as having "perfectly average" strength and intelligence, she can't think about anything except in brief spurts{{sfn|Sipiora|2002|p=135}}, hence she has neither mental or physical handicaps.

===Ballerina/Empress===
The Ballerina is one of the dancers in George and Hazel Bergeron's televised dance performance, which they watch for the duration of the story. She has serious mental and physical problems, as well as an ugly disguise, at first. When Harrison Bergeron storms onto the stage and orders, "Let the first woman who dares rise to her feet claim her mate and her throne,"{{sfn|Sipiora|2002|p=138}} this dancer rises to her feet and becomes Harrison's Empress. Harrison takes away all of her handicaps, revealing her "blindingly attractive" beauty, and the two of them dance together brilliantly.{{sfn|Sipiora|2002|p=138}} Diana Moon Glampers shoots and kills Harrison and the Empress after the dance.{{sfn|Sipiora|2002|p=139}}

=== Diana Moon Glampers (Handicapper General)===
She is the United States' Handicapper General. She is in charge of controlling the minds and bodies of all Americans in order to ensure that everyone is treated equally.{{sfn|Sipiora|2002|p=135}} She is the one who shot and killed both Harrison and the Ballerina on live television{{sfn|Sipiora|2002|p=1139}} in order to silence their opposition and convey a message to all residents that individualism and skill will not be allowed.

== Major Themes==
From the start, it is evident that equality is a major theme. The equality represented in the satire isn't what most people think of when they say they desire equality. The intelligent have their thoughts disrupted by jolting sounds, musicians have an unstated handicap that limits their abilities, and the beautiful wear horrible masks. {{sfn|Hattenhauer|1998|p=387}}
Nobody was smarter than anybody else. Nobody was better looking than anybody else. Nobody was stronger or quicker than anybody else.{{sfn|Sipiora|2002|p=135}}

==Development History==


===Publication History===
This is a short story that was written in

===Explanation of the Work's Title===

Vonnegut named the story after the protagonist Harrison Bergeron, a all-American boy who tires to revolt and change the society in which he lives. {{sfn|Votteler|1991|p=427}}

==Literary Significance and Reception==


==Awards and Nominations==
Vonnegut received the 39th Prometheus award for the short story "Harrison Bergeron" on August 19,2019 during the 77th World Science Fiction Convention in Dublin,Ireland .

==Adaptations==


==Citations==

{{Reflist}}
== Works Cited==

* {{Refbegin}}{{cite web |url=https://www.vonnegutlibrary.org/vonnegut-wins-prometheus-award-for-harrison-bergeron/ |title=Vonnegut wins Prometheus Award for ‘Harrison Bergeron’|date=August 19, 2019 |website=Kurt Vonnegut Museum Library|access-date=13 October 2021}}
* {{cite journal
| last1 = Hattenhauer
| first1 = Darryl
| date = Fall 1998
| title = The Politics of Kurt Vonnegut’s Harrison Bergeron
| journal = Studies in Short Fiction
| volume = 35
| issue = 4
| pages = 387
}}

* {{Cite book |last=Votteler |first=Thomas | date=1991 |chapter=Kurt Vonnegut, Jr |title=Short Story Criticism |editor-last=Votteler |editor-first=Thomas |publisher=Gale Research Inc. |pages=423–438 }}

==External Links==



[[Category:Literary]] 
[[Category:20th Century]] 
[[Category:Contemporary]] 
[[Category:Short Stories]]

Harrison Bergeron

2021-10-13T14:49:34Z

Jojo1221: /* Works Cited */ added a cite

{{Infobox short story 
| name = Harrison Bergeron
| author = [[w:Kurt Vonnegut|Kurt Vonnegut]]
| country = United States
| language = English
| genre = [[Dystopia]], [[Science fiction]], political fiction
| published_in = ''[[w:The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction|The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction]]''
| publisher =
| media_type = Print (magazine)
| pub_date = 1961
}}

“'''Harrison Bergeron'''” is a 1961 short story by Kurt Vonnegut.


==Plot==
The story begins in the year of 2081, where the 211th, 212th and the 213th amendments control the lives of individuals. Nobody is allowed to be smarter than anybody else and people with mental disabilities have to wear handicaps. Then people who are better looking than others have to wear a face mask. Harrison Bergeron being taken away by the government at the age of 14 caused him to escape and invade the television studio in an attempt to overthrow the government. He then takes off his handicaps along with a ballerina's handicap and calls himself the Emporer and her the empress. After they dance, Diana Moon Glampers, the handicapped general walks in and kills them both.

==Characters==
===George Bergeron===
George Bergeron is Harrison Bergeron's father and Hazel Bergeron's husband. Despite his strength and "far above normal" IQ, George's abilities are limited by state-imposed mental and physical handicaps{{sfn|Sipiora|2002|p=135}}, making him equal to everyone else.

===Harrison Bergeron===
He is the son of George and Hazel Bergeron, he was taken away by the government at age 14.{{sfn|Sipiora|2002|p=135}} He is seven feet tall{{sfn|Sipiora|2002|p=137}} and appears to be the most advanced model the human species has to offer. Harrison is imprisoned for refusing to accept the government's regulations on himself and society, but he escapes, removes his handicaps, and in an act of disobedience against the government.

=== Hazel Bergeron===
Hazel Bergeron is Harrison Bergeron's mother and George Bergeron's wife. Unlike her husband and son, Hazel is described as having "perfectly average" strength and intelligence, she can't think about anything except in brief spurts{{sfn|Sipiora|2002|p=135}}, hence she has neither mental or physical handicaps.

===Ballerina/Empress===
The Ballerina is one of the dancers in George and Hazel Bergeron's televised dance performance, which they watch for the duration of the story. She has serious mental and physical problems, as well as an ugly disguise, at first. When Harrison Bergeron storms onto the stage and orders, "Let the first woman who dares rise to her feet claim her mate and her throne,"{{sfn|Sipiora|2002|p=138}} this dancer rises to her feet and becomes Harrison's Empress. Harrison takes away all of her handicaps, revealing her "blindingly attractive" beauty, and the two of them dance together brilliantly.{{sfn|Sipiora|2002|p=138}} Diana Moon Glampers shoots and kills Harrison and the Empress after the dance.{{sfn|Sipiora|2002|p=139}}

=== Diana Moon Glampers (Handicapper General)===
She is the United States' Handicapper General. She is in charge of controlling the minds and bodies of all Americans in order to ensure that everyone is treated equally.{{sfn|Sipiora|2002|p=135}} She is the one who shot and killed both Harrison and the Ballerina on live television{{sfn|Sipiora|2002|p=1139}} in order to silence their opposition and convey a message to all residents that individualism and skill will not be allowed.

== Major Themes==
From the start, it is evident that equality is a major theme. The equality represented in the satire isn't what most people think of when they say they desire equality. The intelligent have their thoughts disrupted by jolting sounds, musicians have an unstated handicap that limits their abilities, and the beautiful wear horrible masks. Nobody was smarter than anybody else. Nobody was better looking than anybody else. Nobody was stronger or quicker than anybody else.{{sfn|Sipiora|2002|p=135}}

==Development History==


===Publication History===
This is a short story that was written in

===Explanation of the Work's Title===

Vonnegut named the story after the protagonist Harrison Bergeron, a all-American boy who tires to revolt and change the society in which he lives. {{sfn|Votteler|1991|p=427}}

==Literary Significance and Reception==


==Awards and Nominations==
Vonnegut received the 39th Prometheus award for the short story "Harrison Bergeron" on August 19,2019 during the 77th World Science Fiction Convention in Dublin,Ireland .

==Adaptations==


==Citations==

{{Reflist}}
== Works Cited==

* {{Refbegin}}{{cite web |url=https://www.vonnegutlibrary.org/vonnegut-wins-prometheus-award-for-harrison-bergeron/ |title=Vonnegut wins Prometheus Award for ‘Harrison Bergeron’|date=August 19, 2019 |website=Kurt Vonnegut Museum Library|access-date=13 October 2021}}
* {{cite journal
| last1 = Hattenhauer
| first1 = Darryl
| date = Fall 1998
| title = The Politics of Kurt Vonnegut’s Harrison Bergeron
| journal = Studies in Short Fiction
| volume = 35
| issue = 4
| pages = 387
}}

* {{Cite book |last=Votteler |first=Thomas | date=1991 |chapter=Kurt Vonnegut, Jr |title=Short Story Criticism |editor-last=Votteler |editor-first=Thomas |publisher=Gale Research Inc. |pages=423–438 }}

==External Links==



[[Category:Literary]] 
[[Category:20th Century]] 
[[Category:Contemporary]] 
[[Category:Short Stories]]

Harrison Bergeron

2021-10-13T14:47:16Z

Jojo1221: /* Major Themes */ added a theme

{{Infobox short story 
| name = Harrison Bergeron
| author = [[w:Kurt Vonnegut|Kurt Vonnegut]]
| country = United States
| language = English
| genre = [[Dystopia]], [[Science fiction]], political fiction
| published_in = ''[[w:The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction|The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction]]''
| publisher =
| media_type = Print (magazine)
| pub_date = 1961
}}

“'''Harrison Bergeron'''” is a 1961 short story by Kurt Vonnegut.


==Plot==
The story begins in the year of 2081, where the 211th, 212th and the 213th amendments control the lives of individuals. Nobody is allowed to be smarter than anybody else and people with mental disabilities have to wear handicaps. Then people who are better looking than others have to wear a face mask. Harrison Bergeron being taken away by the government at the age of 14 caused him to escape and invade the television studio in an attempt to overthrow the government. He then takes off his handicaps along with a ballerina's handicap and calls himself the Emporer and her the empress. After they dance, Diana Moon Glampers, the handicapped general walks in and kills them both.

==Characters==
===George Bergeron===
George Bergeron is Harrison Bergeron's father and Hazel Bergeron's husband. Despite his strength and "far above normal" IQ, George's abilities are limited by state-imposed mental and physical handicaps{{sfn|Sipiora|2002|p=135}}, making him equal to everyone else.

===Harrison Bergeron===
He is the son of George and Hazel Bergeron, he was taken away by the government at age 14.{{sfn|Sipiora|2002|p=135}} He is seven feet tall{{sfn|Sipiora|2002|p=137}} and appears to be the most advanced model the human species has to offer. Harrison is imprisoned for refusing to accept the government's regulations on himself and society, but he escapes, removes his handicaps, and in an act of disobedience against the government.

=== Hazel Bergeron===
Hazel Bergeron is Harrison Bergeron's mother and George Bergeron's wife. Unlike her husband and son, Hazel is described as having "perfectly average" strength and intelligence, she can't think about anything except in brief spurts{{sfn|Sipiora|2002|p=135}}, hence she has neither mental or physical handicaps.

===Ballerina/Empress===
The Ballerina is one of the dancers in George and Hazel Bergeron's televised dance performance, which they watch for the duration of the story. She has serious mental and physical problems, as well as an ugly disguise, at first. When Harrison Bergeron storms onto the stage and orders, "Let the first woman who dares rise to her feet claim her mate and her throne,"{{sfn|Sipiora|2002|p=138}} this dancer rises to her feet and becomes Harrison's Empress. Harrison takes away all of her handicaps, revealing her "blindingly attractive" beauty, and the two of them dance together brilliantly.{{sfn|Sipiora|2002|p=138}} Diana Moon Glampers shoots and kills Harrison and the Empress after the dance.{{sfn|Sipiora|2002|p=139}}

=== Diana Moon Glampers (Handicapper General)===
She is the United States' Handicapper General. She is in charge of controlling the minds and bodies of all Americans in order to ensure that everyone is treated equally.{{sfn|Sipiora|2002|p=135}} She is the one who shot and killed both Harrison and the Ballerina on live television{{sfn|Sipiora|2002|p=1139}} in order to silence their opposition and convey a message to all residents that individualism and skill will not be allowed.

== Major Themes==
From the start, it is evident that equality is a major theme. The equality represented in the satire isn't what most people think of when they say they desire equality. The intelligent have their thoughts disrupted by jolting sounds, musicians have an unstated handicap that limits their abilities, and the beautiful wear horrible masks. Nobody was smarter than anybody else. Nobody was better looking than anybody else. Nobody was stronger or quicker than anybody else.{{sfn|Sipiora|2002|p=135}}

==Development History==


===Publication History===
This is a short story that was written in

===Explanation of the Work's Title===

Vonnegut named the story after the protagonist Harrison Bergeron, a all-American boy who tires to revolt and change the society in which he lives. {{sfn|Votteler|1991|p=427}}

==Literary Significance and Reception==


==Awards and Nominations==
Vonnegut received the 39th Prometheus award for the short story "Harrison Bergeron" on August 19,2019 during the 77th World Science Fiction Convention in Dublin,Ireland .

==Adaptations==


==Citations==

{{Reflist}}
== Works Cited==

* {{Refbegin}}{{cite web |url=https://www.vonnegutlibrary.org/vonnegut-wins-prometheus-award-for-harrison-bergeron/ |title=Vonnegut wins Prometheus Award for ‘Harrison Bergeron’|date=August 19, 2019 |website=Kurt Vonnegut Museum Library|access-date=13 October 2021}}
* {{Cite book |last=Votteler |first=Thomas | date=1991 |chapter=Kurt Vonnegut, Jr |title=Short Story Criticism |editor-last=Votteler |editor-first=Thomas |publisher=Gale Research Inc. |pages=423–438 }}

==External Links==



[[Category:Literary]] 
[[Category:20th Century]] 
[[Category:Contemporary]] 
[[Category:Short Stories]]

LitWiki:How to Contribute

2021-10-13T00:27:55Z

Jojo1221: /* Annotated Bibliography Entry */ fixed a word

While there are many ways to contribute to LitWiki, sometimes just deciding on an approach can be daunting. This document is here to help.

First, you may find that just doing some secondary reading on a primary text could be beneficial in piquing your interesting in a particular aspect of a text and supplying a good starting point. For example, you might want to write on the ''[[Epic of Gilgamesh]]'', but you’re not sure how to begin. You might find that if you do a bit of research first, critical analyses of the text will suggest deficient areas of the wiki’s study guide.

==Study Guides==
Most study guides will address a '''text''' of some sort, from {{c|Poetry|poems}} to {{c|Prose|prose}}, and even television shows and films. While there is no one correct way of writing a study guide, most will contain similar sections, listed below in a somewhat arbitrary order. You might begin by having a look at well written examples, like the Wikipedia entry for “[[w:Indian Camp|Indian Camp]]” or one of the [[w:Wikipedia:Featured_articles#Literature and theatre|featured articles in literature and theater]]. These are all good models for study guides. You might also see the [[w:Wikipedia:WikiProject Novels/ArticleTemplate|article template for books]] to give you an idea for organizing your study guide and a place to focus your research. Unless you are an experienced wiki editor, you might begin small by choosing a section of a study guide to '''research''', write, and edit. The following are various places ways to focus.

===Annotated Bibliography Entry===
An easy way to get started adding to a study guide is be contributing an annotated bibliography entry. Simply, this is using a template to add a secondary resource to a bibliography, followed by a couple of sentences that explain the significance of the resource. Bibliographies are staples of scholarly writing and give researchers a list of resources. Annotated bibliographies should be subpages of the study guides (e.g. ''Odyssey''/Bibliography) and bibliography entries are organized alphabetically by '''author’s last name'''.

First, locate a '''strong secondary source''',{{refn|See [[w:Wikipedia:Reliable sources|Wikipedia:Reliable sources]] for a thorough discussion about choosing reliable sources for research. Essentially, you should keep your sources to '''scholarly printed material''': books and journals. Occasionally web resources will work, like reviews and essays in magazines and newspapers and the infrequent web site, but mostly you will want to stick to those items you find in a library. Physically going to the library is the best way to uncover excellent sources, but increasingly full-text resources are available via university libraries. Either way, introduce yourself to a librarian to get the best sources.}} usually a book or an article from a scholarly journal—your university library is a big help here. Get the article and read it, taking notes as you go. Try to identify the critic’s main point(s) and write it in your own words. Once you have read the article, you are ready to write your bibliographic entry.

Next, find the appropriate '''citation template''': [[w:Template:Cite book|book]], [[w:Template:Cite journal|journal]], [[w:Template:Cite magazine|magazine]], [[w:Template:Cite news|newspaper]], or [[w:Template:Cite web|web site]]{{refn|Web sites should be used sparingly as they (1) are often not credible, and (2) tend to disappear. If you think a web page would make a good source, look for two things: an author’s name and a posted date. If these are missing, you might want to avoid using the site as a source.}} will cover most of them.{{refn|See [[w:Wikipedia:Citation templates|Wikipedia:Citation templates]] for further explanation and a list of other source templates you can use.}} Templates provide an easy, consistent way to use sources. For example, this is the template for citing a book:

<code><nowiki>{{cite book |last= |first= |author-link= |date= |title= |url= |location= |publisher= |page= |isbn=}}</nowiki></code>

These are the basic variables, but there are many more, if needed (see the [[w:Template:Cite book|book template]] for all of them). Simply paste the code on the wiki page in the appropriate location (alphabetically by author’s last name) and fill in the details. Once you have them filled in, click the “Show preview” button to see how it looks and if there are any errors.

Once you have the citation looking right, add a couple of sentences at the end that detail the main arguments of the source. The idea is to give readers an overview of the source in case they are interested in reading it for themselves. Here’s an example of an annotated bibliography entry:
{{refbegin|indent=yes}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Kaufmann |first1=Donald |date={{date|2007}} |title=''An American Dream'': The Singular Nightmare |url=https://prmlr.us/mr01kau |journal=The Mailer Review |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=194–205 |access-date={{date|2021-08-02|ISO}} }} Kaufmann reads ''AAD'' as, in Mailer's words, "in a funny way . . . a novel of manners" (202). These manners become a struggle between the institutionalized American Dream (195) and Rojack's internal and individual code (204). Kaufmann interprets ''AAD'' as a "singular nightmare" that reflects Rojack's relationship with the moon, or "magic, dread and perceptions of death as the center of motivation" (196; ''AAD'' 8). Rojack exists in his own dream world, and the narrative reflects this by juxtaposing "fantastic content with a realistic presentation" to illustrate the American ambiguity of the mass media: a lucidity verging on insanity (195) or where much is implied and little substantiated (201). Much of ''AAD'' remains implied, unsubstantiated, and inverted — like "what passes for paradise in America is really hell" (201, 200) — showing Rojack's relationships with white magic at the bottom (Cherry, Roberts, Deidre) and black that seems to have all the power (Kelly, Ganucci, Deborah) (199). ''AAD'' becomes a sort of medieval dream-allegory (199) where salvation remains an individual, inner condition where one survives only through "adherence to a code of relative manners" (204).
{{refend}}

This example is fairly lengthy—most will be half this length. Also note that the writer includes parenthetical citations that reference specific pages for the source, a nice way to help out researchers. Remember, the idea behind an annotated bibliography is to help out researchers as much as possible, so detail and accuracy are paramount.

===Plot Summary===
Summarize the important plot points in paragraph form. This is a “Cliffs Notes” version of the plot, or synopsis, that covers main plot points only, without commentary or analysis.{{refn|{{cite web |url=https://copywritingcourse.com/how-to-write-a-book-summary/ |title=How to Write a Book Summary, Step-by-Step (w/ Templates) |last=Glass |first=Mitch |date={{date|2019-09-30|MDY}} |website=Copywriting Course |publisher= |access-date={{date|2021-08-20|ISO}} }}}} Plot summaries should not be too long, but give the reader an adequate idea bout the narrative’s main events and characters.

===Character Sketch===
Describe the character and his or her importance to the text. A sketch, or analysis, introduces the character to the reader by giving a brief overview of the character.{{refn|{{cite web |url=https://leverageedu.com/blog/how-to-write-a-character-sketch/ |title=How to Write a Character Sketch? |author= |date={{date|2021-04-16|MDY}} |website=Leverage Edu |publisher= |access-date={{date|2021-08-20|ISO}} |ref={{SfnRef|Leverage|2021}} }}}} Longer sketches might be their own sub-pages of the study guide. Use the {{tl|Infobox character}} and [[w:Wikipedia:WikiProject Novels/CharacterArticleTemplate|this page template]]. The template will give you an outline of details to consider when writing the sketch, but generally you might start with the character’s role in the work, including a physical description and background, the character’s main actions, and his or her personality, psychology, motivations, and relationships.{{refn|{{cite web |url=https://fictionfoundry.alumni.columbia.edu/character_sketch_template |title=Character Sketch Template |last=White |first=Ralph |date={{date|2014-08-14|MDY}} |website=Columbia Fiction Foundry |publisher=Columbia Alumni Association |access-date={{date|2021-08-20|ISO}} }}}} Remember, you want to provide a snapshot of the character to help readers visualize him or her and that answers some of the important questions about the character’s role in the story.{{sfn|Leverage|2021}}

===Theme Exploration===
Identify and explain a [[theme]], or a main concern, of the text. First, do some research by finding a couple of strong secondary sources, like chapters in an edited collection (book) or articles in scholarly journals. You might even use the keyword “theme” while searching. Read the articles to get an idea of the themes in the work, and write a paragraph explaining how the theme operates in the text. Be sure you cite your sources correctly: add the source to the “works cited” section using the proper template and use shortened footnotes for in-text citations (see [[Help:Contents]]). For example, see “[[w:Indian Camp#Initiation and fear of death|Indian Camp]],” “[[w:To Build a Fire|To Build a Fire]],” and/or “[[w:The Man Who Studied Yoga|The Man Who Studied Yoga]]” on Wikipedia.

===Symbol/Metaphor Analysis===
Identify and explain a major symbol or metaphor of the text. This is particularly important in poetry study guides.

===Historical Context===
Research and explain the historical context that influenced the creation of the text. Are there any major events that have an obvious connection? Is the text reacting to contemporaneous events in some way?

===Publication History===
When was it published? Where was it published? Are there any interesting stories about its publication?

===Writing Style===
Research and discuss the style of the text.

===Critical Reception / Legacy===
How did contemporaneous critics react to the text? How is the text important to subsequent works, artists, or society?

===Content Expansion and Revision===
Nothing is ever perfect. Revise or add to any sections that need it.

==Literary Term==
Research and define a [[Literary Terms|literary term]] applicable to your course of study.

==Notes and References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:LitWiki]]

LitWiki:How to Contribute

2021-10-13T00:18:01Z

Jojo1221: /* Study Guides */ I made a correction. You had two A's in the sentence

While there are many ways to contribute to LitWiki, sometimes just deciding on an approach can be daunting. This document is here to help.

First, you may find that just doing some secondary reading on a primary text could be beneficial in piquing your interesting in a particular aspect of a text and supplying a good starting point. For example, you might want to write on the ''[[Epic of Gilgamesh]]'', but you’re not sure how to begin. You might find that if you do a bit of research first, critical analyses of the text will suggest deficient areas of the wiki’s study guide.

==Study Guides==
Most study guides will address a '''text''' of some sort, from {{c|Poetry|poems}} to {{c|Prose|prose}}, and even television shows and films. While there is no one correct way of writing a study guide, most will contain similar sections, listed below in a somewhat arbitrary order. You might begin by having a look at well written examples, like the Wikipedia entry for “[[w:Indian Camp|Indian Camp]]” or one of the [[w:Wikipedia:Featured_articles#Literature and theatre|featured articles in literature and theater]]. These are all good models for study guides. You might also see the [[w:Wikipedia:WikiProject Novels/ArticleTemplate|article template for books]] to give you an idea for organizing your study guide and a place to focus your research. Unless you are an experienced wiki editor, you might begin small by choosing a section of a study guide to '''research''', write, and edit. The following are various places ways to focus.

===Annotated Bibliography Entry===
An easy way to get started adding to a study guide is be contributing an annotated bibliography entry. Simply, this is using a template to add a secondary resource to a bibliography, followed by a couple of sentences that explain the significance of the resource. Bibliographies are staples of scholarly writing and give researchers a list of resources. Annotated bibliographies should be subpages of the study guides (e.g. ''Odyssey''/Bibliography) and bibliography entries are organized alphabetically by '''author’s last name'''.

First, locate a '''strong secondary source''',{{refn|See [[w:Wikipedia:Reliable sources|Wikipedia:Reliable sources]] for a thorough discussion about choosing reliable sources for research. Essentially, you should keep your sources to '''scholarly printed material''': books and journals. Occasionally web resources will work, like reviews and essays in magazines and newspapers and the infrequent web site, but mostly you will want to stick to those items you find in a library. Physically going to the library is the best way to uncover excellent sources, but increasingly full-text resources are available via university libraries. Either way, introduce yourself to a librarian to get the best sources.}} usually a book or an article from a scholarly journal—your university library is a big help here. Get the article and read it, taking notes as you go. Try to identify the critic’s main point(s) and write it in your own words. Once you have read the article, you are ready to write your bibliographic entry.

First, find the appropriate '''citation template''': [[w:Template:Cite book|book]], [[w:Template:Cite journal|journal]], [[w:Template:Cite magazine|magazine]], [[w:Template:Cite news|newspaper]], or [[w:Template:Cite web|web site]]{{refn|Web sites should be used sparingly as they (1) are often not credible, and (2) tend to disappear. If you think a web page would make a good source, look for two things: an author’s name and a posted date. If these are missing, you might want to avoid using the site as a source.}} will cover most of them.{{refn|See [[w:Wikipedia:Citation templates|Wikipedia:Citation templates]] for further explanation and a list of other source templates you can use.}} Templates provide an easy, consistent way to use sources. For example, this is the template for citing a book:

<code><nowiki>{{cite book |last= |first= |author-link= |date= |title= |url= |location= |publisher= |page= |isbn=}}</nowiki></code>

These are the basic variables, but there are many more, if needed (see the [[w:Template:Cite book|book template]] for all of them). Simply paste the code on the wiki page in the appropriate location (alphabetically by author’s last name) and fill in the details. Once you have them filled in, click the “Show preview” button to see how it looks and if there are any errors.

Once you have the citation looking right, add a couple of sentences at the end that detail the main arguments of the source. The idea is to give readers an overview of the source in case they are interested in reading it for themselves. Here’s an example of an annotated bibliography entry:
{{refbegin|indent=yes}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Kaufmann |first1=Donald |date={{date|2007}} |title=''An American Dream'': The Singular Nightmare |url=https://prmlr.us/mr01kau |journal=The Mailer Review |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=194–205 |access-date={{date|2021-08-02|ISO}} }} Kaufmann reads ''AAD'' as, in Mailer's words, "in a funny way . . . a novel of manners" (202). These manners become a struggle between the institutionalized American Dream (195) and Rojack's internal and individual code (204). Kaufmann interprets ''AAD'' as a "singular nightmare" that reflects Rojack's relationship with the moon, or "magic, dread and perceptions of death as the center of motivation" (196; ''AAD'' 8). Rojack exists in his own dream world, and the narrative reflects this by juxtaposing "fantastic content with a realistic presentation" to illustrate the American ambiguity of the mass media: a lucidity verging on insanity (195) or where much is implied and little substantiated (201). Much of ''AAD'' remains implied, unsubstantiated, and inverted — like "what passes for paradise in America is really hell" (201, 200) — showing Rojack's relationships with white magic at the bottom (Cherry, Roberts, Deidre) and black that seems to have all the power (Kelly, Ganucci, Deborah) (199). ''AAD'' becomes a sort of medieval dream-allegory (199) where salvation remains an individual, inner condition where one survives only through "adherence to a code of relative manners" (204).
{{refend}}

This example is fairly lengthy—most will be half this length. Also note that the writer includes parenthetical citations that reference specific pages for the source, a nice way to help out researchers. Remember, the idea behind an annotated bibliography is to help out researchers as much as possible, so detail and accuracy are paramount.

===Plot Summary===
Summarize the important plot points in paragraph form. This is a “Cliffs Notes” version of the plot, or synopsis, that covers main plot points only, without commentary or analysis.{{refn|{{cite web |url=https://copywritingcourse.com/how-to-write-a-book-summary/ |title=How to Write a Book Summary, Step-by-Step (w/ Templates) |last=Glass |first=Mitch |date={{date|2019-09-30|MDY}} |website=Copywriting Course |publisher= |access-date={{date|2021-08-20|ISO}} }}}} Plot summaries should not be too long, but give the reader an adequate idea bout the narrative’s main events and characters.

===Character Sketch===
Describe the character and his or her importance to the text. A sketch, or analysis, introduces the character to the reader by giving a brief overview of the character.{{refn|{{cite web |url=https://leverageedu.com/blog/how-to-write-a-character-sketch/ |title=How to Write a Character Sketch? |author= |date={{date|2021-04-16|MDY}} |website=Leverage Edu |publisher= |access-date={{date|2021-08-20|ISO}} |ref={{SfnRef|Leverage|2021}} }}}} Longer sketches might be their own sub-pages of the study guide. Use the {{tl|Infobox character}} and [[w:Wikipedia:WikiProject Novels/CharacterArticleTemplate|this page template]]. The template will give you an outline of details to consider when writing the sketch, but generally you might start with the character’s role in the work, including a physical description and background, the character’s main actions, and his or her personality, psychology, motivations, and relationships.{{refn|{{cite web |url=https://fictionfoundry.alumni.columbia.edu/character_sketch_template |title=Character Sketch Template |last=White |first=Ralph |date={{date|2014-08-14|MDY}} |website=Columbia Fiction Foundry |publisher=Columbia Alumni Association |access-date={{date|2021-08-20|ISO}} }}}} Remember, you want to provide a snapshot of the character to help readers visualize him or her and that answers some of the important questions about the character’s role in the story.{{sfn|Leverage|2021}}

===Theme Exploration===
Identify and explain a [[theme]], or a main concern, of the text. First, do some research by finding a couple of strong secondary sources, like chapters in an edited collection (book) or articles in scholarly journals. You might even use the keyword “theme” while searching. Read the articles to get an idea of the themes in the work, and write a paragraph explaining how the theme operates in the text. Be sure you cite your sources correctly: add the source to the “works cited” section using the proper template and use shortened footnotes for in-text citations (see [[Help:Contents]]). For example, see “[[w:Indian Camp#Initiation and fear of death|Indian Camp]],” “[[w:To Build a Fire|To Build a Fire]],” and/or “[[w:The Man Who Studied Yoga|The Man Who Studied Yoga]]” on Wikipedia.

===Symbol/Metaphor Analysis===
Identify and explain a major symbol or metaphor of the text. This is particularly important in poetry study guides.

===Historical Context===
Research and explain the historical context that influenced the creation of the text. Are there any major events that have an obvious connection? Is the text reacting to contemporaneous events in some way?

===Publication History===
When was it published? Where was it published? Are there any interesting stories about its publication?

===Writing Style===
Research and discuss the style of the text.

===Critical Reception / Legacy===
How did contemporaneous critics react to the text? How is the text important to subsequent works, artists, or society?

===Content Expansion and Revision===
Nothing is ever perfect. Revise or add to any sections that need it.

==Literary Term==
Research and define a [[Literary Terms|literary term]] applicable to your course of study.

==Notes and References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:LitWiki]]

Harrison Bergeron

2021-10-12T15:20:52Z

Jojo1221: /* Harrison Bergeron */ added on a sentence

{{Infobox short story 
| name = Harrison Bergeron
| author = [[w:Kurt Vonnegut|Kurt Vonnegut]]
| country = United States
| language = English
| genre = [[Dystopia]], [[Science fiction]], political fiction
| published_in = ''[[w:The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction|The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction]]''
| publisher =
| media_type = Print (magazine)
| pub_date = 1961
}}

“'''Harrison Bergeron'''” is a 1961 short story by Kurt Vonnegut.


==Plot==
The story set begins in the year 2081. Nobody is able to be smarter than anybody else. So people with mental disabilities wear handicaps and people who are better looking than others have to wear a face mask. Harrison being taken away by the government caused him to escape and invade the television studio in an attempt to overthrow the government. He then takes off his handicaps along with a ballerina's handicap and calls himself the Emporer and her the empress. After they dance, Diana Moon Glampers, the handicapped general walks in and kills them.

==Characters==
===George Bergeron===
George Bergeron is Harrison Bergeron's father and Hazel Bergeron's husband. Despite his strength and "far above normal" IQ, George's abilities are limited by state-imposed mental and physical handicaps{{sfn|Sipiora|2002|p=135}}, making him equal to everyone else.

===Harrison Bergeron===
He is the son of George and Hazel Bergeron, he was taken away by the government at age 14.{{sfn|Sipiora|2002|p=135}} He is seven feet tall{{sfn|Sipiora|2002|p=137}} and appears to be the most advanced model the human species has to offer. Harrison is imprisoned for refusing to accept the government's regulations on himself and society, but he escapes, removes his handicaps, and in an act of disobedience against the government.

===Hazel Bergeron===
Hazel Bergeron is Harrison Bergeron's mother and George Bergeron's wife. Unlike her husband and son, Hazel is described as having "perfectly average" strength and intelligence, she can't think about anything except in brief spurts{{sfn|Sipiora|2002|p=135}}, hence she has neither mental or physical handicaps.

===Ballerina/Empress===
The Ballerina is one of the dancers in George and Hazel Bergeron's televised dance performance, which they watch for the duration of the story. She has serious mental and physical problems, as well as an ugly disguise, at first. When Harrison Bergeron storms onto the stage and orders, "Let the first woman who dares rise to her feet claim her mate and her throne,"{{sfn|Sipiora|2002|p=138}} this dancer rises to her feet and becomes Harrison's Empress. Harrison takes away all of her handicaps, revealing her "blindingly attractive" beauty, and the two of them dance together brilliantly.{{sfn|Sipiora|2002|p=138}} Diana Moon Glampers shoots and kills Harrison and the Empress after the dance.{{sfn|Sipiora|2002|p=139}}

===Diana Moon Glampers (Handicapper General)===
She is the United States' Handicapper General. She is in charge of controlling the minds and bodies of all Americans in order to ensure that everyone is treated equally.{{sfn|Sipiora|2002|p=135}} She is the one who shot and killed both Harrison and the Ballerina on live television{{sfn|Sipiora|2002|p=1139}} in order to silence their opposition and convey a message to all residents that individualism and skill will not be allowed.

==Major Themes==


==Development History==


===Publication History===


===Explanation of the Work's Title===


==Literary Significance and Reception==


==Awards and Nominations==


==Adaptations==


==Citations==

{{Reflist}}

==Works Cited==
{{Refbegin}}

* . . .
{{Refend}}

==External Links==



[[Category:Literary]] 
[[Category:20th Century]] 
[[Category:Contemporary]] 
[[Category:Short Stories]]

Harrison Bergeron

2021-10-12T15:17:13Z

Jojo1221: /* Characters */ added a character and 2 footnotes

{{Infobox short story 
| name = Harrison Bergeron
| author = [[w:Kurt Vonnegut|Kurt Vonnegut]]
| country = United States
| language = English
| genre = [[Dystopia]], [[Science fiction]], political fiction
| published_in = ''[[w:The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction|The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction]]''
| publisher =
| media_type = Print (magazine)
| pub_date = 1961
}}

“'''Harrison Bergeron'''” is a 1961 short story by Kurt Vonnegut.


==Plot==
The story set begins in the year 2081. Nobody is able to be smarter than anybody else. So people with mental disabilities wear handicaps and people who are better looking than others have to wear a face mask. Harrison being taken away by the government caused him to escape and invade the television studio in an attempt to overthrow the government. He then takes off his handicaps along with a ballerina's handicap and calls himself the Emporer and her the empress. After they dance, Diana Moon Glampers, the handicapped general walks in and kills them.

==Characters==
===George Bergeron===
George Bergeron is Harrison Bergeron's father and Hazel Bergeron's husband. Despite his strength and "far above normal" IQ, George's abilities are limited by state-imposed mental and physical handicaps{{sfn|Sipiora|2002|p=135}}, making him equal to everyone else.

===Harrison Bergeron===
Is the son of George and Hazel Bergeron, he was taken away by the government at age 14.{{sfn|Sipiora|2002|p=135}} He is seven feet tall{{sfn|Sipiora|2002|p=137}} and appears to be the most advanced model the human species has to offer.

===Hazel Bergeron===
Hazel Bergeron is Harrison Bergeron's mother and George Bergeron's wife. Unlike her husband and son, Hazel is described as having "perfectly average" strength and intelligence, she can't think about anything except in brief spurts{{sfn|Sipiora|2002|p=135}}, hence she has neither mental or physical handicaps.

===Ballerina/Empress===
The Ballerina is one of the dancers in George and Hazel Bergeron's televised dance performance, which they watch for the duration of the story. She has serious mental and physical problems, as well as an ugly disguise, at first. When Harrison Bergeron storms onto the stage and orders, "Let the first woman who dares rise to her feet claim her mate and her throne,"{{sfn|Sipiora|2002|p=138}} this dancer rises to her feet and becomes Harrison's Empress. Harrison takes away all of her handicaps, revealing her "blindingly attractive" beauty, and the two of them dance together brilliantly.{{sfn|Sipiora|2002|p=138}} Diana Moon Glampers shoots and kills Harrison and the Empress after the dance.{{sfn|Sipiora|2002|p=139}}

===Diana Moon Glampers (Handicapper General)===
She is the United States' Handicapper General. She is in charge of controlling the minds and bodies of all Americans in order to ensure that everyone is treated equally.{{sfn|Sipiora|2002|p=135}} She is the one who shot and killed both Harrison and the Ballerina on live television{{sfn|Sipiora|2002|p=1139}} in order to silence their opposition and convey a message to all residents that individualism and skill will not be allowed.

==Major Themes==


==Development History==


===Publication History===


===Explanation of the Work's Title===


==Literary Significance and Reception==


==Awards and Nominations==


==Adaptations==


==Citations==

{{Reflist}}

==Works Cited==
{{Refbegin}}

* . . .
{{Refend}}

==External Links==



[[Category:Literary]] 
[[Category:20th Century]] 
[[Category:Contemporary]] 
[[Category:Short Stories]]

Harrison Bergeron

2021-10-12T15:09:20Z

Jojo1221: /* Hazel Bergeron */ added one footnote

{{Infobox short story 
| name = Harrison Bergeron
| author = [[w:Kurt Vonnegut|Kurt Vonnegut]]
| country = United States
| language = English
| genre = [[Dystopia]], [[Science fiction]], political fiction
| published_in = ''[[w:The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction|The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction]]''
| publisher =
| media_type = Print (magazine)
| pub_date = 1961
}}

“'''Harrison Bergeron'''” is a 1961 short story by Kurt Vonnegut.


==Plot==
The story set begins in the year 2081. Nobody is able to be smarter than anybody else. So people with mental disabilities wear handicaps and people who are better looking than others have to wear a face mask. Harrison being taken away by the government caused him to escape and invade the television studio in an attempt to overthrow the government. He then takes off his handicaps along with a ballerina's handicap and calls himself the Emporer and her the empress. After they dance, Diana Moon Glampers, the handicapped general walks in and kills them.

==Characters==
===George Bergeron===
George Bergeron is Harrison Bergeron's father and Hazel Bergeron's husband. Despite his strength and "far above normal" IQ, George's abilities are limited by state-imposed mental and physical handicaps{{sfn|Sipiora|2002|p=135}}, making him equal to everyone else.

===Harrison Bergeron===
Is the son of George and Hazel Bergeron, he was taken away by the government at age 14.{{sfn|Sipiora|2002|p=135}} He is seven feet tall{{sfn|Sipiora|2002|p=137}} and appears to be the most advanced model the human species has to offer.

===Hazel Bergeron===
Hazel Bergeron is Harrison Bergeron's mother and George Bergeron's wife. Unlike her husband and son, Hazel is described as having "perfectly average" strength and intelligence, she can't think about anything except in brief spurts{{sfn|Sipiora|2002|p=135}}, hence she has neither mental or physical handicaps.

===Ballerina/Empress===
The Ballerina is one of the dancers in George and Hazel Bergeron's televised dance performance, which they watch for the duration of the story. She has serious mental and physical problems, as well as an ugly disguise, at first. When Harrison Bergeron storms onto the stage and orders, "Let the first woman who dares rise to her feet claim her mate and her throne,"{{sfn|Sipiora|2002|p=138}} this dancer rises to her feet and becomes Harrison's Empress. Harrison takes away all of her handicaps, revealing her "blindingly attractive" beauty, and the two of them dance together brilliantly.{{sfn|Sipiora|2002|p=138}} Diana Moon Glampers shoots and kills Harrison and the Empress after the dance.{{sfn|Sipiora|2002|p=139}}

==Major Themes==


==Development History==


===Publication History===


===Explanation of the Work's Title===


==Literary Significance and Reception==


==Awards and Nominations==


==Adaptations==


==Citations==

{{Reflist}}

==Works Cited==
{{Refbegin}}

* . . .
{{Refend}}

==External Links==



[[Category:Literary]] 
[[Category:20th Century]] 
[[Category:Contemporary]] 
[[Category:Short Stories]]

Harrison Bergeron

2021-10-12T15:07:55Z

Jojo1221: /* George Bergeron */ added one footnote

{{Infobox short story 
| name = Harrison Bergeron
| author = [[w:Kurt Vonnegut|Kurt Vonnegut]]
| country = United States
| language = English
| genre = [[Dystopia]], [[Science fiction]], political fiction
| published_in = ''[[w:The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction|The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction]]''
| publisher =
| media_type = Print (magazine)
| pub_date = 1961
}}

“'''Harrison Bergeron'''” is a 1961 short story by Kurt Vonnegut.


==Plot==
The story set begins in the year 2081. Nobody is able to be smarter than anybody else. So people with mental disabilities wear handicaps and people who are better looking than others have to wear a face mask. Harrison being taken away by the government caused him to escape and invade the television studio in an attempt to overthrow the government. He then takes off his handicaps along with a ballerina's handicap and calls himself the Emporer and her the empress. After they dance, Diana Moon Glampers, the handicapped general walks in and kills them.

==Characters==
===George Bergeron===
George Bergeron is Harrison Bergeron's father and Hazel Bergeron's husband. Despite his strength and "far above normal" IQ, George's abilities are limited by state-imposed mental and physical handicaps{{sfn|Sipiora|2002|p=135}}, making him equal to everyone else.

===Harrison Bergeron===
Is the son of George and Hazel Bergeron, he was taken away by the government at age 14.{{sfn|Sipiora|2002|p=135}} He is seven feet tall{{sfn|Sipiora|2002|p=137}} and appears to be the most advanced model the human species has to offer.

===Hazel Bergeron===
Hazel Bergeron is Harrison Bergeron's mother and George Bergeron's wife. Unlike her husband and son, Hazel is described as having "totally average" strength and intelligence (she can't think about anything except in brief spurts), hence she has neither mental or physical handicaps.

===Ballerina/Empress===
The Ballerina is one of the dancers in George and Hazel Bergeron's televised dance performance, which they watch for the duration of the story. She has serious mental and physical problems, as well as an ugly disguise, at first. When Harrison Bergeron storms onto the stage and orders, "Let the first woman who dares rise to her feet claim her mate and her throne,"{{sfn|Sipiora|2002|p=138}} this dancer rises to her feet and becomes Harrison's Empress. Harrison takes away all of her handicaps, revealing her "blindingly attractive" beauty, and the two of them dance together brilliantly.{{sfn|Sipiora|2002|p=138}} Diana Moon Glampers shoots and kills Harrison and the Empress after the dance.{{sfn|Sipiora|2002|p=139}}

==Major Themes==


==Development History==


===Publication History===


===Explanation of the Work's Title===


==Literary Significance and Reception==


==Awards and Nominations==


==Adaptations==


==Citations==

{{Reflist}}

==Works Cited==
{{Refbegin}}

* . . .
{{Refend}}

==External Links==



[[Category:Literary]] 
[[Category:20th Century]] 
[[Category:Contemporary]] 
[[Category:Short Stories]]

Harrison Bergeron

2021-10-12T15:06:13Z

Jojo1221: /* Harrison Bergeron */ added 2 footnotes

{{Infobox short story 
| name = Harrison Bergeron
| author = [[w:Kurt Vonnegut|Kurt Vonnegut]]
| country = United States
| language = English
| genre = [[Dystopia]], [[Science fiction]], political fiction
| published_in = ''[[w:The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction|The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction]]''
| publisher =
| media_type = Print (magazine)
| pub_date = 1961
}}

“'''Harrison Bergeron'''” is a 1961 short story by Kurt Vonnegut.


==Plot==
The story set begins in the year 2081. Nobody is able to be smarter than anybody else. So people with mental disabilities wear handicaps and people who are better looking than others have to wear a face mask. Harrison being taken away by the government caused him to escape and invade the television studio in an attempt to overthrow the government. He then takes off his handicaps along with a ballerina's handicap and calls himself the Emporer and her the empress. After they dance, Diana Moon Glampers, the handicapped general walks in and kills them.

==Characters==
===George Bergeron===
George Bergeron is Harrison Bergeron's father and Hazel Bergeron's husband. Despite his strength and "far above normal" IQ, George's abilities are limited by state-imposed mental and physical handicaps, making him equal to everyone else.

===Harrison Bergeron===
Is the son of George and Hazel Bergeron, he was taken away by the government at age 14.{{sfn|Sipiora|2002|p=135}} He is seven feet tall{{sfn|Sipiora|2002|p=137}} and appears to be the most advanced model the human species has to offer.

===Hazel Bergeron===
Hazel Bergeron is Harrison Bergeron's mother and George Bergeron's wife. Unlike her husband and son, Hazel is described as having "totally average" strength and intelligence (she can't think about anything except in brief spurts), hence she has neither mental or physical handicaps.

===Ballerina/Empress===
The Ballerina is one of the dancers in George and Hazel Bergeron's televised dance performance, which they watch for the duration of the story. She has serious mental and physical problems, as well as an ugly disguise, at first. When Harrison Bergeron storms onto the stage and orders, "Let the first woman who dares rise to her feet claim her mate and her throne,"{{sfn|Sipiora|2002|p=138}} this dancer rises to her feet and becomes Harrison's Empress. Harrison takes away all of her handicaps, revealing her "blindingly attractive" beauty, and the two of them dance together brilliantly.{{sfn|Sipiora|2002|p=138}} Diana Moon Glampers shoots and kills Harrison and the Empress after the dance.{{sfn|Sipiora|2002|p=139}}

==Major Themes==


==Development History==


===Publication History===


===Explanation of the Work's Title===


==Literary Significance and Reception==


==Awards and Nominations==


==Adaptations==


==Citations==

{{Reflist}}

==Works Cited==
{{Refbegin}}

* . . .
{{Refend}}

==External Links==



[[Category:Literary]] 
[[Category:20th Century]] 
[[Category:Contemporary]] 
[[Category:Short Stories]]

Harrison Bergeron

2021-10-12T15:04:38Z

Jojo1221: /* Ballerina/Empress */ added 3 footnotes

{{Infobox short story 
| name = Harrison Bergeron
| author = [[w:Kurt Vonnegut|Kurt Vonnegut]]
| country = United States
| language = English
| genre = [[Dystopia]], [[Science fiction]], political fiction
| published_in = ''[[w:The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction|The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction]]''
| publisher =
| media_type = Print (magazine)
| pub_date = 1961
}}

“'''Harrison Bergeron'''” is a 1961 short story by Kurt Vonnegut.


==Plot==
The story set begins in the year 2081. Nobody is able to be smarter than anybody else. So people with mental disabilities wear handicaps and people who are better looking than others have to wear a face mask. Harrison being taken away by the government caused him to escape and invade the television studio in an attempt to overthrow the government. He then takes off his handicaps along with a ballerina's handicap and calls himself the Emporer and her the empress. After they dance, Diana Moon Glampers, the handicapped general walks in and kills them.

==Characters==
===George Bergeron===
George Bergeron is Harrison Bergeron's father and Hazel Bergeron's husband. Despite his strength and "far above normal" IQ, George's abilities are limited by state-imposed mental and physical handicaps, making him equal to everyone else.

===Harrison Bergeron===
Is the son of George and Hazel Bergeron, he was taken away by the government at age 14. He is seven feet tall and appears to be the most advanced model the human species has to offer.

===Hazel Bergeron===
Hazel Bergeron is Harrison Bergeron's mother and George Bergeron's wife. Unlike her husband and son, Hazel is described as having "totally average" strength and intelligence (she can't think about anything except in brief spurts), hence she has neither mental or physical handicaps.

===Ballerina/Empress===
The Ballerina is one of the dancers in George and Hazel Bergeron's televised dance performance, which they watch for the duration of the story. She has serious mental and physical problems, as well as an ugly disguise, at first. When Harrison Bergeron storms onto the stage and orders, "Let the first woman who dares rise to her feet claim her mate and her throne,"{{sfn|Sipiora|2002|p=138}} this dancer rises to her feet and becomes Harrison's Empress. Harrison takes away all of her handicaps, revealing her "blindingly attractive" beauty, and the two of them dance together brilliantly.{{sfn|Sipiora|2002|p=138}} Diana Moon Glampers shoots and kills Harrison and the Empress after the dance.{{sfn|Sipiora|2002|p=139}}

==Major Themes==


==Development History==


===Publication History===


===Explanation of the Work's Title===


==Literary Significance and Reception==


==Awards and Nominations==


==Adaptations==


==Citations==

{{Reflist}}

==Works Cited==
{{Refbegin}}

* . . .
{{Refend}}

==External Links==



[[Category:Literary]] 
[[Category:20th Century]] 
[[Category:Contemporary]] 
[[Category:Short Stories]]

Harrison Bergeron

2021-10-12T15:00:28Z

Jojo1221: /* Characters */ added a character

Harrison Bergeron

2021-10-12T14:54:39Z

Jojo1221: /* Hazel Bergeron */ added more info.

Harrison Bergeron

2021-10-12T14:43:53Z

Jojo1221: /* George Bergeron */ added who he is

Harrison Bergeron

2021-10-12T14:40:34Z

Jojo1221: /* Harrison Bergeron */ changed grammatic errors and added info.

Sonny's Blues

2021-10-05T14:24:19Z

Jojo1221: /* Characters */ edited sonny's friend

{{Infobox short story
| name = Sonny’s Blues
| image = 
| caption =
| author = [[w:James Baldwin|James Baldwin]]
| title_orig =
| translator =
| country = United States
| language = English
| series =
| genre =
| published_in = ''Partisan Review''
| publication_type =
| publisher =
| media_type =
| pub_date = 1957
| english_pub_date =
| preceded_by =
| followed_by =
| preceded_by_italics =
| followed_by_italics =
}}

'''“Sonny’s Blues”''' is a 1957 short story by [[w:James Baldwin|James Baldwin]] first published in ''Partisan Review''.


==Plot==
The story begins with the unnamed narrator on his way to work as a math teacher and opening up a newspaper finding out his brother, Sonny had been arrested for using and selling heroin.{{sfn|Baldwin|2002|p=79}} The whole day his mind was set on the disturbing news. When his class was over, a friend of Sonny's came through the school yard to talk to the narrator about the situation and that he felt responsible for getting sonny hooked.{{sfn|Baldwin|2002|p=80-82}} After the narrator daughter died of polio, he felt the need to write Sonny.{{sfn|Baldwin|2002|p=82}} When sonny got out of jail he had to live with the narrator wife Isabel's parents so that he could go to school and have access to a piano.{{sfn|Baldwin|2002|p=90}} Meanwhile, Sonny did not go to school, he started doing acid.{{sfn|Baldwin|2002|p=91}} After that he ran off to the navy and came back, him and the narrator got into a argument which made the narrator try to figure out sonny.{{sfn|Baldwin|2002|p=92}} So he goes to where sonny plays the piano and likes it and he send his brother a drink of a alcoholic scotch and milk.{{sfn|Baldwin|2002|p=99}} Sonny really didn't have no remorse for losing his parents at all.{{sfn|Baldwin|2002|p=82}}

==Characters==
'''Narrator''': He is a math teacher and he is 7 years older than Sonny.

'''Sonny''': He is the narrator's brother, jazz musician, and heroin addict who lived in New York. He died when he got hit by a car while walking home from a concert with the narrator’s father.

'''Isabel''': The wife of the narrator. She is a kind and understanding person and happy to take sonny into their family, despite his troubles.

'''Grace''': The narrator's daughter who died of polio at the age of two.

'''Creole''': Creole is the leader of the band sonny plays with at the jazz club.

'''The narrator's uncle''': He was killed at a young age when a car of drunken white men ran him over. The death broke the narrator's father's heart.

'''The narrator's Mother''': She is not alive in the story. She is wise and caring, dies when the narrator is away at war.

'''The narrator's Father''': He is also not alive and he is a hard man whose brother's death causes him immense grief.

'''Sonny's Friend''': He is a heroin addict who visits the narrator to tell him what happened to Sonny. He is unnamed whose brief appearance in the short story represents the innumerable young guys in Harlem who are addicted to drugs.

==Major themes==
One of the major themes is power of music, Sonny compares music's affective power to that of heroin. It makes him feel, "warm and cool at the same time" distant, sure and in control.{{sfn|Baldwin|2002|p=94}}

A theme presented in the story is brotherly division{{sfn|Stone|2013|p=1}}. The symbology of the death of Grace plays an essential role in both the narrator and Sonny’s relationship. Sonny’s fall from grace depicts his morality and corroded decisions leading to an isolated life.{{sfn|Stone|2013|p=2}} A fall from grace always has consequences in Christianity. The family is sorrowed over the death of the narrator’s daughter, leading to disintegration of grace within the brothers, causing them to drift apart and threatens to destroy their relationship.{{sfn|Stone|2013|p=3}}

==Development history==


===Publication history===




===Explanation of the Story’s Title===
The title of the story "Sonny's Blues” explains more about the story than it puts on even though his brother is the narrator, the character Sonny, still seems to have the story centered around him. As the book begins, we get to know just what Sonny's "blues" or woes are. Going into the second paragraph the narrator describes his concern for his brother as " A great block of ice... settled in my belly ". {{sfn|Baldwin|2002|p79}} He further goes on to describe the block of ice to be expanding until it felt like his guts " were going to spill out" he "was going to choke scream". {{sfn|Baldwin|2002|p79}} The narrator goes on to talk about how Sonny was arrested in a raid for “peddling and using heroin”. {{sfn|Baldwin|2002|p79}}

==Literary significance and reception==


==Awards and nominations==
~lists awards the work received, and significant nominations, if applicable; include in reception if brief~

==Adaptations==


==Citations==
{{Reflist}}

==Works Cited==
See also: [[/Annotated Bibliography/]]
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |last1=Baldwin |first1=James |date=2002 |chapter=Sonny's Blues |title=Reading and Writing about Literature |editor-last=Sipiora |editor-first=Phillip |pages=79-99 }}
* {{cite journal | first=Eui Young | last= Kim | date= October 2013 | title= The Sociology of the Ghetto in James Baldwin's ‘Sonny's Blues’ | journal= The Explicator | volume= 76 | issue= 3 | pages= 161-165
}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Stone | first1=Caitlin | date= October 2013 | title= Lost and Found: The Fall of Grace in ‘Sonny's Blues’ |journal=The Explicator | volume= 71 |issue= 4 | pages= 251-254 }}
* {{Cite book |date={{date|2002}} |title=Reading and Writing about Literature |editor-last=Sipiora |editor-first=Phillip |publisher=Prentice Hall |location=Upper Saddle Creek, NJ |pages=149–160 }}
{{refend}}

==External links==
* . . .

[[Category:Short Stories]]
[[Category:20th Century]]
[[Category:Literary]]
[[Category:Contemporary]]

Sonny's Blues

2021-10-04T21:11:31Z

Jojo1221: /* Characters */ added sonny's friend

{{Infobox short story
| name = Sonny’s Blues
| image = 
| caption =
| author = [[w:James Baldwin|James Baldwin]]
| title_orig =
| translator =
| country = United States
| language = English
| series =
| genre =
| published_in = ''Partisan Review''
| publication_type =
| publisher =
| media_type =
| pub_date = 1957
| english_pub_date =
| preceded_by =
| followed_by =
| preceded_by_italics =
| followed_by_italics =
}}

'''“Sonny’s Blues”''' is a 1957 short story by [[w:James Baldwin|James Baldwin]] first published in ''Partisan Review''.


==Plot==
The story begins with the unnamed narrator on his way to work as a math teacher and opening up a newspaper finding out his brother, Sonny had been arrested for using and selling heroin.{{sfn|Baldwin|2002|p=79}} The whole day his mind was set on the disturbing news. When his class was over, a friend of Sonny's came through the school yard to talk to the narrator about the situation and that he felt responsible for getting sonny hooked.{{sfn|Baldwin|2002|p=80-82}} After the narrator daughter died of polio, he felt the need to write Sonny.{{sfn|Baldwin|2002|p=82}} When sonny got out of jail he had to live with the narrator wife Isabel's parents so that he could go to school and have access to a piano.{{sfn|Baldwin|2002|p=90}} Meanwhile, Sonny did not go to school, he started doing acid.{{sfn|Baldwin|2002|p=91}} After that he ran off to the navy and came back, him and the narrator got into a argument which made the narrator try to figure out sonny.{{sfn|Baldwin|2002|p=92}} So he goes to where sonny plays the piano and likes it and he send his brother a drink of a alcoholic scotch and milk.{{sfn|Baldwin|2002|p=99}} Sonny really didn't have no remorse for losing his parents at all.{{sfn|Baldwin|2002|p=82}}

==Characters==
'''Narrator''': He is a math teacher and he is 7 years older than Sonny.

'''Sonny''': He is the narrator's brother, jazz musician, and heroin addict who lived in New York.

'''Isabel''': The wife of the narrator. She is kind and understanding person and happy to take sonny into their family, despite his troubles.

'''Grace''': The narrator's daughter who died of polio at the age of two.

'''Creole''': Creole is the leader of the band sonny plays with at the jazz club.

'''The narrator's uncle''': He was killed at a young age when a car of drunken white men ran him over. The death broke the narrator's father's heart.

'''The narrator's Mother''': She is not alive in the story. She is wise and caring, dies when the narrator is away at war.

'''The narrator's Father''': He is also not alive and he is a hard man whose brother's death causes him immense grief.

'''Sonny's Friend''': He is a heroin addict visits the narrator to tell him what happened to Sonny. He is an unnamed soul whose brief appearance in the novel represents the innumerable young guys in Harlem who are addicted to drugs.

==Major themes==
One of the major themes is power of music, Sonny compares music's affective power to that of heroin. It makes him feel, "warm and cool at the same time" distant, sure and in control.{{sfn|Baldwin|2002|p=94}}

A theme presented in the story is brotherly division{{sfn|Stone|2013|p=1}}. The symbology of the death of Grace plays an essential role in both the narrator and Sonny’s relationship. Sonny’s fall from grace depicts his morality and corroded decisions leading to an isolated life.{{sfn|Stone|2013|p=2}} A fall from grace always has consequences in Christianity. The family is sorrowed over the death of the narrator’s daughter, leading to disintegration of grace within the brothers, causing them to drift apart and threatens to destroy their relationship.{{sfn|Stone|2013|p=3}}

==Development history==


===Publication history===




===Explanation of the Story’s Title===
The title of the story "Sonny's Blues” explains more about the story than it puts on even though his brother is the narrator, the character Sonny, still seems to have the story centered around him. As the book begins, we get to know just what Sonny's "blues" or woes are. Going into the second paragraph the narrator describes his concern for his brother as " A great block of ice... settled in my belly ". {{sfn|Baldwin|2002|p79}} He further goes on to describe the block of ice to be expanding until it felt like his guts " were going to spill out" he "was going to choke scream". {{sfn|Baldwin|2002|p79}} The narrator goes on to talk about how Sonny was arrested in a raid for “peddling and using heroin”. {{sfn|Baldwin|2002|p79}}

==Literary significance and reception==


==Awards and nominations==
~lists awards the work received, and significant nominations, if applicable; include in reception if brief~

==Adaptations==


==Citations==
{{Reflist}}

==Works Cited==
See also: [[/Annotated Bibliography/]]
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |last1=Baldwin |first1=James |date=2002 |chapter=Sonny's Blues |title=Reading and Writing about Literature |editor-last=Sipiora |editor-first=Phillip |pages=79-99 }}
* {{cite journal | first=Eui Young | last= Kim | date= October 2013 | title= The Sociology of the Ghetto in James Baldwin's ‘Sonny's Blues’ | journal= The Explicator | volume= 76 | issue= 3 | pages= 161-165
}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Stone | first1=Caitlin | date= October 2013 | title= Lost and Found: The Fall of Grace in ‘Sonny's Blues’ |journal=The Explicator | volume= 71 |issue= 4 | pages= 251-254 }}
* {{Cite book |date={{date|2002}} |title=Reading and Writing about Literature |editor-last=Sipiora |editor-first=Phillip |publisher=Prentice Hall |location=Upper Saddle Creek, NJ |pages=149–160 }}
{{refend}}

==External links==
* . . .

[[Category:Short Stories]]
[[Category:20th Century]]
[[Category:Literary]]
[[Category:Contemporary]]

To Build a Fire/Annotated Bibliography

2021-09-29T14:29:55Z

Jojo1221: made punctuation corrections

{{DISPLAYTITLE:<span style="font-size:22px;">{{BASEPAGENAME}}/</span>{{SUBPAGENAME}}}}
{{Refbegin|indent=yes}}
*{{cite journal
| last1 = Bowen
| first1 = James
| date = Winter 1971
| title = Jack London's "To Build a Fire": Epistemology and the White Wilderness
| journal = Western American Literature
| volume = 5
| issue = 4
| page = 287-289
}} The dog's survival in "To Build a Fire," symbolically reflects London's idea that man should, sometimes, rely on his intuition truths rather than his intellectual cognitive processes. He appears to suggest that animals live by instinct, individuals with low mental capacity fail, and human beings who use good judgment, balanced by emotional insights, overcome a harsh environment. He had a problem in that he lacked imagination. In the simple things in life, he was quick and vigilant, but only in these things, not in the significances. Rather than representing the victory of instinct over reason, London offers a third choice as a new perspective on human existence. In this case, it would be the old timer from Sulphur Creek.

*{{cite journal
| last1 = Pizer
| first1 = Donald
| date = April 2010
| title = Jack London's 'To Build a Fire': How Not to Read Naturalist Fiction
| journal = Johns Hopkins University Press
| volume = 34
| issue = 1
| page = 218-227
}} Mitchell's travels alone to prove his case that "To Build a Fire" communicates the naturalistic reason that man lives in a world that denies him the possibility to travel alone. It is mid-winter in the Arctic during a cold day, that the man is traveling alone. The storyteller is deciding on this choice because of his record of the setting and the idea of the man. The man didn't stress about the shortfall of the sun, since he realizes that it will return in a couple of days. However, we understand very quickly, the man has just a piece of shallow information on the Arctic. As he remains on the bank of the Yukon. He has almost not seen the outrageous danger presented by the cold. This is his first winter. Afterward, the man likewise knows the reality that the sun will return, that it is fifty degrees under nothing, yet he doesn't have the smartest idea about the significance of this reality that it predicts passing for any individual who makes himself defenseless against its capacity to kill.

To Build a Fire

2021-09-29T14:28:21Z

Jojo1221: /* The Old-Timer */ added footnote

{{Infobox short story 
| name = To Build a Fire
| image =
| caption =
| title_orig =
| translator =
| author = [[w:Jack London|Jack London]]
| country =

| language = English
| series =
| genre = Adventure, short story
| published_in =
| publication_type =
| publisher =
| media_type =
| pub_date = 1902, 1908
| english_pub_date =
| preceded_by =
| followed_by =
| preceded_by_italics =
| followed_by_italics =
}}

“'''To Build a Fire'''” is a 1908 short story by Jack London.


==Plot==


==Characters==
===The Man===
The man travels in the Yukon Territories with a husky. He is a “''chechaquo''," or a newcomer,{{sfn|Sipiora|2002|p=149}} making him overconfident and inexperienced, but self-assured because he knows the “facts.”{{sfn|Sipiora|2002|p=160}}

===The Dog===
The dog is a “big native husky”{{sfn|Sipiora|2002|p=150}} that accompanies the man along on his journey; the dog operates based on instinct.{{sfn|Sipiora|2002|p=160}}

===The Old-Timer===
Though he only appears in flashbacks, the Old-Timer from Sulphur Creek warns the man about the cold and traveling alone. {{sfn|Sipiora|2002|p=154}}

==Major Themes==

A major theme of “Fire” is man versus nature, specifically, that man’s arrogance blinds him to nature and its potential.{{sfn|Sipiora|2002|p=161}} The Klondike is an area that is a grasping story of the battle of the frozen Yukon trail.{{sfn|Sipiora|2002|p=157}} It is an account of man versus nature, yet inside that story is one more story about a man's pride and unreadiness to acknowledge nature for what it is. {{sfn|Sipiora|2002|p=161}} At the point when the man dismisses the law of nature, the discipline managed out naturally is serious. {{sfn|Sipiora|2002|p=156}} The punishment of death comes to about because of attempting to stay away from it. {{sfn|Sipiora|2002|p=158}} There is a big contrast between the information and that man has and the information he ought to have had.{{sfn|Sipiora|2002|p=149}}

The importance of community as opposed to self-reliance in survival and growth is emphasized in “Fire.”{{sfn|Sipiora|2002|p=161}}

Critic Donald Pizer explains how the limit of individualism is a key theme in this story. {{sfn|Pizer|2010|p=219}} The protagonist of the novel frequently claims his ability to travel alone and feels he can survive the harsh winter conditions. {{sfn|Pizer|2010|p=220}} Despite the cautions of the old man at Sulphur Creek, he refuses to travel with a companion, which ultimately leads to his death. {{sfn|Pizer|2010|p=221}}The man is unaware of the value of receiving assistance from others and believes that his own abilities will assure his survival. Apart from declining to go with a companion, the man demonstrates independence by dismissing the old man's wisdom and ignoring experience and guidance. The fact that the old man is an American in unfamiliar terrain is one piece of information that we are provided with. Individual freedoms and liberties are prized in American culture, and London's experience exemplifies the risks that these beliefs can engender.

==Development History==


===Publication History===


===Explanation of the Work's Title===


==Literary Significance and Reception==


==Awards and Nominations==


==Adaptations==

"To Build A Fire" was adapted into a multi-award-winning short film in 2016. The making of the film was to celebrate the 100th year anniversary of Jack London. It was directed and written by Fx Goby.{{sfn|Gatrell|2018}}

==Citations==

{{Reflist}}

==Works Cited==
See also: [[/Annotated Bibliography/]].
{{Refbegin|indent=yes|30em}}

* {{cite book |last=Gair |first=Christopher |date={{date|2011}} |chapter=The Wires Were Down: The Telegraph and the Cultural Self in “To Build a Fire” and ''White Fang'' |title=Jack London |editor-last=Bloom |editor-first=Harold |series=Bloom’s Modern Critical Views |url= |location=New York |publisher=Bloom’s Literary Criticism |pages=73–90 }}
* {{Cite book |last=London |first=Jack | date=2002 |orig-year=1908 |chapter=To Build a Fire |title=Reading and Writing about Literature |editor-last=Sipiora |editor-first=Phillip |publisher=Prentice Hall |location=Upper Saddle Creek, NJ |pages=149–160 }}
* {{cite journal
| last1 = Pizer
| first1 = Donald
| date = April 2010
| title = Jack London's "To Build a Fire": How Not To Read Naturalist Fiction
| journal = Philosophy & Literature
| volume = 34
| issue = 1
| pages = 218-227
}}
* {{Cite book |date={{date|2002}} |title=Reading and Writing about Literature |editor-last=Sipiora |editor-first=Phillip |publisher=Prentice Hall |location=Upper Saddle Creek, NJ |pages=149–160 }}

{{Refend}}

==External Links==


* {{cite web |last=Gatrell |first=Henry |title= Short of the Week - To Build a Fire |url=https://oneroomwithaview.com/2018/01/22/short-week-build-fire/ |date=2018 |website= oneroomwithaview.com |publisher= |access-date= |quote=}}

[[Category:Literary]] 
[[Category:20th Century]] 
[[Category:Naturalism]] 
[[Category:Short Stories]]

To Build a Fire

2021-09-29T14:22:32Z

Jojo1221: /* Major Themes */ added footnotes

{{Infobox short story 
| name = To Build a Fire
| image =
| caption =
| title_orig =
| translator =
| author = [[w:Jack London|Jack London]]
| country =

| language = English
| series =
| genre = Adventure, short story
| published_in =
| publication_type =
| publisher =
| media_type =
| pub_date = 1902, 1908
| english_pub_date =
| preceded_by =
| followed_by =
| preceded_by_italics =
| followed_by_italics =
}}

“'''To Build a Fire'''” is a 1908 short story by Jack London.


==Plot==


==Characters==
===The Man===
The man travels in the Yukon Territories with a husky. He is a “''chechaquo''," or a newcomer,{{sfn|Sipiora|2002|p=149}} making him overconfident and inexperienced, but self-assured because he knows the “facts.”{{sfn|Sipiora|2002|p=160}}

===The Dog===
The dog is a “big native husky”{{sfn|Sipiora|2002|p=150}} that accompanies the man along on his journey; the dog operates based on instinct.{{sfn|Sipiora|2002|p=160}}

===The Old-Timer===
Though he only appears in flashbacks, the Old-Timer from Sulphur Creek warns the man about the cold and traveling alone.

==Major Themes==

A major theme of “Fire” is man versus nature, specifically, that man’s arrogance blinds him to nature and its potential.{{sfn|Sipiora|2002|p=161}} The Klondike is an area that is a grasping story of the battle of the frozen Yukon trail.{{sfn|Sipiora|2002|p=157}} It is an account of man versus nature, yet inside that story is one more story about a man's pride and unreadiness to acknowledge nature for what it is. {{sfn|Sipiora|2002|p=161}} At the point when the man dismisses the law of nature, the discipline managed out naturally is serious. {{sfn|Sipiora|2002|p=156}} The punishment of death comes to about because of attempting to stay away from it. {{sfn|Sipiora|2002|p=158}} There is a big contrast between the information and that man has and the information he ought to have had.{{sfn|Sipiora|2002|p=149}}

The importance of community as opposed to self-reliance in survival and growth is emphasized in “Fire.”{{sfn|Sipiora|2002|p=161}}

Critic Donald Pizer explains how the limit of individualism is a key theme in this story. {{sfn|Pizer|2010|p=219}} The protagonist of the novel frequently claims his ability to travel alone and feels he can survive the harsh winter conditions. {{sfn|Pizer|2010|p=220}} Despite the cautions of the old man at Sulphur Creek, he refuses to travel with a companion, which ultimately leads to his death. {{sfn|Pizer|2010|p=221}}The man is unaware of the value of receiving assistance from others and believes that his own abilities will assure his survival. Apart from declining to go with a companion, the man demonstrates independence by dismissing the old man's wisdom and ignoring experience and guidance. The fact that the old man is an American in unfamiliar terrain is one piece of information that we are provided with. Individual freedoms and liberties are prized in American culture, and London's experience exemplifies the risks that these beliefs can engender.

==Development History==


===Publication History===


===Explanation of the Work's Title===


==Literary Significance and Reception==


==Awards and Nominations==


==Adaptations==

"To Build A Fire" was adapted into a multi-award-winning short film in 2016. The making of the film was to celebrate the 100th year anniversary of Jack London. It was directed and written by Fx Goby.{{sfn|Gatrell|2018}}

==Citations==

{{Reflist}}

==Works Cited==
See also: [[/Annotated Bibliography/]].
{{Refbegin|indent=yes|30em}}

* {{cite book |last=Gair |first=Christopher |date={{date|2011}} |chapter=The Wires Were Down: The Telegraph and the Cultural Self in “To Build a Fire” and ''White Fang'' |title=Jack London |editor-last=Bloom |editor-first=Harold |series=Bloom’s Modern Critical Views |url= |location=New York |publisher=Bloom’s Literary Criticism |pages=73–90 }}
* {{Cite book |last=London |first=Jack | date=2002 |orig-year=1908 |chapter=To Build a Fire |title=Reading and Writing about Literature |editor-last=Sipiora |editor-first=Phillip |publisher=Prentice Hall |location=Upper Saddle Creek, NJ |pages=149–160 }}
* {{cite journal
| last1 = Pizer
| first1 = Donald
| date = April 2010
| title = Jack London's "To Build a Fire": How Not To Read Naturalist Fiction
| journal = Philosophy & Literature
| volume = 34
| issue = 1
| pages = 218-227
}}
* {{Cite book |date={{date|2002}} |title=Reading and Writing about Literature |editor-last=Sipiora |editor-first=Phillip |publisher=Prentice Hall |location=Upper Saddle Creek, NJ |pages=149–160 }}

{{Refend}}

==External Links==


* {{cite web |last=Gatrell |first=Henry |title= Short of the Week - To Build a Fire |url=https://oneroomwithaview.com/2018/01/22/short-week-build-fire/ |date=2018 |website= oneroomwithaview.com |publisher= |access-date= |quote=}}

[[Category:Literary]] 
[[Category:20th Century]] 
[[Category:Naturalism]] 
[[Category:Short Stories]]

To Build a Fire

2021-09-29T14:14:20Z

Jojo1221: /* Major Themes */

{{Infobox short story 
| name = To Build a Fire
| image =
| caption =
| title_orig =
| translator =
| author = [[w:Jack London|Jack London]]
| country =

| language = English
| series =
| genre = Adventure, short story
| published_in =
| publication_type =
| publisher =
| media_type =
| pub_date = 1902, 1908
| english_pub_date =
| preceded_by =
| followed_by =
| preceded_by_italics =
| followed_by_italics =
}}

“'''To Build a Fire'''” is a 1908 short story by Jack London.


==Plot==


==Characters==
===The Man===
The man travels in the Yukon Territories with a husky. He is a “''chechaquo''," or a newcomer,{{sfn|Sipiora|2002|p=149}} making him overconfident and inexperienced, but self-assured because he knows the “facts.”{{sfn|Sipiora|2002|p=160}}

===The Dog===
The dog is a “big native husky”{{sfn|Sipiora|2002|p=150}} that accompanies the man along on his journey; the dog operates based on instinct.{{sfn|Sipiora|2002|p=160}}

===The Old-Timer===
Though he only appears in flashbacks, the Old-Timer from Sulphur Creek warns the man about the cold and traveling alone.

==Major Themes==

A major theme of “Fire” is man versus nature, specifically that man’s arrogance blinds him to nature and its potential.{{sfn|Sipiora|2002|p=161}}

The importance of community as opposed to self-reliance in survival and growth is emphasized in “Fire.”{{sfn|Sipiora|2002|p=161}}

Critic Donald Pizer explains how the limit of individualism is a key theme in this story. The protagonist of the novel frequently claims his ability to travel alone and feels he can survive the harsh winter conditions. Despite the cautions of the old man at Sulphur Creek, he refuses to travel with a companion, which ultimately leads to his death. The man is unaware of the value of receiving assistance from others and believes that his own abilities will assure his survival. Apart from declining to go with a companion, the man demonstrates independence by dismissing the old man's wisdom and ignoring experience and guidance. The fact that the old man is an American in unfamiliar terrain is one piece of information that we are provided with. Individual freedoms and liberties are prized in American culture, and London's experience exemplifies the risks that these beliefs can engender. {{sfn|Pizer|2010}}

The Klondike is an area that is a grasping story of the battle of the frozen Yukon trail. It is an account of man versus nature, yet inside that story is one more story about a man's pride and unreadiness to acknowledge nature for what it is. At the point when the man dismisses the law of nature, the discipline managed out naturally is serious. The punishment of death comes to about because of attempting to stay away from it. There is a big contrast between the information and that man has and the information he ought to have had.{{sfn|Sipiora|2002|p=161}}

==Development History==


===Publication History===


===Explanation of the Work's Title===


==Literary Significance and Reception==


==Awards and Nominations==


==Adaptations==

"To Build A Fire" was adapted into a multi-award-winning short film in 2016. The making of the film was to celebrate the 100th year anniversary of Jack London. It was directed and written by Fx Goby.{{sfn|Gatrell|2018}}

==Citations==

{{Reflist}}

==Works Cited==
See also: [[/Annotated Bibliography/]].
{{Refbegin|indent=yes|30em}}

* {{cite book |last=Gair |first=Christopher |date={{date|2011}} |chapter=The Wires Were Down: The Telegraph and the Cultural Self in “To Build a Fire” and ''White Fang'' |title=Jack London |editor-last=Bloom |editor-first=Harold |series=Bloom’s Modern Critical Views |url= |location=New York |publisher=Bloom’s Literary Criticism |pages=73–90 }}
* {{Cite book |last=London |first=Jack | date=2002 |orig-year=1908 |chapter=To Build a Fire |title=Reading and Writing about Literature |editor-last=Sipiora |editor-first=Phillip |publisher=Prentice Hall |location=Upper Saddle Creek, NJ |pages=149–160 }}
* {{cite journal
| last1 = Pizer
| first1 = Donald
| date = April 2010
| title = Jack London's "To Build a Fire": How Not To Read Naturalist Fiction
| journal = Philosophy & Literature
| volume = 34
| issue = 1
| pages = 218-227
}}
* {{Cite book |date={{date|2002}} |title=Reading and Writing about Literature |editor-last=Sipiora |editor-first=Phillip |publisher=Prentice Hall |location=Upper Saddle Creek, NJ |pages=149–160 }}

{{Refend}}

==External Links==


* {{cite web |last=Gatrell |first=Henry |title= Short of the Week - To Build a Fire |url=https://oneroomwithaview.com/2018/01/22/short-week-build-fire/ |date=2018 |website= oneroomwithaview.com |publisher= |access-date= |quote=}}

[[Category:Literary]] 
[[Category:20th Century]] 
[[Category:Naturalism]] 
[[Category:Short Stories]]

To Build a Fire

2021-09-29T14:11:07Z

Jojo1221: /* Works Cited */

{{Infobox short story 
| name = To Build a Fire
| image =
| caption =
| title_orig =
| translator =
| author = [[w:Jack London|Jack London]]
| country =

| language = English
| series =
| genre = Adventure, short story
| published_in =
| publication_type =
| publisher =
| media_type =
| pub_date = 1902, 1908
| english_pub_date =
| preceded_by =
| followed_by =
| preceded_by_italics =
| followed_by_italics =
}}

“'''To Build a Fire'''” is a 1908 short story by Jack London.


==Plot==


==Characters==
===The Man===
The man travels in the Yukon Territories with a husky. He is a “''chechaquo''," or a newcomer,{{sfn|Sipiora|2002|p=149}} making him overconfident and inexperienced, but self-assured because he knows the “facts.”{{sfn|Sipiora|2002|p=160}}

===The Dog===
The dog is a “big native husky”{{sfn|Sipiora|2002|p=150}} that accompanies the man along on his journey; the dog operates based on instinct.{{sfn|Sipiora|2002|p=160}}

===The Old-Timer===
Though he only appears in flashbacks, the Old-Timer from Sulphur Creek warns the man about the cold and traveling alone.

==Major Themes==

A major theme of “Fire” is man versus nature, specifically that man’s arrogance blinds him to nature and its potential.{{sfn|Sipiora|2002|p=161}}

The importance of community as opposed to self-reliance in survival and growth is emphasized in “Fire.”{{sfn|Sipiora|2002|p=161}}

The limit of individualism is a key theme in this story. The protagonist of the novel frequently claims his ability to travel alone and feels he can survive the harsh winter conditions. Despite the cautions of the old man at Sulphur Creek, he refuses to travel with a companion, which ultimately leads to his death. The man is unaware of the value of receiving assistance from others and believes that his own abilities will assure his survival. Apart from declining to go with a companion, the man demonstrates independence by dismissing the old man's wisdom and ignoring experience and guidance. The fact that the old man is an American in unfamiliar terrain is one piece of information that we are provided with. Individual freedoms and liberties are prized in American culture, and London's experience exemplifies the risks that these beliefs can engender. {{sfn|Pizer|2010}}

The Klondike is an area that is a grasping story of the battle of the frozen Yukon trail. It is an account of man versus nature, yet inside that story is one more story about a man's pride and unreadiness to acknowledge nature for what it is. At the point when the man dismisses the law of nature, the discipline managed out naturally is serious. The punishment of death comes to about because of attempting to stay away from it. There is a big contrast between the information and that man has and the information he ought to have had.{{sfn|Sipiora|2002|p=161}}

==Development History==


===Publication History===


===Explanation of the Work's Title===


==Literary Significance and Reception==


==Awards and Nominations==


==Adaptations==

"To Build A Fire" was adapted into a multi-award-winning short film in 2016. The making of the film was to celebrate the 100th year anniversary of Jack London. It was directed and written by Fx Goby.{{sfn|Gatrell|2018}}

==Citations==

{{Reflist}}

==Works Cited==
See also: [[/Annotated Bibliography/]].
{{Refbegin|indent=yes|30em}}

* {{cite book |last=Gair |first=Christopher |date={{date|2011}} |chapter=The Wires Were Down: The Telegraph and the Cultural Self in “To Build a Fire” and ''White Fang'' |title=Jack London |editor-last=Bloom |editor-first=Harold |series=Bloom’s Modern Critical Views |url= |location=New York |publisher=Bloom’s Literary Criticism |pages=73–90 }}
* {{Cite book |last=London |first=Jack | date=2002 |orig-year=1908 |chapter=To Build a Fire |title=Reading and Writing about Literature |editor-last=Sipiora |editor-first=Phillip |publisher=Prentice Hall |location=Upper Saddle Creek, NJ |pages=149–160 }}
* {{cite journal
| last1 = Pizer
| first1 = Donald
| date = April 2010
| title = Jack London's "To Build a Fire": How Not To Read Naturalist Fiction
| journal = Philosophy & Literature
| volume = 34
| issue = 1
| pages = 218-227
}}
* {{Cite book |date={{date|2002}} |title=Reading and Writing about Literature |editor-last=Sipiora |editor-first=Phillip |publisher=Prentice Hall |location=Upper Saddle Creek, NJ |pages=149–160 }}

{{Refend}}

==External Links==


* {{cite web |last=Gatrell |first=Henry |title= Short of the Week - To Build a Fire |url=https://oneroomwithaview.com/2018/01/22/short-week-build-fire/ |date=2018 |website= oneroomwithaview.com |publisher= |access-date= |quote=}}

[[Category:Literary]] 
[[Category:20th Century]] 
[[Category:Naturalism]] 
[[Category:Short Stories]]

To Build a Fire

2021-09-29T14:10:21Z

Jojo1221: /* Works Cited */

{{Infobox short story 
| name = To Build a Fire
| image =
| caption =
| title_orig =
| translator =
| author = [[w:Jack London|Jack London]]
| country =

| language = English
| series =
| genre = Adventure, short story
| published_in =
| publication_type =
| publisher =
| media_type =
| pub_date = 1902, 1908
| english_pub_date =
| preceded_by =
| followed_by =
| preceded_by_italics =
| followed_by_italics =
}}

“'''To Build a Fire'''” is a 1908 short story by Jack London.


==Plot==


==Characters==
===The Man===
The man travels in the Yukon Territories with a husky. He is a “''chechaquo''," or a newcomer,{{sfn|Sipiora|2002|p=149}} making him overconfident and inexperienced, but self-assured because he knows the “facts.”{{sfn|Sipiora|2002|p=160}}

===The Dog===
The dog is a “big native husky”{{sfn|Sipiora|2002|p=150}} that accompanies the man along on his journey; the dog operates based on instinct.{{sfn|Sipiora|2002|p=160}}

===The Old-Timer===
Though he only appears in flashbacks, the Old-Timer from Sulphur Creek warns the man about the cold and traveling alone.

==Major Themes==

A major theme of “Fire” is man versus nature, specifically that man’s arrogance blinds him to nature and its potential.{{sfn|Sipiora|2002|p=161}}

The importance of community as opposed to self-reliance in survival and growth is emphasized in “Fire.”{{sfn|Sipiora|2002|p=161}}

The limit of individualism is a key theme in this story. The protagonist of the novel frequently claims his ability to travel alone and feels he can survive the harsh winter conditions. Despite the cautions of the old man at Sulphur Creek, he refuses to travel with a companion, which ultimately leads to his death. The man is unaware of the value of receiving assistance from others and believes that his own abilities will assure his survival. Apart from declining to go with a companion, the man demonstrates independence by dismissing the old man's wisdom and ignoring experience and guidance. The fact that the old man is an American in unfamiliar terrain is one piece of information that we are provided with. Individual freedoms and liberties are prized in American culture, and London's experience exemplifies the risks that these beliefs can engender. {{sfn|Pizer|2010}}

The Klondike is an area that is a grasping story of the battle of the frozen Yukon trail. It is an account of man versus nature, yet inside that story is one more story about a man's pride and unreadiness to acknowledge nature for what it is. At the point when the man dismisses the law of nature, the discipline managed out naturally is serious. The punishment of death comes to about because of attempting to stay away from it. There is a big contrast between the information and that man has and the information he ought to have had.{{sfn|Sipiora|2002|p=161}}

==Development History==


===Publication History===


===Explanation of the Work's Title===


==Literary Significance and Reception==


==Awards and Nominations==


==Adaptations==

"To Build A Fire" was adapted into a multi-award-winning short film in 2016. The making of the film was to celebrate the 100th year anniversary of Jack London. It was directed and written by Fx Goby.{{sfn|Gatrell|2018}}

==Citations==

{{Reflist}}

==Works Cited==
See also: [[/Annotated Bibliography/]].
{{Refbegin|indent=yes|30em}}

* {{cite book |last=Gair |first=Christopher |date={{date|2011}} |chapter=The Wires Were Down: The Telegraph and the Cultural Self in “To Build a Fire” and ''White Fang'' |title=Jack London |editor-last=Bloom |editor-first=Harold |series=Bloom’s Modern Critical Views |url= |location=New York |publisher=Bloom’s Literary Criticism |pages=73–90 }}
* {{cite journal
| last1 = Pizer
| first1 = Donald
| date = April 2010
| title = Jack London's "To Build a Fire": How Not To Read Naturalist Fiction
| journal = Philosophy & Literature
| volume = 34
| issue = 1
| pages = 218-227
}}
* {{Cite book |last=London |first=Jack | date=2002 |orig-year=1908 |chapter=To Build a Fire |title=Reading and Writing about Literature |editor-last=Sipiora |editor-first=Phillip |publisher=Prentice Hall |location=Upper Saddle Creek, NJ |pages=149–160 }}
* {{Cite book |date={{date|2002}} |title=Reading and Writing about Literature |editor-last=Sipiora |editor-first=Phillip |publisher=Prentice Hall |location=Upper Saddle Creek, NJ |pages=149–160 }}

{{Refend}}

==External Links==


* {{cite web |last=Gatrell |first=Henry |title= Short of the Week - To Build a Fire |url=https://oneroomwithaview.com/2018/01/22/short-week-build-fire/ |date=2018 |website= oneroomwithaview.com |publisher= |access-date= |quote=}}

[[Category:Literary]] 
[[Category:20th Century]] 
[[Category:Naturalism]] 
[[Category:Short Stories]]

To Build a Fire

2021-09-29T14:09:37Z

Jojo1221: /* Works Cited */

{{Infobox short story 
| name = To Build a Fire
| image =
| caption =
| title_orig =
| translator =
| author = [[w:Jack London|Jack London]]
| country =

| language = English
| series =
| genre = Adventure, short story
| published_in =
| publication_type =
| publisher =
| media_type =
| pub_date = 1902, 1908
| english_pub_date =
| preceded_by =
| followed_by =
| preceded_by_italics =
| followed_by_italics =
}}

“'''To Build a Fire'''” is a 1908 short story by Jack London.


==Plot==


==Characters==
===The Man===
The man travels in the Yukon Territories with a husky. He is a “''chechaquo''," or a newcomer,{{sfn|Sipiora|2002|p=149}} making him overconfident and inexperienced, but self-assured because he knows the “facts.”{{sfn|Sipiora|2002|p=160}}

===The Dog===
The dog is a “big native husky”{{sfn|Sipiora|2002|p=150}} that accompanies the man along on his journey; the dog operates based on instinct.{{sfn|Sipiora|2002|p=160}}

===The Old-Timer===
Though he only appears in flashbacks, the Old-Timer from Sulphur Creek warns the man about the cold and traveling alone.

==Major Themes==

A major theme of “Fire” is man versus nature, specifically that man’s arrogance blinds him to nature and its potential.{{sfn|Sipiora|2002|p=161}}

The importance of community as opposed to self-reliance in survival and growth is emphasized in “Fire.”{{sfn|Sipiora|2002|p=161}}

The limit of individualism is a key theme in this story. The protagonist of the novel frequently claims his ability to travel alone and feels he can survive the harsh winter conditions. Despite the cautions of the old man at Sulphur Creek, he refuses to travel with a companion, which ultimately leads to his death. The man is unaware of the value of receiving assistance from others and believes that his own abilities will assure his survival. Apart from declining to go with a companion, the man demonstrates independence by dismissing the old man's wisdom and ignoring experience and guidance. The fact that the old man is an American in unfamiliar terrain is one piece of information that we are provided with. Individual freedoms and liberties are prized in American culture, and London's experience exemplifies the risks that these beliefs can engender. {{sfn|Pizer|2010}}

The Klondike is an area that is a grasping story of the battle of the frozen Yukon trail. It is an account of man versus nature, yet inside that story is one more story about a man's pride and unreadiness to acknowledge nature for what it is. At the point when the man dismisses the law of nature, the discipline managed out naturally is serious. The punishment of death comes to about because of attempting to stay away from it. There is a big contrast between the information and that man has and the information he ought to have had.{{sfn|Sipiora|2002|p=161}}

==Development History==


===Publication History===


===Explanation of the Work's Title===


==Literary Significance and Reception==


==Awards and Nominations==


==Adaptations==

"To Build A Fire" was adapted into a multi-award-winning short film in 2016. The making of the film was to celebrate the 100th year anniversary of Jack London. It was directed and written by Fx Goby.{{sfn|Gatrell|2018}}

==Citations==

{{Reflist}}

==Works Cited==
See also: [[/Annotated Bibliography/]].
{{Refbegin|indent=yes|30em}}

* {{cite book |last=Gair |first=Christopher |date={{date|2011}} |chapter=The Wires Were Down: The Telegraph and the Cultural Self in “To Build a Fire” and ''White Fang'' |title=Jack London |editor-last=Bloom |editor-first=Harold |series=Bloom’s Modern Critical Views |url= |location=New York |publisher=Bloom’s Literary Criticism |pages=73–90 }}
* {{Cite book |last=London |first=Jack | date=2002 |orig-year=1908 |chapter=To Build a Fire |title=Reading and Writing about Literature |editor-last=Sipiora |editor-first=Phillip |publisher=Prentice Hall |location=Upper Saddle Creek, NJ |pages=149–160 }}
* {{Cite book |date={{date|2002}} |title=Reading and Writing about Literature |editor-last=Sipiora |editor-first=Phillip |publisher=Prentice Hall |location=Upper Saddle Creek, NJ |pages=149–160 }}
* {{cite journal
| last1 = Pizer
| first1 = Donald
| date = April 2010
| title = Jack London's "To Build a Fire": How Not To Read Naturalist Fiction
| journal = Philosophy & Literature
| volume = 34
| issue = 1
| pages = 218-227
}}
{{Refend}}

==External Links==


* {{cite web |last=Gatrell |first=Henry |title= Short of the Week - To Build a Fire |url=https://oneroomwithaview.com/2018/01/22/short-week-build-fire/ |date=2018 |website= oneroomwithaview.com |publisher= |access-date= |quote=}}

[[Category:Literary]] 
[[Category:20th Century]] 
[[Category:Naturalism]] 
[[Category:Short Stories]]

To Build a Fire

2021-09-28T22:17:53Z

Jojo1221: /* Major Themes */

{{Infobox short story 
| name = To Build a Fire
| image =
| caption =
| title_orig =
| translator =
| author = [[w:Jack London|Jack London]]
| country =

| language = English
| series =
| genre = Adventure, short story
| published_in =
| publication_type =
| publisher =
| media_type =
| pub_date = 1902, 1908
| english_pub_date =
| preceded_by =
| followed_by =
| preceded_by_italics =
| followed_by_italics =
}}

“'''To Build a Fire'''” is a 1908 short story by Jack London.


==Plot==


==Characters==
===The Man===
The man travels in the Yukon Territories with a husky. He is a “''chechaquo''," or a newcomer,{{sfn|Sipiora|2002|p=149}} making him overconfident and inexperienced, but self-assured because he knows the “facts.”{{sfn|Sipiora|2002|p=160}}

===The Dog===
The dog is a “big native husky”{{sfn|Sipiora|2002|p=150}} that accompanies the man along on his journey; the dog operates based on instinct.{{sfn|Sipiora|2002|p=160}}

===The Old-Timer===
Though he only appears in flashbacks, the Old-Timer from Sulphur Creek warns the man about the cold and traveling alone.

==Major Themes==

A major theme of “Fire” is man versus nature, specifically that man’s arrogance blinds him to nature and its potential.{{sfn|Sipiora|2002|p=161}}

The importance of community as opposed to self-reliance in survival and growth is emphasized in “Fire.”{{sfn|Sipiora|2002|p=161}}

The limit of individualism is a key theme in this story. The protagonist of the novel frequently claims his ability to travel alone and feels he can survive the harsh winter conditions. Despite the cautions of the old man at Sulphur Creek, he refuses to travel with a companion, which ultimately leads to his death. The man is unaware of the value of receiving assistance from others and believes that his own abilities will assure his survival. Apart from declining to go with a companion, the man demonstrates independence by dismissing the old man's wisdom and ignoring experience and guidance. The fact that the old man is an American in unfamiliar terrain is one piece of information that we are provided with. Individual freedoms and liberties are prized in American culture, and London's experience exemplifies the risks that these beliefs can engender. {{sfn|Pizer|2010}}

==Development History==


===Publication History===


===Explanation of the Work's Title===


==Literary Significance and Reception==


==Awards and Nominations==


==Adaptations==

"To Build A Fire" was adapted into a multi-award-winning short film in 2016. The making of the film was to celebrate the 100th year anniversary of Jack London. It was directed and written by Fx Goby.{{sfn|Gatrell|2018}}

==Citations==

{{Reflist}}

==Works Cited==
See also: [[/Annotated Bibliography/]].
{{Refbegin|indent=yes|30em}}

* {{cite book |last=Gair |first=Christopher |date={{date|2011}} |chapter=The Wires Were Down: The Telegraph and the Cultural Self in “To Build a Fire” and ''White Fang'' |title=Jack London |editor-last=Bloom |editor-first=Harold |series=Bloom’s Modern Critical Views |url= |location=New York |publisher=Bloom’s Literary Criticism |pages=73–90 }}
* {{Cite book |last=London |first=Jack | date=2002 |orig-year=1908 |chapter=To Build a Fire |title=Reading and Writing about Literature |editor-last=Sipiora |editor-first=Phillip |publisher=Prentice Hall |location=Upper Saddle Creek, NJ |pages=149–160 }}
* {{Cite book |date={{date|2002}} |title=Reading and Writing about Literature |editor-last=Sipiora |editor-first=Phillip |publisher=Prentice Hall |location=Upper Saddle Creek, NJ |pages=149–160 }}
{{Refend}}
* {{cite journal
| last1 = Pizer
| first1 = Donald
| date = April 2010
| title = Jack London's "To Build a Fire": How Not To Read Naturalist Fiction
| journal = Philosophy & Literature
| volume = 34
| issue = 1
| pages = 218-227
}}

==External Links==


* {{cite web |last=Gatrell |first=Henry |title= Short of the Week - To Build a Fire |url=https://oneroomwithaview.com/2018/01/22/short-week-build-fire/ |date=2018 |website= oneroomwithaview.com |publisher= |access-date= |quote=}}

[[Category:Literary]] 
[[Category:20th Century]] 
[[Category:Naturalism]] 
[[Category:Short Stories]]

To Build a Fire

2021-09-28T22:15:17Z

Jojo1221: /* Works Cited */ added my source

{{Infobox short story 
| name = To Build a Fire
| image =
| caption =
| title_orig =
| translator =
| author = [[w:Jack London|Jack London]]
| country =

| language = English
| series =
| genre = Adventure, short story
| published_in =
| publication_type =
| publisher =
| media_type =
| pub_date = 1902, 1908
| english_pub_date =
| preceded_by =
| followed_by =
| preceded_by_italics =
| followed_by_italics =
}}

“'''To Build a Fire'''” is a 1908 short story by Jack London.


==Plot==


==Characters==
===The Man===
The man travels in the Yukon Territories with a husky. He is a “''chechaquo''," or a newcomer,{{sfn|Sipiora|2002|p=149}} making him overconfident and inexperienced, but self-assured because he knows the “facts.”{{sfn|Sipiora|2002|p=160}}

===The Dog===
The dog is a “big native husky”{{sfn|Sipiora|2002|p=150}} that accompanies the man along on his journey; the dog operates based on instinct.{{sfn|Sipiora|2002|p=160}}

===The Old-Timer===
Though he only appears in flashbacks, the Old-Timer from Sulphur Creek warns the man about the cold and traveling alone.

==Major Themes==

A major theme of “Fire” is man versus nature, specifically that man’s arrogance blinds him to nature and its potential.{{sfn|Sipiora|2002|p=161}}

The importance of community as opposed to self-reliance in survival and growth is emphasized in “Fire.”{{sfn|Sipiora|2002|p=161}}

The limit of individualism is a key theme in this story. The protagonist of the novel frequently claims his ability to travel alone and feels he can survive the harsh winter conditions. Despite the cautions of the old man at Sulphur Creek, he refuses to travel with a companion, which ultimately leads to his death. The man is unaware of the value of receiving assistance from others and believes that his own abilities will assure his survival. Apart from declining to go with a companion, the man demonstrates independence by dismissing the old man's wisdom and ignoring experience and guidance. The fact that the old man is an American in unfamiliar terrain is one piece of information that we are provided with. Individual freedoms and liberties are prized in American culture, and London's experience exemplifies the risks that these beliefs can engender.

==Development History==


===Publication History===


===Explanation of the Work's Title===


==Literary Significance and Reception==


==Awards and Nominations==


==Adaptations==

"To Build A Fire" was adapted into a multi-award-winning short film in 2016. The making of the film was to celebrate the 100th year anniversary of Jack London. It was directed and written by Fx Goby.{{sfn|Gatrell|2018}}

==Citations==

{{Reflist}}

==Works Cited==
See also: [[/Annotated Bibliography/]].
{{Refbegin|indent=yes|30em}}

* {{cite book |last=Gair |first=Christopher |date={{date|2011}} |chapter=The Wires Were Down: The Telegraph and the Cultural Self in “To Build a Fire” and ''White Fang'' |title=Jack London |editor-last=Bloom |editor-first=Harold |series=Bloom’s Modern Critical Views |url= |location=New York |publisher=Bloom’s Literary Criticism |pages=73–90 }}
* {{Cite book |last=London |first=Jack | date=2002 |orig-year=1908 |chapter=To Build a Fire |title=Reading and Writing about Literature |editor-last=Sipiora |editor-first=Phillip |publisher=Prentice Hall |location=Upper Saddle Creek, NJ |pages=149–160 }}
* {{Cite book |date={{date|2002}} |title=Reading and Writing about Literature |editor-last=Sipiora |editor-first=Phillip |publisher=Prentice Hall |location=Upper Saddle Creek, NJ |pages=149–160 }}
{{Refend}}
* {{cite journal
| last1 = Pizer
| first1 = Donald
| date = April 2010
| title = Jack London's "To Build a Fire": How Not To Read Naturalist Fiction
| journal = Philosophy & Literature
| volume = 34
| issue = 1
| pages = 218-227
}}

==External Links==


* {{cite web |last=Gatrell |first=Henry |title= Short of the Week - To Build a Fire |url=https://oneroomwithaview.com/2018/01/22/short-week-build-fire/ |date=2018 |website= oneroomwithaview.com |publisher= |access-date= |quote=}}

[[Category:Literary]] 
[[Category:20th Century]] 
[[Category:Naturalism]] 
[[Category:Short Stories]]

To Build a Fire

2021-09-28T22:05:21Z

Jojo1221: /* Major Themes */ added my theme exploration

{{Infobox short story 
| name = To Build a Fire
| image =
| caption =
| title_orig =
| translator =
| author = [[w:Jack London|Jack London]]
| country =

| language = English
| series =
| genre = Adventure, short story
| published_in =
| publication_type =
| publisher =
| media_type =
| pub_date = 1902, 1908
| english_pub_date =
| preceded_by =
| followed_by =
| preceded_by_italics =
| followed_by_italics =
}}

“'''To Build a Fire'''” is a 1908 short story by Jack London.


==Plot==


==Characters==
===The Man===
The man travels in the Yukon Territories with a husky. He is a “''chechaquo''," or a newcomer,{{sfn|Sipiora|2002|p=149}} making him overconfident and inexperienced, but self-assured because he knows the “facts.”{{sfn|Sipiora|2002|p=160}}

===The Dog===
The dog is a “big native husky”{{sfn|Sipiora|2002|p=150}} that accompanies the man along on his journey; the dog operates based on instinct.{{sfn|Sipiora|2002|p=160}}

===The Old-Timer===
Though he only appears in flashbacks, the Old-Timer from Sulphur Creek warns the man about the cold and traveling alone.

==Major Themes==

A major theme of “Fire” is man versus nature, specifically that man’s arrogance blinds him to nature and its potential.{{sfn|Sipiora|2002|p=161}}

The importance of community as opposed to self-reliance in survival and growth is emphasized in “Fire.”{{sfn|Sipiora|2002|p=161}}

The limit of individualism is a key theme in this story. The protagonist of the novel frequently claims his ability to travel alone and feels he can survive the harsh winter conditions. Despite the cautions of the old man at Sulphur Creek, he refuses to travel with a companion, which ultimately leads to his death. The man is unaware of the value of receiving assistance from others and believes that his own abilities will assure his survival. Apart from declining to go with a companion, the man demonstrates independence by dismissing the old man's wisdom and ignoring experience and guidance. The fact that the old man is an American in unfamiliar terrain is one piece of information that we are provided with. Individual freedoms and liberties are prized in American culture, and London's experience exemplifies the risks that these beliefs can engender.

==Development History==


===Publication History===


===Explanation of the Work's Title===


==Literary Significance and Reception==


==Awards and Nominations==


==Adaptations==

"To Build A Fire" was adapted into a multi-award-winning short film in 2016. The making of the film was to celebrate the 100th year anniversary of Jack London. It was directed and written by Fx Goby.{{sfn|Gatrell|2018}}

==Citations==

{{Reflist}}

==Works Cited==
See also: [[/Annotated Bibliography/]].
{{Refbegin|indent=yes|30em}}

* {{cite book |last=Gair |first=Christopher |date={{date|2011}} |chapter=The Wires Were Down: The Telegraph and the Cultural Self in “To Build a Fire” and ''White Fang'' |title=Jack London |editor-last=Bloom |editor-first=Harold |series=Bloom’s Modern Critical Views |url= |location=New York |publisher=Bloom’s Literary Criticism |pages=73–90 }}
* {{Cite book |last=London |first=Jack | date=2002 |orig-year=1908 |chapter=To Build a Fire |title=Reading and Writing about Literature |editor-last=Sipiora |editor-first=Phillip |publisher=Prentice Hall |location=Upper Saddle Creek, NJ |pages=149–160 }}
* {{Cite book |date={{date|2002}} |title=Reading and Writing about Literature |editor-last=Sipiora |editor-first=Phillip |publisher=Prentice Hall |location=Upper Saddle Creek, NJ |pages=149–160 }}
{{Refend}}

==External Links==


* {{cite web |last=Gatrell |first=Henry |title= Short of the Week - To Build a Fire |url=https://oneroomwithaview.com/2018/01/22/short-week-build-fire/ |date=2018 |website= oneroomwithaview.com |publisher= |access-date= |quote=}}

[[Category:Literary]] 
[[Category:20th Century]] 
[[Category:Naturalism]] 
[[Category:Short Stories]]

To Build a Fire/Annotated Bibliography

2021-09-28T15:05:46Z

Jojo1221: added bibliography

Indian Camp/Annotated Bibliography

2021-09-21T20:22:05Z

Jojo1221: re-wrote bibliography

{{DISPLAYTITLE:<span style="font-size:22px;">{{BASEPAGENAME}}/</span>{{SUBPAGENAME}}}}
{{Refbegin|indent=yes}}
*{{cite journal
| last1 = Adair
| first1 = William
| date = Winter 1991
| title = A Source for Hemmingway's 'Indian Camp'
| journal = Texas Studies in Literature and Language
| volume = 28
| issue = 1
| page = 93-95
}} There is a comparison between "Indian Camp" and "Big Two-Hearted River" both by Hemingway, which talks about the same story line but is played out differently. Hemingway had a similar experience, but the only similarities include that the husband was present, the birth was performed in a raw setting, and a terrified child was present. In Indian Camp Nick is just a boy, where in Big Two-Hearted River he is an adult who just returned from war. The two men have the same tale structure, but their scenarios are different. Nick wonders at the end of the story if death was difficult, much as Hemmingway contemplated suicide.

* {{cite journal
| first = Daiker
| last = Donald A
| year = Spring 2016
| title = In Defence of Hemingway's Doctor Adams: The Case for 'Indian Camp'
| journal = The Hemingway Review
| volume = 35
| issue = 2
| pages = 55-69
}} The story gives impression of Dr. Adam's as a man who cannot care for the women and just do his job. This journal article proves that Dr. Adam's save the life of Indian women and her baby by performing the operation as there is no other medical help available at that time, if he cannot do the operation the women and her baby die. Some readers blame Dr. Adam's for performing the operation as he didn't have any medical instrument's but at the end both mother and baby is fine and in noon a nurse arrives with all medical supplies. Dr. Adam's said, "her screams are not important" is a form of self-discipline which establish emotional distance between doctor and patient.

* {{Cite book | last =Hays | first =Peter | date ={{date|2013}} | chapter = Teaching 'Indian Camp' | title = Fifty Years of Hemingway Criticism | editor-last = Hays | editor-first = Peter | publisher = Scarecrow Press| pages = 207-211}} In the book the author has a chapter on "Indian Camp" where he explains that it is a story about lessons being learned and how a character has a growth experience. The character being Nick, a young boy whose father is Dr. Adams. Nick is brought along to witness the birth of a child in a barbaric way. Hays talks about the shock the boy went through and how that led to his growth experience at the end. The author also explores how the Indians were being treated during this time by the Americans and the state in which they were living. Furthermore, Hays brings to our attention the possibility of Uncle George being the father of the child and how he came to that conclusion. Hays walks the reader through the characters' actions and explains the true meaning behind the story, sharing details that can help the reader better understand the text.

* {{cite journal
| last1 = Tyler
| first1 = Lisa
| date = January 1, 2006
| title = Dangerous Families and Intimate Harm in Hemingway's 'Indian Camp'
| journal = Texas Studies in Literature and Language
| volume = 48
| issue = 1
| page = 18
}} “Indian Camp,” described as one of the best in the collection, dramatizes what appears to be Adams' first confrontation with profound personal suffering. In Our Time, Hemingway explores men's responses. Human and animal suffering, and especially women's suffering, affect their characters. The child who cannot separate cannot see another suffering and replaces attentive love with fantasy. Nick never has the chance to learn how to reciprocate, to see his mother’s suffering in a way that would have made her feel compassion for him.

{{Refend}}

[[Category:Bibliographies]]