https://litwiki.org/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=JdeLung 2026-04-23T00:43:57Z User contributions MediaWiki 1.43.0 https://litwiki.org/index.php?title=Kafka&diff=6970 2006-04-17T17:26:01Z

<p>JdeLung: </p> <hr /> <div>== Biography ==<br /> <br /> Franz Kafka was born in Prague on July 3,1883. Like most authors he was over looked during his short life. He was raised in a middle class Jewish family and had a very strict father, Hermann. Hermann owned a dry-goods wholesale store, he was an uneducated but industrious Czech who had married Julie Loewy, an urbane, German-speaking Jew from a slightly higher social class. “Hermann's domineering manner greatly distressed young Kafka, who found his father loud, impatient, unsympathetic, and, consequently, overwhelming and intimidating” (Contemporary). “Kafka’s most remembered childhood memory was of an incident in which he repeatedly cried from his bed for water, where then his father took him to the balcony and locked him outside” (Contemporary). Many years later this event still haunted Kafka, and in one of his later works he criticized him for his crude methods. “’For years thereafter,’ Kafka wrote, ‘I kept being haunted by fantasies of this giant of a man, my father, the ultimate judge, coming to get me in the middle of the night, and for almost no reason at all dragging me out of bed onto the pavlatch--in other words, that as far as he was concerned, I was an absolute Nothing’” (Contemporary). In 1901-1906 Kafka studied German literature and received a law degree at a German University in Prague. Kafka then goes to work for the law office of Richard Lowy in Prague and goes back to college for his doctorate degree. &quot;In his brief lifetime, Kafka wrote some of the most orginal and influential works of the 20th century, including &quot;The Metamorphosis&quot; (1915), &quot;A Hunger Artist&quot; (1924), &quot;The Trial&quot; (1925), &quot;The Castle&quot; (1926), and &quot;The Man Who Diseappeared&quot; (aka &quot;Amerika&quot;; 1927) (Dachslager). Still not satisfied he began looking for another job and found one in 1908 at the semi-govermental Worker's Accident Insurance Institute where he remained until he retired in 1922. His works were never published until his tragic death. Kafka was a very sick man most of his life. He contacted tuberculosis which made him very weak and feable. &quot;When a subsequent diagnosis revealed an improved condition, Kafka was so overwhelmed with happiness that he proposed marriage to Dymant. But within two weeks he suffered great pain and pleaded for his physician to administer morphine. Injections were given, and an ice pack was set on Kafka's throat. On June 3, he awoke and threw the ice pack from himself, then lapsed again into unconsciousness and death&quot; (Contemporary). He died in a sanatorium near Vienna on June 3, 1924, one month short of his 41st birthday.<br /> <br /> ==List of Works==<br /> Amerika<br /> <br /> The Trial<br /> <br /> The Castle<br /> <br /> [[The Metamorphosis]]<br /> <br /> In the Penal Colony<br /> <br /> Meditation<br /> <br /> The Judgment<br /> <br /> The Country Doctor<br /> <br /> A Hunger Artist<br /> <br /> Description of a Struggle<br /> <br /> Wedding Preparations in the Country<br /> <br /> The Urban World<br /> <br /> A Perfect Fool<br /> <br /> Temptation in the Village<br /> <br /> Memoirs of the Kalda Railroad<br /> <br /> The Village Schoolmaster<br /> <br /> Blumfeld, an Elderly Bachelor<br /> <br /> The Warden of the Tomb<br /> <br /> The Hunter Gracchus<br /> <br /> The Great Wall of China<br /> <br /> Letter to his Father<br /> <br /> The Refusal<br /> <br /> Investigations of a Dog<br /> <br /> The Burrow<br /> <br /> Diaries 1910-1923<br /> <br /> Letters<br /> <br /> The Blue Octavio Notebooks<br /> <br /> <br /> ==Works Cited==<br /> <br /> Contemporary Authors Online. &quot;Franz Kafka&quot;. Gale 2003. 17 Apr. 2006. [http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/LitRC?vrsn=3&amp;OP=contains&amp;locID=maco12153&amp;srchtp=athr&amp;ca=1&amp;c=1&amp;ste=6&amp;tab=1&amp;tbst=arp&amp;ai=U13007810&amp;n=10&amp;docNum=H1000051755&amp;ST=Franz+Kafka&amp;bConts=16047 Franz Kafka]<br /> <br /> Nowack, Jeff and Ruch, Allen B. &quot;The Modern World-Franz Kafka&quot;. 26 June 2004.17 April 2006 &lt;www.themodernworld.com&gt;.<br /> <br /> Dachslager, Earl L. &quot;A man 'made of literature'; Biography tries to pin down the elusive Franz Kafka.&quot; The Houston Chronicle 2nd STAR EDITION:12 Feb 2006: 18. Lexis Nexis. Galileo. Macon State College Libary, Macon, GA. 17 Apr. 2006 &lt;http://www.galileo.usg.edu&gt;</div>

JdeLung https://litwiki.org/index.php?title=Kafka&diff=6860 2006-04-17T17:06:10Z

<p>JdeLung: /* Biography */</p> <hr /> <div>== Biography ==<br /> <br /> Franz Kafka was born in Prague on July 3,1883. Like most authors he was over looked during his short life. He was raised in a middle class Jewish family and had a very strict father, Hermann. Hermann owned a dry-goods wholesale store, he was an uneducated but industrious Czech who had married Julie Loewy, an urbane, German-speaking Jew from a slightly higher social class. “Hermann's domineering manner greatly distressed young Kafka, who found his father loud, impatient, unsympathetic, and, consequently, overwhelming and intimidating” (Contemporary). “Kafka’s most remembered childhood memory was of an incident in which he repeatedly cried from his bed for water, where then his father took him to the balcony and locked him outside” (Contemporary). Many years later this event still haunted Kafka, and in one of his later works he criticized him for his crude methods. “’For years thereafter,’ Kafka wrote, ‘I kept being haunted by fantasies of this giant of a man, my father, the ultimate judge, coming to get me in the middle of the night, and for almost no reason at all dragging me out of bed onto the pavlatch--in other words, that as far as he was concerned, I was an absolute Nothing’” (Contemporary). In 1901-1906 Kafka studied German literature and received a law degree at a German University in Prague. Kafka then goes to work for the law office of Richard Lowy in Prague and goes back to college for his doctorate degree. &quot;In his brief lifetime, Kafka wrote some of the most orginal and influential works of the 20th century, including &quot;The Metamorphosis&quot; (1915), &quot;A Hunger Artist&quot; (1924), &quot;The Trial&quot; (1925), &quot;The Castle&quot; (1926), and &quot;The Man Who Diseappeared&quot; (aka &quot;Amerika&quot;; 1927). Still not satisfied he began looking for another job and found one in 1908 at the semi-govermental Worker's Accident Insurance Institute where he remained until he retired in 1922. His works were never published until his tragic death. Kafka was a very sick man most of his life. He contacted tuberculosis which made him very weak and feable, it eventually took his life in a sanatorium near Vienna on June 3, 1924, one month short of his 41st birthday.<br /> <br /> ==List of Works==<br /> Amerika<br /> <br /> The Trial<br /> <br /> The Castle<br /> <br /> The Metamorphosis<br /> <br /> In the Penal Colony<br /> <br /> Meditation<br /> <br /> The Judgment<br /> <br /> The Country Doctor<br /> <br /> A Hunger Artist<br /> <br /> Description of a Struggle<br /> <br /> Wedding Preparations in the Country<br /> <br /> The Urban World<br /> <br /> A Perfect Fool<br /> <br /> Temptation in the Village<br /> <br /> Memoirs of the Kalda Railroad<br /> <br /> The Village Schoolmaster<br /> <br /> Blumfeld, an Elderly Bachelor<br /> <br /> The Warden of the Tomb<br /> <br /> The Hunter Gracchus<br /> <br /> The Great Wall of China<br /> <br /> Letter to his Father<br /> <br /> The Refusal<br /> <br /> Investigations of a Dog<br /> <br /> The Burrow<br /> <br /> Diaries 1910-1923<br /> <br /> Letters<br /> <br /> The Blue Octavio Notebooks<br /> <br /> <br /> ==Works Cited==<br /> <br /> Nowack, Jeff and Ruch, Allen B. &quot;The Modern World-Franz Kafka&quot;. 26 June 2004.17 April 2006 &lt;www.themodernworld.com&gt;.</div>

JdeLung https://litwiki.org/index.php?title=Fyodor_Dostoyevsky&diff=5851 2006-03-12T22:49:38Z

<p>JdeLung: /* Works Cited */</p> <hr /> <div>[[Image:Dostoyevsky.JPG|thumb|Fyodor Dostoyevsky]]<br /> ==Biography==<br /> Fyodor Dostoyevsky was born in Moscow on the 30th of October, 1821 in the Moscow Mariinkskii Hospital. His father, Mikhail Andreevich Dostoevsky was a retired military surgeon at this hospital (Murav). Dostoyevsky's father enrolled him at Military Engineering School in St. Petersburg. As well as engineering he also studied parade and drill. He left the academy in 1843 with the rank of lieutenant (Carr 7). He then served as a draftsman in the St. Petersburg Engineering Corps as a civil servant; however, he soon resigned because he &quot;feared being transferred to the provinces when his writing was discovered&quot; (1250). He then went on to pursue a literary career.<br /> <br /> His literary influences are Gogol, Pushkin, Balzac, and Hoffman. In 1847, he became a member of the revolutionary reunions. Here Dostoyevsky and his colleagues would discuss issues such as literature, economics, socialism, and freedom of the press (Murav). However, these gatherings were forbidden by law, and in 1849 he was incarcerated (Berdyaev 18). While in confinement he wrote ''A Little Hero''; which was not published for another decade. Dostoyevsky and other group members were condemned to death by a court appointed by Czar Nicholas I; however, “the death sentence was commuted, and in Dostoevsky’s case the punishment was reduced first to eight years and then to four years of hard labor, to be followed by service in the army with a restoration of civil rights” (Murav). He served his hard labor time at a stockade in Omsk, which was then followed by six years of service in Semipalatinsk (Murav). He wrote about his experiences in ''Recollections of a Dead House''. <br /> <br /> Dostoyevsky was enlightened after spending time with Russia's worst criminals leading him to write ''Crime and Punishment''. He settled down in 1865 in St. Petersburg and became successful as a journalist. His success fell short due to his severe problem with gambling. He took flight from Russia because he could not pay his debts and landed in Germany and Italy. During this time of his life he was plagued with epileptic seizures, only inspiring him to work harder. He finally returned home in the 1870s as director of ''The Russian World''. His final time was spent in St. Petersburg where he died on February 9, 1881 &quot;from a hemorrhage in his throat&quot; (Fyodor).<br /> <br /> ==Major Works==<br /> *&lt;i&gt;[[Notes from Underground]]&lt;/i&gt; (1864)<br /> *&lt;i&gt;[[Crime and Punishment]]&lt;/i&gt; (1866)<br /> *&lt;i&gt;[[The Idiot]]&lt;/i&gt; (1868)<br /> *&lt;i&gt;[[The Possessed]]&lt;/i&gt; (1871)<br /> *&lt;i&gt;[[The Brothers Karamazov]]&lt;/i&gt; (1880)<br /> <br /> <br /> ==Historical Context==<br /> <br /> <br /> ==Resources==<br /> <br /> <br /> ==Works Cited==<br /> <br /> *Berdyaev, Nicholas. ''Dostoyevsky''. Colorado: Meridian Hill, 1957.<br /> <br /> *Carr, Edward. ''Dostoyevsky (1821-1881): A New Biography''. Australia: Allen and Unwin, 1931.<br /> <br /> *Dostoevsky, Fyodor. &lt;i&gt;Notes from Underground&lt;/i&gt;. &lt;i&gt;The Norton Anthology of Western Literature&lt;/i&gt;. Vol. 2. 8th Ed. Trans. Martin Greenberg. Sarah Lawall, et al, eds. New York: W.W. Norton, 2006.<br /> <br /> *&quot;Fyodor Mikhaylovich Dostoyevsky.&quot; 12 Mar 2006. [http://galenet.galegroup.com.ezproxy.maconstate.edu/servlet/LitRC?vrsn=3&amp;OP=contains&amp;locID=maco12153&amp;srchtp=athr&amp;ca=1&amp;c=2&amp;ste=6&amp;tab=1&amp;tbst=arp&amp;ai=25087&amp;n=10&amp;docNum=H1410000018&amp;ST=Fyodor+Dostoyevsky&amp;bConts=278191 Fyodor Mikhaylovich Dostoyevsky] <br /> <br /> *Murav, Harriet. &quot;Fyodor Dostoevsky.&quot; 12 Mar 2006. [http://galenet.galegroup.com.ezproxy.maconstate.edu/servlet/LitRC?vrsn=3&amp;OP=contains&amp;locID=maco12153&amp;srchtp=athr&amp;ca=1&amp;c=1&amp;ste=6&amp;tab=1&amp;tbst=arp&amp;ai=25087&amp;n=10&amp;docNum=H1200010052&amp;ST=Fyodor+Dostoyevsky&amp;bConts=278191 Fyodor Dostoevsky]<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:World Literature]]</div>

JdeLung https://litwiki.org/index.php?title=Fyodor_Dostoyevsky&diff=5732 2006-03-12T22:26:18Z

<p>JdeLung: /* Biography */</p> <hr /> <div>[[Image:Dostoyevsky.JPG|thumb|Fyodor Dostoyevsky]]<br /> ==Biography==<br /> Fyodor Dostoyevsky was born in Moscow on the 30th of October, 1821 in the Moscow Mariinkskii Hospital. His father, Mikhail Andreevich Dostoevsky was a retired military surgeon at this hospital (Murav). Dostoyevsky's father enrolled him at Military Engineering School in St. Petersburg. As well as engineering he also studied parade and drill. He left the academy in 1843 with the rank of lieutenant (Carr 7). He then served as a draftsman in the St. Petersburg Engineering Corps as a civil servant; however, he soon resigned because he &quot;feared being transferred to the provinces when his writing was discovered&quot; (1250). He then went on to pursue a literary career.<br /> <br /> His literary influences are Gogol, Pushkin, Balzac, and Hoffman. In 1847, he became a member of the revolutionary reunions. Here Dostoyevsky and his colleagues would discuss issues such as literature, economics, socialism, and freedom of the press (Murav). However, these gatherings were forbidden by law, and in 1849 he was incarcerated (Berdyaev 18). While in confinement he wrote ''A Little Hero''; which was not published for another decade. Dostoyevsky and other group members were condemned to death by a court appointed by Czar Nicholas I; however, “the death sentence was commuted, and in Dostoevsky’s case the punishment was reduced first to eight years and then to four years of hard labor, to be followed by service in the army with a restoration of civil rights” (Murav). He served his hard labor time at a stockade in Omsk, which was then followed by six years of service in Semipalatinsk (Murav). He wrote about his experiences in ''Recollections of a Dead House''. <br /> <br /> Dostoyevsky was enlightened after spending time with Russia's worst criminals leading him to write ''Crime and Punishment''. He settled down in 1865 in St. Petersburg and became successful as a journalist. His success fell short due to his severe problem with gambling. He took flight from Russia because he could not pay his debts and landed in Germany and Italy. During this time of his life he was plagued with epileptic seizures, only inspiring him to work harder. He finally returned home in the 1870s as director of ''The Russian World''. His final time was spent in St. Petersburg where he died on February 9, 1881 &quot;from a hemorrhage in his throat&quot; (Fyodor).<br /> <br /> ==Major Works==<br /> *&lt;i&gt;[[Notes from Underground]]&lt;/i&gt; (1864)<br /> *&lt;i&gt;[[Crime and Punishment]]&lt;/i&gt; (1866)<br /> *&lt;i&gt;[[The Idiot]]&lt;/i&gt; (1868)<br /> *&lt;i&gt;[[The Possessed]]&lt;/i&gt; (1871)<br /> *&lt;i&gt;[[The Brothers Karamazov]]&lt;/i&gt; (1880)<br /> <br /> <br /> ==Historical Context==<br /> <br /> <br /> ==Resources==<br /> <br /> <br /> ==Works Cited==<br /> <br /> Berdyaev, Nicholas. ''Dostoyevsky''. Colorado: Meridian Hill, 1957.<br /> <br /> Carr, Edward. ''Dostoyevsky (1821-1881): A New Biography''. Australia: Allen and Unwin, 1931.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:World Literature]]</div>

JdeLung https://litwiki.org/index.php?title=Faust:_Witch%27s_Kitchen&diff=5648 2006-03-03T01:28:57Z

<p>JdeLung: </p> <hr /> <div>==Summary==<br /> The Witch’s Kitchen is a pivotal point of the story because it is the first time that Faust chooses to sin, and therefore, does the Devil’s bidding. His intent is to find “some sort of balm, some potent elixer,” (2139) that will “cancel thirty years, unbow (his) back” (2135). However, he is revolted by “all this crazy witchery” (2130) especially when he realizes that the cure rests in the hands of an ancient hag and asks Mephistopheles if there is another way. Mephisto sarcastically replies that the alternative is to live a simple life and work the fields as God intended. Faust rejects that idea as narrow and opts for the potion.<br /> <br /> While it is being prepared and Mephisto is conversing with the Apes, Faust comes upon a mirror. As he peers in, he sees a “vision of beauty” and desperately ask that “Love show (him) the way to the heaven she dwells in!”(2226). He is so spellbound by the beautiful creature and is desperate to see if “such a marvel (can) inhibit down here” (2234) that he doesn’t realize the Devil’s work. This is Mephisto’s first attempt to make Faust truly happy, and he works hard to make his wishes come true in the hopes that Faust will utter the words “Wait, you are so fair” (Montgomery 38). If Faust says the phrase to the moment, he will die and give over his soul to the Devil. The mirror reflects Faust’s dormant desire and consumes him to the point that he says, “I feel as if my insides are on fire! Come, we’ve got to get out of here” (2257-8). <br /> <br /> At this outburst, Mephisto just blows him off and continues with his conversation until the Witch, Sibyl, comes riding down the flame. After a brief ruckus, Sibyl recognizes Mephisto and gleefully addresses him as Satan. Immediately Mephisto chastises her and explains that since Satan is connected to mythology and because that has not improved the temper of humanity, he prefers to be addressed as Baron. Once the pleasantries are out of the way, the witch goes through the crazy ritual of serving the potion. After Faust drinks the brew, he asks to be able to look in the mirror one last time. Mephisto says, “No, no, soon enough you’ll behold in the flesh the fairest women that ever drew breath” (2393-4). He then mutters to himself that “old Jack will soon see a Helen in every Jill” (2395-6); meaning that the potion will make any female appear beautiful to Faust.<br /> <br /> ==Notes==<br /> <br /> '''Mephisto’s Appearance'''<br /> <br /> The Witch’s Kitchen also gives us another important bit of information regarding Mephisto. Most people commonly picture the Devil with horns, a tail, and hoofed feet. However, Mephisto always appears wearing a different costume and blames his attire on the culture. In his first meeting with Faust, he is dressed as a Franciscan Monk. In another scene, he is dressed as a young nobleman in a “red doublet trimmed in gold, with a stiff silk cloak, a cock’s feather in his hat, wearing at his side a long sword” ([http://groups.msn.com/AnotherRoadsideAttractions/yourwebpage27.msnw Mephistopheles]). He states to Sibyl that “Culture is everywhere now and it even extends to the Devil. I have done away with the horns and tail and claw that people used to see in the Devil” so that I may walk the surface of the earth and appear in the world of humanity from time to time (Montgomery 39). <br /> <br /> '''Holy Trinity'''<br /> <br /> When Mephisto says “Three-in-One and One-in-Three, Lies are sown broadcast, truth may go along” in lines 2354-55, he is mocking the Christian doctrine of the Holy Trinity. Among the most controversial aspects of Christian belief is the allusion that God can be both one and three people at the same time. Mephisto enjoys pointing out the paradox that theologians take great pains to explain in logical terms.<br /> <br /> ==Commentary==<br /> ==Study Questions==<br /> 1) Why does Mephisto bring Faust to this particular Witch's Kitchen?<br /> <br /> 2) Why didn't the witch recognize Mephisto?<br /> <br /> 3) What are the &quot;pinions&quot; that Faust refers to?<br /> <br /> 4) Why is it important that the pot is constantly stirred?<br /> <br /> 5) Are the apes and she-apes real or apparitions?<br /> <br /> ==External Resources==<br /> [http://www.wsu.edu/~brians/hum_303/faust.html Study Guide for Goethe's Faust]<br /> <br /> [http://groups.msn.com/AnotherRoadsideAttractions/yourwebpage27.msnw Mephistopheles]<br /> <br /> ==Works Cited==<br /> <br /> Dieckmann, Liselotte. ''Johann Wolfgang Goethe''. New York: Twayne Publishers, Inc., 1974.<br /> <br /> Montgomery, Paul. ''Review Notes and Study Guide to Geothe's Faust''. New York: Thor Publications, Inc., 1964. 37-40.<br /> <br /> <br /> ----<br /> &lt; [[Faust: Auerbach's Cellar in Leipzig|Auerbach's Cellar in Leipzig]] | [[Faust Summary, Commentary, Notes]] | [[Faust: A Street (1)|A Street (1)]] &gt;<br /> <br /> [[Category:World Literature]]</div>

JdeLung https://litwiki.org/index.php?title=Faust:_Auerbach%27s_Cellar_in_Leipzig&diff=8908 2006-03-03T01:23:19Z

<p>JdeLung: /* &#039;&#039;&#039;Commentary&#039;&#039;&#039; */</p> <hr /> <div>=='''Summary'''==<br /> <br /> In this scene Mephistopheles takes Faust to a local tavern. The scene opens inside the tavern with four “drinkers carousing” (563). As these men are drinking, they are also singing a variety of songs and commenting on them. Mephistopheles and Faust enter the scene, so Faust can learn how to relax and live a little. Mephistopheles joins the singing by singing a song the men have never heard before; however, Faust says nothing. After the singing the drinkers offer a toast to “Long live freedom, long live wine!” (l. 2032). Mephistopheles says he would toast to that but their wine was not good enough; he then offers them what he’s got if it will not insult there landlord. Mephistopheles drills holes in front of each man so that their requested wine may poor from it when Mephistopheles says his few magic words. The men are surprised by this trick and drink cup after cup, until one of the drinkers, Siebel, spills some wine and it catches ablaze. Mephistopheles puts the fire out with some more magic words and the drinkers become very upset with this witchery. The drinkers attack Mephistopheles with knives and he makes them think they are in a vineyard, and they grab each other by the nose and then Mephistopheles takes the spell off and they are back in the tavern while Mephistopheles and Faust have disappeared.<br /> <br /> =='''Notes'''==<br /> <br /> The tavern in this scene takes place in Leipzig located in eastern Germany. Leipzig is a city widely known for its tourism, and is often referred to as “Little Paris” (Montgomery 34). The actual name of the tavern is Auerbach’s Keller, Keller being German for cellar (Montgomery 34). <br /> <br /> As Mephistopheles and Faust enter the tavern Siebel notices the Mephistopheles has a limp. “The devil is able to appear in human form except for one cloven hoof instead of a foot. This misshapen foot, in the form of a goat’s hoof, points to the animal origins of the devil” (Montgomery 35). <br /> <br /> This experience was supposed to show Faust how to live a little and enjoy life; however it only does the opposite. Faust is disgusted with Mephistopheles trick playing on innocent men, it “is not his idea of [an] ennobling activity” (Cummings).<br /> <br /> =='''Commentary'''==<br /> <br /> This scene is supposed to show Faust how to loosen up and have some fun by going to the tavern. However, throughout the scene as the drinkers and Mephistopheles are talking and singing, Faust says nothing. Faust’s only line gives us the impression that he doesn’t like the party life; almost as if it was to low of a social status for him to be seen with, since he has some many degrees. Maybe he thinks a man of such intelligence could not be seen doing such obscene things.<br /> <br /> =='''Study Questions'''==<br /> <br /> 1. Where does the scene take place?<br /> <br /> 2. What are the men doing in this place? <br /> <br /> 3. Why does Mephistopheles take Faust to this place?<br /> <br /> 4. When the men offer a toast, what does Mephistopheles do?<br /> <br /> 5. How does Mephistopheles get them out of trouble?<br /> <br /> 6. Why does Faust not say but two lines in this scene? <br /> <br /> =='''External Resources'''==<br /> <br /> [http://www.wsu.edu/~brians/hum_303/faust.html Study Guide for Goethe's Faust]<br /> <br /> =='''Works Cited'''==<br /> <br /> *Cummings, Michael J. &quot;Faust.&quot; Cummings Study Guides. 2003. 25 Feb. 2006 [http://cummingsstudyguides.net/Faust.html Faust].<br /> <br /> *Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von. &lt;i&gt;Faust, Part 1&lt;/i&gt;. &lt;i&gt;The Norton Anthology of Western Literature&lt;/i&gt;. Vol. 2. 8th Ed. Trans. Martin Greenberg. Sarah Lawall, et al, eds. New York: W.W. Norton, 2006.<br /> <br /> *Montgomery, Paul. Goethe's Faust. New York: Thor Publications, Inc., 1963. 34-36.<br /> <br /> <br /> ----<br /> &lt; [[Faust: Faust's Study (2)|Faust's Study (2)]] | [[Faust Summary, Commentary, Notes]] | [[Faust: Witch's Kitchen|Witch's Kitchen]] &gt;<br /> <br /> [[Category:World Literature]]</div>

JdeLung https://litwiki.org/index.php?title=Faust:_Auerbach%27s_Cellar_in_Leipzig&diff=5593 2006-03-02T02:12:16Z

<p>JdeLung: </p> <hr /> <div>=='''Summary'''==<br /> <br /> In this scene Mephistopheles takes Faust to a local tavern. The scene opens inside the tavern with four “drinkers carousing” (563). As these men are drinking, they are also singing a variety of songs and commenting on them. Mephistopheles and Faust enter the scene, so Faust can learn how to relax and live a little. Mephistopheles joins the singing by singing a song the men have never heard before; however, Faust says nothing. After the singing the drinkers offer a toast to “Long live freedom, long live wine!” (l. 2032). Mephistopheles says he would toast to that but their wine was not good enough; he then offers them what he’s got if it will not insult there landlord. Mephistopheles drills holes in front of each man so that their requested wine may poor from it when Mephistopheles says his few magic words. The men are surprised by this trick and drink cup after cup, until one of the drinkers, Siebel, spills some wine and it catches ablaze. Mephistopheles puts the fire out with some more magic words and the drinkers become very upset with this witchery. The drinkers attack Mephistopheles with knives and he makes them think they are in a vineyard, and they grab each other by the nose and then Mephistopheles takes the spell off and they are back in the tavern while Mephistopheles and Faust have disappeared.<br /> <br /> =='''Notes'''==<br /> <br /> The tavern in this scene takes place in Leipzig located in eastern Germany. Leipzig is a city widely known for its tourism, and is often referred to as “Little Paris” (Montgomery 34). The actual name of the tavern is Auerbach’s Keller, Keller being German for cellar (Montgomery 34). <br /> <br /> As Mephistopheles and Faust enter the tavern Siebel notices the Mephistopheles has a limp. “The devil is able to appear in human form except for one cloven hoof instead of a foot. This misshapen foot, in the form of a goat’s hoof, points to the animal origins of the devil” (Montgomery 35). <br /> <br /> This experience was supposed to show Faust how to live a little and enjoy life; however it only does the opposite. Faust is disgusted with Mephistopheles trick playing on innocent men, it “is not his idea of [an] ennobling activity” (Cummings).<br /> <br /> =='''Commentary'''==<br /> =='''Study Questions'''==<br /> <br /> 1. Where does the scene take place?<br /> <br /> 2. What are the men doing in this place? <br /> <br /> 3. Why does Mephistopheles take Faust to this place?<br /> <br /> 4. When the men offer a toast, what does Mephistopheles do?<br /> <br /> 5. How does Mephistopheles get them out of trouble?<br /> <br /> 6. Why does Faust not say but two lines in this scene? <br /> <br /> =='''External Resources'''==<br /> <br /> [http://www.wsu.edu/~brians/hum_303/faust.html Study Guide for Goethe's Faust]<br /> <br /> =='''Works Cited'''==<br /> <br /> *Cummings, Michael J. &quot;Faust.&quot; Cummings Study Guides. 2003. 25 Feb. 2006 [http://cummingsstudyguides.net/Faust.html Faust].<br /> <br /> *Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von. &lt;i&gt;Faust, Part 1&lt;/i&gt;. &lt;i&gt;The Norton Anthology of Western Literature&lt;/i&gt;. Vol. 2. 8th Ed. Trans. Martin Greenberg. Sarah Lawall, et al, eds. New York: W.W. Norton, 2006.<br /> <br /> *Montgomery, Paul. Goethe's Faust. New York: Thor Publications, Inc., 1963. 34-36.<br /> <br /> <br /> ----<br /> &lt; [[Faust: Faust's Study (2)|Faust's Study (2)]] | [[Faust Summary, Commentary, Notes]] | [[Faust: Witch's Kitchen|Witch's Kitchen]] &gt;<br /> <br /> [[Category:World Literature]]</div>

JdeLung https://litwiki.org/index.php?title=Faust:_Auerbach%27s_Cellar_in_Leipzig&diff=5541 2006-02-25T23:04:15Z

<p>JdeLung: </p> <hr /> <div>=='''Summary'''==<br /> <br /> In this scene Mephistopheles takes Faust to a local tavern. The scene opens inside the tavern with four “drinkers carousing” (563). As these men are drinking, they are also singing a variety of songs and commenting on them. Mephistopheles and Faust enter the scene, so Faust can learn how to relax and live a little. Mephistopheles joins the singing by singing a song the men have never heard before; however, Faust says nothing. After the singing the drinkers offer a toast to “Long live freedom, long live wine!” (567). Mephistopheles says he would toast to that but their wine was not good enough; he then offers them what he’s got if it will not insult there landlord. Mephistopheles drills holes in front of each man so that their requested wine may poor from it when Mephistopheles says his few magic words. The men are surprised by this trick and drink cup after cup, until one of the drinkers, Siebel, spills some wine and it catches ablaze. Mephistopheles puts the fire out with some more magic words and the drinkers become very upset with this witchery. The drinkers attack Mephistopheles with knives and he makes them think they are in a vineyard, and they grab each other by the nose and then Mephistopheles takes the spell off and they are back in the tavern while Mephistopheles and Faust have disappeared.<br /> <br /> =='''Notes'''==<br /> <br /> The tavern in this scene takes place in Leipzig located in eastern Germany. Leipzig is a city widely known for its tourism, and is often referred to as “Little Paris” (Montgomery 34). The actual name of the tavern is Auerbach’s Keller, Keller being German for cellar (Montgomery 34). <br /> <br /> As Mephistopheles and Faust enter the tavern Siebel notices the Mephistopheles has a limp. “The devil is able to appear in human form except for one cloven hoof instead of a foot. This misshapen foot, in the form of a goat’s hoof, points to the animal origins of the devil” (Montgomery 35). <br /> <br /> This experience was supposed to show Faust how to live a little and enjoy life; however it only does the opposite. Faust is disgusted with Mephistopheles trick playing on innocent men, it “is not his idea of [an] ennobling activity” (Cummings).<br /> <br /> =='''Commentary'''==<br /> =='''Study Questions'''==<br /> <br /> 1. Where does the scene take place?<br /> <br /> 2. What are the men doing in this place? <br /> <br /> 3. Why does Mephistopheles take Faust to this place?<br /> <br /> 4. When the men offer a toast, what does Mephistopheles do?<br /> <br /> 5. How does Mephistopheles get them out of trouble?<br /> <br /> 6. Why does Faust not say but two lines in this scene? <br /> <br /> =='''External Resources'''==<br /> <br /> [http://www.wsu.edu/~brians/hum_303/faust.html Study Guide for Goethe's Faust]<br /> <br /> =='''Works Cited'''==<br /> <br /> Cummings, Michael J. &quot;Faust.&quot; Cummings Study Guides. 2003. 25 Feb. 2006 [http://cummingsstudyguides.net/Faust.html Faust].<br /> <br /> Montgomery, Paul. Goethe's Faust. New York: Thor Publications, Inc., 1963. 34-36.<br /> <br /> <br /> ----<br /> &lt; [[Faust: Faust's Study (2)|Faust's Study (2)]] | [[Faust Summary, Commentary, Notes]] | [[Faust: Witch's Kitchen|Witch's Kitchen]] &gt;<br /> <br /> [[Category:World Literature]]</div>

JdeLung https://litwiki.org/index.php?title=Faust:_Auerbach%27s_Cellar_in_Leipzig&diff=5395 2006-02-25T23:00:15Z

<p>JdeLung: </p> <hr /> <div>=='''Summary'''==<br /> <br /> In this scene Mephistopheles takes Faust to a local tavern. The scene opens inside the tavern with four “drinkers carousing” (563). As these men are drinking, they are also singing a variety of songs and commenting on them. Mephistopheles and Faust enter the scene, so Faust can learn how to relax and live a little. Mephistopheles joins the singing by singing a song the men have never heard before; however, Faust says nothing. After the singing the drinkers offer a toast to “Long live freedom, long live wine!” (567). Mephistopheles says he would toast to that but their wine was not good enough; he then offers them what he’s got if it will not insult there landlord. Mephistopheles drills holes in front of each man so that their requested wine may poor from it when Mephistopheles says his few magic words. The men are surprised by this trick and drink cup after cup, until one of the drinkers, Siebel, spills some wine and it catches ablaze. Mephistopheles puts the fire out with some more magic words and the drinkers become very upset with this witchery. The drinkers attack Mephistopheles with knives and he makes them think they are in a vineyard, and they grab each other by the nose and then Mephistopheles takes the spell off and they are back in the tavern while Mephistopheles and Faust have disappeared.<br /> <br /> =='''Notes'''==<br /> <br /> The tavern in this scene takes place in Leipzig located in eastern Germany. Leipzig is a city widely known for its tourism, and is often referred to as “Little Paris” (Montgomery 34). The actual name of the tavern is Auerbach’s Keller, Keller being German for cellar (Montgomery 34). <br /> <br /> As Mephistopheles and Faust enter the tavern Siebel notices the Mephistopheles has a limp. “The devil is able to appear in human form except for one cloven hoof instead of a foot. This misshapen foot, in the form of a goat’s hoof, points to the animal origins of the devil” (Montgomery 35). <br /> <br /> This experience was supposed to show Faust how to live a little and enjoy life; however it only does the opposite. Faust is disgusted with Mephistopheles trick playing on innocent men, it “is not his idea of [an] ennobling activity” (Cummings).<br /> <br /> =='''Commentary'''==<br /> =='''Study Questions'''==<br /> <br /> 1. Where does the scene take place?<br /> <br /> 2. What are the men doing in this place? <br /> <br /> 3. Why does Mephistopheles take Faust to this place?<br /> <br /> 4. When the men offer a toast, what does Mephistopheles do?<br /> <br /> 5. How does Mephistopheles get them out of trouble?<br /> <br /> 6. Why does Faust not say but two lines in this scene? <br /> <br /> =='''External Resources'''==<br /> <br /> [http://www.wsu.edu/~brians/hum_303/faust.html Study Guide for Goethe's Faust]<br /> <br /> =='''Works Cited'''==<br /> <br /> Cummings, Michael J. &quot;Faust.&quot; Cummings Study Guides. 2003. 25 Feb. 2006 [http://cummingsstudyguides.net/Faust.html Faust].<br /> <br /> Montgomery, Paul. Goethe's Faust. New York: Thor Publications, Inc., 1963. 34-36.</div>

JdeLung https://litwiki.org/index.php?title=Faust:_Auerbach%27s_Cellar_in_Leipzig&diff=5394 2006-02-23T01:58:34Z

<p>JdeLung: </p> <hr /> <div>=='''Summary'''==<br /> =='''Notes'''==<br /> =='''Commentary'''==<br /> =='''Study Questions'''==<br /> =='''External Resources'''==<br /> =='''Works Cited'''==</div>

JdeLung https://litwiki.org/index.php?title=Faust&diff=5121 2006-02-19T23:22:37Z

<p>JdeLung: /* Critical Perspectives */</p> <hr /> <div>==Synopsis==<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> <br /> ==Timeline==<br /> <br /> ==Themes==<br /> <br /> ==References in Popular Culture==<br /> <br /> ==Critical Perspectives==<br /> <br /> Just as Satin tempts Faust he also tempts priests. Faust is tempted by the devil. The devil is willing to do anything for Faust to make him happy except make moral decisions. The devil becomes Faust’s servant. He does so to get Faust’s soul, this occurs when Faust is finally truly happy. As soon as Faust becomes happy he will die and the devil will get his soul. Priests are also tempted by the devil in the way of their vow for celibacy. Many priests are sexually tempted to sin and indulge their mortal yearning. Although they know that this indulgence is sin, the devil makes the opportunity appear very promising and pleasurable. Faust has the same problem; the devil says he will do anything for him to please him. Faust believes he can withstand the devil’s temptations to become perfectly happy so he accepts the devil’s challenge. Faust begins with having the devil make him young again and then he sees a beautiful young lady and demands that she be his. Then failing to see the devil’s trickery, he gives in to the devil’s demise and “deflowers” her and she becomes pregnant. Faust then leaves and she goes crazy in her jail cell. Priests are often subjected to public reproach after committing their sins. Faust’s sin was not the sin that the lord and the devil bet on. Faust did not find a moment that he wanted to linger. The devil fails to tempt Faust enough to take his soul.<br /> <br /> ==External Links and Resources==<br /> * [[Faust Summary]]<br /> <br /> ==Works Cited==<br /> <br /> [[Category:World Literature]]</div>

JdeLung https://litwiki.org/index.php?title=Candide&diff=4870 2006-02-12T20:25:52Z

<p>JdeLung: /* Characters */</p> <hr /> <div>A [[satire]] by [[Voltaire]].<br /> <br /> ==Historical Context==<br /> In the 18th century new ideas and philosophies were popping up everywhere. An intellectual movement in Europe known as as the Enlightment started to change the way man viewed his world. Also known as the age of reason, this was the road to understanding in which Voltaire lived. Isaac Newton introduced the idea that the universe was governed by setlaws that were also able to be discovered. This concept was detremental to the way people had prevously thought because it undermined the faith in a personal God. It was believed by many philosphers, such as Voltaire, that churches should not interfere with scientific research. By the end of the 1700's, the idea of self-government had changed in England and started a revolution in France and America. Europe moved from an rural farming economy to an industrial one. At the end of this century the world had changed dramatically as the advances in science, political democracy, and religious freedom swept away the last traces of the Middle Ages.<br /> <br /> ==Themes==<br /> ===The Folly of Optimism===<br /> The Folly of Optimism is a recurring theme throughout the novel. By most definitions, optimism is a positive outlook on life and situations, assuming there are good times to come even in the darkest of hours. However, through this novel, optimism is at times not seen as a beneficial outlook. According to Candide himself, optimism &quot;is a mania for saying things are well when one is in hell&quot; (Voltaire 410). Optimism is seen as a slight sign of insanity, a trait that causes a person to constantly suffer in the mere hopes that troubled times will one day turn around. <br /> <br /> The old woman is a prime example. Through all her hardships, all her torturous sufferings, she carried on; a glimmer of hope inside her that all hope is not lost. In telling her story, she talks of an optimistic outlook, of her own optimism; &quot;A hundred times I wanted to kill myself, but I always loved life more. This ridiculous weakness is perhaps one of our worst instincts; is anything more stupid than choosing to carry a burden that really one wants to cast on the ground&quot; (Voltaire 396). <br /> <br /> Although their optimism is the main reason for their survival and ability to continue on through their sufferings, the characters view their optimism as one of the main causes for those sufferings they must go through. <br /> <br /> The Folly is the belief that Candide is going to find Cunegonde like he first loved her. Even though this doesn't happen, that is where optimism comes into effect. With her breast fallen, Candide still took her to be his wife, what &quot;Optimism&quot;, what a man (Voltaire 435).<br /> <br /> ===Is There Truely A Utopia===<br /> <br /> ===The Uselessness of Philosophical Speculation===<br /> Throughout ''Candide'', three different philosophies are presented: optomism, pessimism, and skeptism. Pangloss is the character who embodies optomism. He states: &quot; It is clear that things cannot be otherwise than they are, for since everything is made to serve and end, everything necessarliy serves the best end&quot; (378). He also argues: &quot;that there cannot possibly be an effect without a cause&quot; meaning that everything in the world has a specific purpose and reason (378). Martin, however, is the total opposite of Pangloss. He only sees the worst of any situation. Cacambo is the skeptic. His belief is somewhere in between that of Pangloss and Martin: &quot;That is, Cacambo embodies the notion that one cannot know whether or not ultimate reality can be proven by reason&quot; (Beck). Cacambo has talents: &quot; he had been choirboy, sacristan, sailor, monk, merchant, solider, and lackey&quot; (398). These talents have furthered his knowledge, and he has learned through personal expriences to take a more realistic view on life.<br /> <br /> ===Greed===<br /> One of the major themes in ''Candide'' is greed. In Candide’s world greed is like an infection that has spread almost everywhere. The only place untouched by greed is Eldorado. Almost everyone Candide meets is driven by the need to acquire wealth. These individuals are portrayed as evil people with no morals. <br /> <br /> The merchant Vanderdendur steals Candide’s last two sheep that carry Candide’s jewels. Vanderdendur is one of many characters in the story that is portrayed as being truly evil. Before Candide meets Vanderdendur he meets a slave that was once owned by Vanderdendur. Vanderdendur has cut off this slave’s right hand and left leg and left him on the side of the road. <br /> <br /> Candide and Pangloss met a sailor on Jacques’s ship. After a massive earthquake this sailor runs through the ruins looking for anything he can take. His only desire is to gain wealth. As with Vanderdendur this sailor is also shown as being evil beforehand. On Jacques’s ship this sailor attacks Jacques. The violent movements of the ship knock the sailor overboard. Jacques helps the sailor back up. Jacques then falls over the side. The sailor does nothing to help Jacques. He watches as Jacques drowns.<br /> <br /> The only place that the disease of greed does not touch is Eldorado. Eldorado is a mythical city filled with gold and jewels. Everyone seeks Eldorado but very few reach it. Greed does not exist there because the gold and jewels have no value. There is so much of the gold that the inhabitants see them as pebbles on the ground. The people of Eldorado live peaceful lives. They are not greedy so they have no need to make war upon each other.<br /> <br /> ===Sexual Exploitation===<br /> <br /> ===Resurection===<br /> <br /> All throughout ''Candide'' we see characters being &quot;resurrected&quot;. For example, Cunegonde's brother, the Jesuit Baron, is resurrected at the end of the story and also Master Pangloss. Both of these men had supposably been killed earlier on in the story but show up in the end. Candide was to have killed the baron with his sword when he slit his chest open. Pangloss was to have been hung and then burned, but got rescued from the actual burning. The rope that was around his neck was not tight enough, therefore he was still breathing. Also, Candide was badly beat but survived and was nursed back to health. The entire story is really an example of resurrection because everyone was seperated at some point, but all of the main characters end up reunited back together.<br /> <br /> ===The Evil of Poverty===<br /> <br /> In the story ''Candide'' almost everyone in the story is or at once in the clutches of poverty. This seems to be a vice that no one can escape. At one point in the story Candide has supper with six people that used to be kings. Now they were all stripped of their glory and reduced to taking handouts. The old woman that helped Cunegonde was a wealthy princess at one time and also reduced down to slavery. Maybe Voltaire's use of this theme was to show how bad poverty was during his lifetime. He might have felt he could show people how poverty effects those that have to endure it. As Bell says, &quot;After all, without evil, how could individuals exercise free choice&quot; (Bell)?<br /> <br /> ===Immorality===<br /> <br /> ==Characters==<br /> <br /> ===Candide===<br /> A good natured fellow who is in love with Cunégonde. His love for Cunégonde gets him banned from The Baron of Thunder-Ten-Tronckh's castle, for stealing a mere kiss from his beloved crush. It is also important to remember that Candide is the Baron's illegitimate nephew. He seems to have a &quot;black cloud&quot; covering him wherever he goes. This is shown when he starts murdering his beloved's capturers, in order to save her. His choices are easily influenced and they lead him down a path of destruction and dispair wherever he goes.<br /> <br /> === Cunégonde ===<br /> The young beautiful daughter of the baron. She is raped and tortured by the Bulgars, while witnessing her family's execution. She is traded may times as a slave. She is given an old slave woman, whom finally reunites her with Candide. While on their journey to South America and out of money, she becomes engaged to Don Fernando d'Ibaraa y Figueora y Mascarenes y Lampourdos y Souza, the governor of Buenos Aries. It seems that no matter how hard they try, she and Candide cannot seem to get together. However, in the end all the determination of Candide pays off when the two are finally reunited for good.<br /> <br /> ===Pangloss===<br /> An optomistic philosopher in the Thunder-Ten-Tronckh's castle. He served as Candide and Cunegonde's childhood professor and later as Candide and Jacques' philosopher. His views on life are that everything that happens, whether it be good or bad, was meant to be. He proves his intellect to Candide by reasoning that &quot;the bay of Lisbon had been formed expressly for this Anabaptist to drown in&quot; after Jacques' death (384). Pangloss is finally hanged for his beliefs during a auto-da-fe.<br /> <br /> ===Jacques===<br /> The good Anabaptist who rescued Candide from the “cruel and heartless treatment” inflicted by the black-coated man and his scandalous wife (381). He graciously took Candide home and gave him a bath, bread and beer, two florins, and a job. His charitable nature also moved him to take in Candide’s long-lost friend, Pangloss, and have him cured of the pox at his own expense. Two months later his good deeds cost him his life: Jacques drowned during a horrible tempest after aiding a merciless sailor. <br /> <br /> ===The old woman===<br /> She was born the daughter of Pope Urban the Tenth. She was the Princess of Palestrina until her ship was taken over by pirates. The old woman's life parallels that of Cunégonde in the way that they were both born into a life of privilege and eventually end up as slaves. Both being tortured and raped many times over and left for dead. The old woman, despite life's challanges, states, &quot;I wanted to kill myself, but always I loved life more&quot; (Voltaire 396). She seems real optimistic and seems to hang in there during the trials and tribulations of her life. These two women form a common bond, and the old woman finally reunites Candide and Cunégonde. She remains a servant until she is befriended by Candide and Cunégonde.<br /> <br /> ===Paquette===<br /> She is the maidservant to the Baroness. She &quot;caused these torments of hell&quot; from which Pangloss is suffering (383).<br /> <br /> ===Cacambo===<br /> He was brought from Cadiz to be Candide's valet. He is honest and speakes many different languages. He even saves Candide from Biglugs, and becomes a valued friend and confidant.<br /> <br /> ===Don Fernando d'Ibaraa y Figueora y Mascarenes y Lampourdos y Souza===<br /> <br /> He is the arrogant governor of Buenos Aries. He is the normal stereotyped government official, &quot;he address[es] everyone with the most aristocratic disdain, pointing his nose so loftily, raising his voice so mercilessly, lording it so splendidly, and assuming so arrogant a pose&quot; (396). He finds Cunegonde to be &quot;the most beautiful creature he ha[s] ever seen&quot; (397). Despite Cunegonde and Candide being engaged the governor takes her in as his mistress and plans to marry her.<br /> <br /> ===Martin===<br /> A scholar whom Candide meets while traveling. He is very intelligent, but has a pessimistic view of the world, perhaps due to unfortunate events in the course of his life. &quot;Martin bends all perceptions of good into a system that makes evil (anxiety, boredom, etc.)the dominate force in the universe&quot; (Campbell 113).<br /> <br /> Martin is a direct counterpart to [[http://litmuse.maconstate.edu/litwiki/index.php/Candide#Pangloss Pangloss]]. Pangloss sees the world as the best possible place, while Martin sees it as the exact opposite. Martin's philosophy is as follows: &quot; Do you believe, said Martin, that hawks have always eaten pigeons when they could get them? Well, said Martin, if hawks have always had the same character, why do you suppose that men have changed?&quot; (414). Thus, Martin believes that men have always been cruel and will always be cruel. Martin's pessimism also draws parallels to another character, [[http://litmuse.maconstate.edu/litwiki/index.php/Candide#Jacques Jacques the Anabaptist]]. Jacques is also pessimistic, but unlike Martin, he believes that kindness goes a long way towards redemption for mankind.<br /> <br /> ===Don Issachar===<br /> A wealthy, Jewish man who tries to win the affection of Cunegonde. He shares this fight for affection with The Grand Inquisitor.<br /> <br /> ==Critical Perspectives==<br /> <br /> === Analysis of The Old Woman ===<br /> <br /> The Old Woman is unique in that she is the only character to experience no change throughout the story. She comes into the story &quot;immune to change,&quot; and is &quot;an icon of what all will become by the end of the tale&quot; ([http://web3.epnet.com/citation.asp?rds=1&amp;sxp=1562&amp;tb=1&amp;_ug=sid+D859FE3A%2DD0BB%2D46D1%2D89B4%2D3BFF5AE2DBA3%40sessionmgr4+dbs+aph+cp+1+F533&amp;_us=frn+1+hd+False+hs+True+cst+0%3B1+or+Date+ss+SO+sm+KS+sl+0+dstb+KS+mh+1+ri+KAAACBXA00057061+6DAA&amp;_uso=tg%5B0+%2D+db%5B0+%2Daph+hd+False+clv%5B2+%2DY+clv%5B1+%2DY+clv%5B0+%2DY+op%5B0+%2D+cli%5B2+%2DFR+cli%5B1+%2DRV+cli%5B0+%2DFT+st%5B0+%2DCandide+mdb%5B0+%2Dimh+09C5&amp;fn=1&amp;rn=1 Marsh]). It is the old woman who proves that only true effort and work will rebuild and regenerate these other characters who have suffered so much throughout the story ([http://web3.epnet.com/citation.asp?rds=1&amp;sxp=1562&amp;tb=1&amp;_ug=sid+D859FE3A%2DD0BB%2D46D1%2D89B4%2D3BFF5AE2DBA3%40sessionmgr4+dbs+aph+cp+1+F533&amp;_us=frn+1+hd+False+hs+True+cst+0%3B1+or+Date+ss+SO+sm+KS+sl+0+dstb+KS+mh+1+ri+KAAACBXA00057061+6DAA&amp;_uso=tg%5B0+%2D+db%5B0+%2Daph+hd+False+clv%5B2+%2DY+clv%5B1+%2DY+clv%5B0+%2DY+op%5B0+%2D+cli%5B2+%2DFR+cli%5B1+%2DRV+cli%5B0+%2DFT+st%5B0+%2DCandide+mdb%5B0+%2Dimh+09C5&amp;fn=1&amp;rn=1 Marsh]).<br /> <br /> ==Resources==<br /> * [http://www.literature.org/authors/voltaire/candide/ &lt;i&gt;Candide&lt;/i&gt;] — The full text<br /> * [http://www.sparknotes.com/lit/candide/ SparkNotes]<br /> * [http://humanities.uchicago.edu/homes/VSA/Candide/ Resources for study of Voltaire's &lt;i&gt;Candide&lt;/i&gt;]<br /> * [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candide Wikipedia entry]<br /> * [http://kclibrary.nhmccd.edu/voltaire3.htm Voltaire]<br /> * [http://www.pinkmonkey.com/booknotes/monkeynotes/pmCandide01.asp PinkMonkey.com]<br /> <br /> ==Works Cited==<br /> <br /> * Beck, Ervin. [http://web32.epnet.com.ezproxy.maconstate.edu/citation.asp?tb=1&amp;_ug=sid+24BFF23C%2DB2EB%2D4ED1%2D92E5%2DD8549766350E%40sessionmgr3+dbs+mzh+744B&amp;_us=frn+1+hd+False+hs+False+or+Date+ss+SO+sm+KS+sl+%2D1+dstb+KS+mh+1+ri+KAAACB3C00104454+B5AE&amp;_usmtl=ftv+True+137E&amp;_uso=hd+False+tg%5B0+%2D+st%5B0+%2DVoltaire+clv%5B0+%2DY+db%5B0+%2Dmzh+cli%5B0+%2DFT+op%5B0+%2D+58FF&amp;bk=S&amp;EBSCOContent=ZWJjY8bb43ePprdrtdvha6Gmr4GPqLGFn6i5faKWxpjDpeys0qetuNDf7XnU3u6%2B4wAA&amp;rn=6&amp;fn=1&amp;db=aph&amp;an=2336667&amp;sm=&amp;cf=1/ &quot;Voltaire's Candide.&quot;] ''Explicator'', Summer 1999, 57(4): p203-04.<br /> <br /> * Bell, Ian. &quot;''Candide'': Overveiw.&quot; ''Reference Guide to World Literature'', 2nd ed. St.James Press, 1995.<br /> <br /> * Campbell, John. ''The Book of Great Books''. New York: Metrobooks,1997.<br /> <br /> * Marsh, Leonard. [http://web3.epnet.com/citation.asp?tb=1&amp;_ug=sid+D859FE3A%2DD0BB%2D46D1%2D89B4%2D3BFF5AE2DBA3%40sessionmgr4+dbs+aph+cp+1+F533&amp;_us=frn+1+hd+False+hs+True+cst+0%3B1+or+Date+ss+SO+sm+KS+sl+0+dstb+KS+mh+1+ri+KAAACBXA00057061+6DAA&amp;_uso=tg%5B0+%2D+db%5B0+%2Daph+hd+False+clv%5B2+%2DY+clv%5B1+%2DY+clv%5B0+%2DY+op%5B0+%2D+cli%5B2+%2DFR+cli%5B1+%2DRV+cli%5B0+%2DFT+st%5B0+%2DCandide+mdb%5B0+%2Dimh+09C5&amp;fn=1&amp;rn=1&quot;Voltaire's Candide.&quot;] ''Explicator''. Spring 2004, Vol. 62 Issue 3, 144-146.<br /> <br /> * TheBestNotes.com. [http://www.pinkmonkey.com/booknotes/monkeynotes/pmCandide01.asp &lt;u&gt;PinkMonkey.com&lt;/u&gt;.] 2003. 7 Feb. 2006<br /> <br /> * Voltaire, Francois &quot;Candide.&quot; ''The Norton Anthology of Western Literature'' Ed. Hugo, Howard, et al. 8th ed. New York: W W Norton &amp; Company, 2005. 377-438.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:World Literature]]</div>

JdeLung https://litwiki.org/index.php?title=User_talk:Rsellars&diff=4829 2006-02-09T00:01:49Z

<p>JdeLung: </p> <hr /> <div></div>

JdeLung https://litwiki.org/index.php?title=Voltaire&diff=4881 2006-02-08T23:44:25Z

<p>JdeLung: </p> <hr /> <div>==Biography==<br /> <br /> Voltaire was born François-Marie Arouet on November 21, 1694 in Paris, France. He was the son of Francois Arouet, a minor treasury official, and Marie Marguerite D’Aumard. Upon his birth, it was thought that he would not live very long, so a priest came to baptize him immediately, hoping to save his soul (Darrow). During this time, France was close to bankruptcy and was basically run under the rule of one church. The church in itself set a standard of beliefs that must be followed explicitly, at least in all outward appearances. Literature questioning the church's accepted practices would be deemed heretic and destroyed, the author most likely suffering the same fate (Darrow). Thus, Voltaire had plenty to write about in his works. <br /> <br /> His early education was the responsibility of an irreligious priest named Abbe de Chateauneuf, who tired to keep Voltaire's mind free of the superstition of the times (Darrow). He later refers to Abbe as a scoundrel in his novel ''Candide.'' Near age 10, Voltaire was sent away to a boys' school, where the the first stages of his writing began. Later, Voltaire's father decided that his son should be an attorney, even though Voltaire had already expressed his desire to write. His father said, &quot;Literature is the profession of the man who wishes to be useless to society, and a burden to his relatives, and to die of hunger&quot; (Darrow). However, Voltaire did not die of hunger or become a burden on society. Instead his works often provided great social sommentary, and mocked society and its accepted practices. Because of the nature of his works, Voltaire became a semi-regular inmate at the Bastille.<br /> <br /> Voltaire spent most of his life in Paris, until his exile to England by Chevalier de Rohan, a nobleman. While in exile, Voltaire was greatly impressed with the monarch system which England used. He liked the freedoms he had there in speech and religion. Voltaire wrote a fictional document about the English government entitled the &quot;Lettres Philosophiques (Letters on English)&quot; (Mason). Voltaire created much controversy with this document being as it shined upon the English system being more advanced than the French system, especially in the areas of religion. <br /> <br /> From literature he passed to science, met members of the Royal Society, and began that study of Newton which would enable him later to replace Descartes with Newton in France (Durant 246). It had been twenty-eight years since his last visit to Paris. After seeing one of his own plays being preformed he started writing another tragedy, ''Irene''. He wrote until he became ill and died in 1778. Upon his deathbed, Voltaire ended his long strife with the church by making a final confession in order to be buried on hallowed ground. The church, however, was not so forgiving and refused to allow his remains to be buried on sanctified grounds, but the body had already been buried. “He was buried in the Abbey of Scellères, and his body was transferred to the Panthéon on July 10, 1791, during the French Revolution. In 1814, after the first fall of Napoleon and the restoration of the House of Bourbon monarchy, Voltaire's bones were removed from the Pantheon and destroyed. His heart is preserved at La Comedie Francaise” (Wikipedia). Fifty years passed before the desecration of Voltaire's remains was discovered.<br /> <br /> ==Works==<br /> * &lt;i&gt;[[Candide]]&lt;/i&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Historical Context==<br /> The [[Enlightenment|Age of Enlightenment]].<br /> <br /> ==Resources==<br /> <br /> [http://www.encyclopedia.com/html/section/Voltaire_Voltaire'sLifeandWorks.asp Voltaire at encyclopedia.com]<br /> <br /> [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltaire Voltaire at Wikipedia]<br /> <br /> ==Works Cited==<br /> <br /> [[Category:World Literature]]<br /> <br /> Darrow, Clarence. &quot;Voltaire&quot;. 1 Feb 2006. [http://www.positiveatheism.org/hist/darrow5.htm Voltaire] <br /> <br /> Durant, Will, and Ariel. ''The age of Voltaire.'' New York: Simon and Schuster, 1965.<br /> <br /> Mason, Haydn. &quot;Voltaire: Overview.&quot; Reference Guide to World Literature. 8 Feb 2006. [http://galenet.galegroup.com.ezproxy.maconstate.edu/servlet/LitRC?vrsn=3&amp;OP=contains&amp;locID=maco12153&amp;srchtp=athr&amp;ca=1&amp;c=16&amp;ste=16&amp;stab=512&amp;tab=2&amp;tbst=arp&amp;ai=91294&amp;n=10&amp;docNum=H1420008311&amp;ST=voltaire&amp;bConts=278191 Voltaire]</div>

JdeLung https://litwiki.org/index.php?title=Voltaire&diff=4812 2006-02-08T23:40:21Z

<p>JdeLung: /* Works */</p> <hr /> <div>==Biography==<br /> <br /> Voltaire was born François-Marie Arouet on November 21, 1694 in Paris, France. He was the son of Francois Arouet, a minor treasury official, and Marie Marguerite D’Aumard. Upon his birth, it was thought that he would not live very long, so a priest came to baptize him immediately, hoping to save his soul (Darrow). During this time, France was close to bankruptcy and was basically run under the rule of one church. The church in itself set a standard of beliefs that must be followed explicitly, at least in all outward appearances. Literature questioning the church's accepted practices would be deemed heretic and destroyed, the author most likely suffering the same fate (Darrow). Thus, Voltaire had plenty to write about in his works. <br /> <br /> His early education was the responsibility of an irreligious priest named Abbe de Chateauneuf, who tired to keep Voltaire's mind free of the superstition of the times (Darrow). He later refers to Abbe as a scoundrel in his novel ''Candide.'' Near age 10, Voltaire was sent away to a boys' school, where the the first stages of his writing began. Later, Voltaire's father decided that his son should be an attorney, even though Voltaire had already expressed his desire to write. His father said, &quot;Literature is the profession of the man who wishes to be useless to society, and a burden to his relatives, and to die of hunger&quot; (Darrow). However, Voltaire did not die of hunger or become a burden on society. Instead his works often provided great social sommentary, and mocked society and its accepted practices. Because of the nature of his works, Voltaire became a semi-regular inmate at the Bastille.<br /> <br /> Voltaire spent most of his life in Paris, until his exile to England by Chevalier de Rohan, a nobleman. While in exile, Voltaire was greatly impressed with the monarch system which England used. He liked the freedoms he had there in speech and religion. Voltaire wrote a “fictional document about the English government entitled the ''Lettres Philosophiques'' (Philosophical letters on the English)” (1). Voltaire created much controversy with this document being as it shined upon the English system being more advanced than the French system, especially in the areas of religion. <br /> <br /> From literature he passed to science, met members of the Royal Society, and began that study of Newton which would enable him later to replace Descartes with Newton in France (Durant 246). It had been twenty-eight years since his last visit to Paris. After seeing one of his own plays being preformed he started writing another tragedy, ''Irene''. He wrote until he became ill and died in 1778. Upon his deathbed, Voltaire ended his long strife with the church by making a final confession in order to be buried on hallowed ground. The church, however, was not so forgiving and refused to allow his remains to be buried on sanctified grounds, but the body had already been buried. “He was buried in the Abbey of Scellères, and his body was transferred to the Panthéon on July 10, 1791, during the French Revolution. In 1814, after the first fall of Napoleon and the restoration of the House of Bourbon monarchy, Voltaire's bones were removed from the Pantheon and destroyed. His heart is preserved at La Comedie Francaise” (1). Fifty years passed before the desecration of Voltaire's remains was discovered.<br /> <br /> ==Works==<br /> * &lt;i&gt;[[Candide]]&lt;/i&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Historical Context==<br /> The [[Enlightenment|Age of Enlightenment]].<br /> <br /> ==Resources==<br /> <br /> [http://www.encyclopedia.com/html/section/Voltaire_Voltaire'sLifeandWorks.asp Voltaire at encyclopedia.com]<br /> <br /> [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltaire Voltaire at Wikipedia]<br /> <br /> ==Works Cited==<br /> <br /> [[Category:World Literature]]<br /> <br /> Darrow, Clarence. &quot;Voltaire&quot;. 1 Feb 2006. [http://www.positiveatheism.org/hist/darrow5.htm Voltaire] <br /> <br /> Durant, Will, and Ariel. ''The age of Voltaire.'' New York: Simon and Schuster, 1965.<br /> <br /> [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltaire Voltaire] &quot;Voltaire.&quot; Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. 5 Feb 2006</div>

JdeLung https://litwiki.org/index.php?title=User_talk:Rsellars&diff=4813 2006-02-08T23:00:26Z

<p>JdeLung: </p> <hr /> <div>Hey man, <br /> <br /> How do i properly cite this webpage off of Literature Resource Center? Here is the [http://galenet.galegroup.com.ezproxy.maconstate.edu/servlet/LitRC?vrsn=3&amp;OP=contains&amp;locID=maco12153&amp;srchtp=athr&amp;ca=1&amp;c=2&amp;stab=128&amp;ste=9&amp;tab=4&amp;tbst=arp&amp;ai=91294&amp;n=10&amp;docNum=H1410000072&amp;ST=voltaire&amp;bConts=278191#BiographicalInfoEssay link] to the page that i used but i cant seem to find a author of this particular part. If you dont find a author too, do you think it is still a good source to use since it is on that particular site?</div>

JdeLung https://litwiki.org/index.php?title=Voltaire&diff=4721 2006-02-05T23:17:07Z

<p>JdeLung: /* Works */</p> <hr /> <div>==Biography==<br /> <br /> Voltaire was born François-Marie Arouet on November 21, 1694 in Paris France. He was the son of Francois Arouet, a notary, and Marie Marguerite D’Aumard. Voltaire spent most of his life in Paris until his exile to England. He was exiled by a man named Chevalier de Rohan, a nobleman. <br /> <br /> While in exile Voltaire was greatly impressed with the monarch system which England used. He like the freedoms he had there in speech and religion. Voltaire wrote a “fictional document about the English government entitled the Lettres philosophiques (Philosophical letters on the English).”(1) Voltaire created much controversy with this document being as it shined upon the English system being more advanced than the French system, espically in the areas of religion. <br /> <br /> After many years of moving and writing/experimenting with Marquise du Châtelet about natural sciences, Voltaire returned to Paris. It had been twenty-eight years since his last visit to Paris. After seeing one of his own plays being preformed he started writing another tragedy. He wrote until he became ill and died in 1778. “He was buried in the Abbey of Scellères, and his body was transferred to the Panthéon on July 10, 1791, during the French Revolution. In 1814, after the first fall of Napoleon and the restoration of the House of Bourbon monarchy, Voltaire's bones were removed from the Pantheon and destroyed. His heart is preserved at La Comedie Francaise”(1)<br /> <br /> ==Works==<br /> * &lt;i&gt;[[Candide]]&lt;/i&gt;<br /> * [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letters_on_the_English Letters on the English]<br /> * [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zadig Zadig]<br /> * [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micromegas Micromegas]<br /> <br /> ==Historical Context==<br /> <br /> ==Resources==<br /> <br /> [http://www.encyclopedia.com/html/section/Voltaire_Voltaire'sLifeandWorks.asp Voltaire at encyclopedia.com]<br /> <br /> [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltaire Voltaire at Wikipedia]<br /> <br /> ==Works Cited==<br /> <br /> [[Category:World Literature]]<br /> 1. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltaire Voltaire] &quot;Voltaire.&quot; Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. 5 Feb 2006</div>

JdeLung https://litwiki.org/index.php?title=Voltaire&diff=4710 2006-02-05T23:13:11Z

<p>JdeLung: /* Works */</p> <hr /> <div>==Biography==<br /> <br /> Voltaire was born François-Marie Arouet on November 21, 1694 in Paris France. He was the son of Francois Arouet, a notary, and Marie Marguerite D’Aumard. Voltaire spent most of his life in Paris until his exile to England. He was exiled by a man named Chevalier de Rohan, a nobleman. <br /> <br /> While in exile Voltaire was greatly impressed with the monarch system which England used. He like the freedoms he had there in speech and religion. Voltaire wrote a “fictional document about the English government entitled the Lettres philosophiques (Philosophical letters on the English).”(1) Voltaire created much controversy with this document being as it shined upon the English system being more advanced than the French system, espically in the areas of religion. <br /> <br /> After many years of moving and writing/experimenting with Marquise du Châtelet about natural sciences, Voltaire returned to Paris. It had been twenty-eight years since his last visit to Paris. After seeing one of his own plays being preformed he started writing another tragedy. He wrote until he became ill and died in 1778. “He was buried in the Abbey of Scellères, and his body was transferred to the Panthéon on July 10, 1791, during the French Revolution. In 1814, after the first fall of Napoleon and the restoration of the House of Bourbon monarchy, Voltaire's bones were removed from the Pantheon and destroyed. His heart is preserved at La Comedie Francaise”(1)<br /> <br /> ==Works==<br /> * &lt;i&gt;[[Candide]]&lt;/i&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Historical Context==<br /> <br /> ==Resources==<br /> <br /> [http://www.encyclopedia.com/html/section/Voltaire_Voltaire'sLifeandWorks.asp Voltaire at encyclopedia.com]<br /> <br /> [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltaire Voltaire at Wikipedia]<br /> <br /> ==Works Cited==<br /> <br /> [[Category:World Literature]]<br /> 1. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltaire Voltaire] &quot;Voltaire.&quot; Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. 5 Feb 2006</div>

JdeLung https://litwiki.org/index.php?title=Voltaire&diff=4709 2006-02-05T23:12:48Z

<p>JdeLung: /* Works */</p> <hr /> <div>==Biography==<br /> <br /> Voltaire was born François-Marie Arouet on November 21, 1694 in Paris France. He was the son of Francois Arouet, a notary, and Marie Marguerite D’Aumard. Voltaire spent most of his life in Paris until his exile to England. He was exiled by a man named Chevalier de Rohan, a nobleman. <br /> <br /> While in exile Voltaire was greatly impressed with the monarch system which England used. He like the freedoms he had there in speech and religion. Voltaire wrote a “fictional document about the English government entitled the Lettres philosophiques (Philosophical letters on the English).”(1) Voltaire created much controversy with this document being as it shined upon the English system being more advanced than the French system, espically in the areas of religion. <br /> <br /> After many years of moving and writing/experimenting with Marquise du Châtelet about natural sciences, Voltaire returned to Paris. It had been twenty-eight years since his last visit to Paris. After seeing one of his own plays being preformed he started writing another tragedy. He wrote until he became ill and died in 1778. “He was buried in the Abbey of Scellères, and his body was transferred to the Panthéon on July 10, 1791, during the French Revolution. In 1814, after the first fall of Napoleon and the restoration of the House of Bourbon monarchy, Voltaire's bones were removed from the Pantheon and destroyed. His heart is preserved at La Comedie Francaise”(1)<br /> <br /> ==Works==<br /> * &lt;i&gt;[[Candide]]&lt;/i&gt;<br /> * [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zaire_%28play%29&amp;action=edit Zaire]<br /> * [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Le_Mondain&amp;action=edit Le Mondain]<br /> * [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sept_Discours_en_Vers_sur_l%27Homme&amp;action=edit Sepr Discours en Vers sur I'Homme]<br /> <br /> ==Historical Context==<br /> <br /> ==Resources==<br /> <br /> [http://www.encyclopedia.com/html/section/Voltaire_Voltaire'sLifeandWorks.asp Voltaire at encyclopedia.com]<br /> <br /> [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltaire Voltaire at Wikipedia]<br /> <br /> ==Works Cited==<br /> <br /> [[Category:World Literature]]<br /> 1. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltaire Voltaire] &quot;Voltaire.&quot; Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. 5 Feb 2006</div>

JdeLung https://litwiki.org/index.php?title=Voltaire&diff=4708 2006-02-05T23:12:07Z

<p>JdeLung: /* Works */</p> <hr /> <div>==Biography==<br /> <br /> Voltaire was born François-Marie Arouet on November 21, 1694 in Paris France. He was the son of Francois Arouet, a notary, and Marie Marguerite D’Aumard. Voltaire spent most of his life in Paris until his exile to England. He was exiled by a man named Chevalier de Rohan, a nobleman. <br /> <br /> While in exile Voltaire was greatly impressed with the monarch system which England used. He like the freedoms he had there in speech and religion. Voltaire wrote a “fictional document about the English government entitled the Lettres philosophiques (Philosophical letters on the English).”(1) Voltaire created much controversy with this document being as it shined upon the English system being more advanced than the French system, espically in the areas of religion. <br /> <br /> After many years of moving and writing/experimenting with Marquise du Châtelet about natural sciences, Voltaire returned to Paris. It had been twenty-eight years since his last visit to Paris. After seeing one of his own plays being preformed he started writing another tragedy. He wrote until he became ill and died in 1778. “He was buried in the Abbey of Scellères, and his body was transferred to the Panthéon on July 10, 1791, during the French Revolution. In 1814, after the first fall of Napoleon and the restoration of the House of Bourbon monarchy, Voltaire's bones were removed from the Pantheon and destroyed. His heart is preserved at La Comedie Francaise”(1)<br /> <br /> ==Works==<br /> * &lt;i&gt;[[Candide]]&lt;/i&gt;<br /> * [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oedipe_%28play%29&amp;action=edit Oedipe]<br /> * [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zaire_%28play%29&amp;action=edit Zaire]<br /> * [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Le_Mondain&amp;action=edit Le Mondain]<br /> * [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sept_Discours_en_Vers_sur_l%27Homme&amp;action=edit Sepr Discours en Vers sur I'Homme]<br /> <br /> ==Historical Context==<br /> <br /> ==Resources==<br /> <br /> [http://www.encyclopedia.com/html/section/Voltaire_Voltaire'sLifeandWorks.asp Voltaire at encyclopedia.com]<br /> <br /> [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltaire Voltaire at Wikipedia]<br /> <br /> ==Works Cited==<br /> <br /> [[Category:World Literature]]<br /> 1. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltaire Voltaire] &quot;Voltaire.&quot; Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. 5 Feb 2006</div>

JdeLung https://litwiki.org/index.php?title=Voltaire&diff=4707 2006-02-05T23:07:05Z

<p>JdeLung: /* Resources */</p> <hr /> <div>==Biography==<br /> <br /> Voltaire was born François-Marie Arouet on November 21, 1694 in Paris France. He was the son of Francois Arouet, a notary, and Marie Marguerite D’Aumard. Voltaire spent most of his life in Paris until his exile to England. He was exiled by a man named Chevalier de Rohan, a nobleman. <br /> <br /> While in exile Voltaire was greatly impressed with the monarch system which England used. He like the freedoms he had there in speech and religion. Voltaire wrote a “fictional document about the English government entitled the Lettres philosophiques (Philosophical letters on the English).”(1) Voltaire created much controversy with this document being as it shined upon the English system being more advanced than the French system, espically in the areas of religion. <br /> <br /> After many years of moving and writing/experimenting with Marquise du Châtelet about natural sciences, Voltaire returned to Paris. It had been twenty-eight years since his last visit to Paris. After seeing one of his own plays being preformed he started writing another tragedy. He wrote until he became ill and died in 1778. “He was buried in the Abbey of Scellères, and his body was transferred to the Panthéon on July 10, 1791, during the French Revolution. In 1814, after the first fall of Napoleon and the restoration of the House of Bourbon monarchy, Voltaire's bones were removed from the Pantheon and destroyed. His heart is preserved at La Comedie Francaise”(1)<br /> <br /> ==Works==<br /> * &lt;i&gt;[[Candide]]&lt;/i&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Historical Context==<br /> <br /> ==Resources==<br /> <br /> [http://www.encyclopedia.com/html/section/Voltaire_Voltaire'sLifeandWorks.asp Voltaire at encyclopedia.com]<br /> <br /> [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltaire Voltaire at Wikipedia]<br /> <br /> ==Works Cited==<br /> <br /> [[Category:World Literature]]<br /> 1. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltaire Voltaire] &quot;Voltaire.&quot; Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. 5 Feb 2006</div>

JdeLung https://litwiki.org/index.php?title=Voltaire&diff=4706 2006-02-05T23:05:47Z

<p>JdeLung: /* Resources */</p> <hr /> <div>==Biography==<br /> <br /> Voltaire was born François-Marie Arouet on November 21, 1694 in Paris France. He was the son of Francois Arouet, a notary, and Marie Marguerite D’Aumard. Voltaire spent most of his life in Paris until his exile to England. He was exiled by a man named Chevalier de Rohan, a nobleman. <br /> <br /> While in exile Voltaire was greatly impressed with the monarch system which England used. He like the freedoms he had there in speech and religion. Voltaire wrote a “fictional document about the English government entitled the Lettres philosophiques (Philosophical letters on the English).”(1) Voltaire created much controversy with this document being as it shined upon the English system being more advanced than the French system, espically in the areas of religion. <br /> <br /> After many years of moving and writing/experimenting with Marquise du Châtelet about natural sciences, Voltaire returned to Paris. It had been twenty-eight years since his last visit to Paris. After seeing one of his own plays being preformed he started writing another tragedy. He wrote until he became ill and died in 1778. “He was buried in the Abbey of Scellères, and his body was transferred to the Panthéon on July 10, 1791, during the French Revolution. In 1814, after the first fall of Napoleon and the restoration of the House of Bourbon monarchy, Voltaire's bones were removed from the Pantheon and destroyed. His heart is preserved at La Comedie Francaise”(1)<br /> <br /> ==Works==<br /> * &lt;i&gt;[[Candide]]&lt;/i&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Historical Context==<br /> <br /> ==Resources==<br /> <br /> [http://www.encyclopedia.com/html/section/Voltaire_Voltaire'sLifeandWorks.asp Voltaire at encyclopedia.com]<br /> <br /> [http://http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltaire Voltaire at Wikipedia]<br /> <br /> ==Works Cited==<br /> <br /> [[Category:World Literature]]<br /> 1. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltaire Voltaire] &quot;Voltaire.&quot; Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. 5 Feb 2006</div>

JdeLung https://litwiki.org/index.php?title=Voltaire&diff=4705 2006-02-05T23:02:48Z

<p>JdeLung: /* Works Cited */</p> <hr /> <div>==Biography==<br /> <br /> Voltaire was born François-Marie Arouet on November 21, 1694 in Paris France. He was the son of Francois Arouet, a notary, and Marie Marguerite D’Aumard. Voltaire spent most of his life in Paris until his exile to England. He was exiled by a man named Chevalier de Rohan, a nobleman. <br /> <br /> While in exile Voltaire was greatly impressed with the monarch system which England used. He like the freedoms he had there in speech and religion. Voltaire wrote a “fictional document about the English government entitled the Lettres philosophiques (Philosophical letters on the English).”(1) Voltaire created much controversy with this document being as it shined upon the English system being more advanced than the French system, espically in the areas of religion. <br /> <br /> After many years of moving and writing/experimenting with Marquise du Châtelet about natural sciences, Voltaire returned to Paris. It had been twenty-eight years since his last visit to Paris. After seeing one of his own plays being preformed he started writing another tragedy. He wrote until he became ill and died in 1778. “He was buried in the Abbey of Scellères, and his body was transferred to the Panthéon on July 10, 1791, during the French Revolution. In 1814, after the first fall of Napoleon and the restoration of the House of Bourbon monarchy, Voltaire's bones were removed from the Pantheon and destroyed. His heart is preserved at La Comedie Francaise”(1)<br /> <br /> ==Works==<br /> * &lt;i&gt;[[Candide]]&lt;/i&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Historical Context==<br /> <br /> ==Resources==<br /> <br /> [http://www.encyclopedia.com/html/section/Voltaire_Voltaire'sLifeandWorks.asp Voltaire at encyclopedia.com]<br /> <br /> ==Works Cited==<br /> <br /> [[Category:World Literature]]<br /> 1. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltaire Voltaire] &quot;Voltaire.&quot; Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. 5 Feb 2006</div>

JdeLung https://litwiki.org/index.php?title=Voltaire&diff=4704 2006-02-05T22:58:01Z

<p>JdeLung: /* Works Cited */</p> <hr /> <div>==Biography==<br /> <br /> Voltaire was born François-Marie Arouet on November 21, 1694 in Paris France. He was the son of Francois Arouet, a notary, and Marie Marguerite D’Aumard. Voltaire spent most of his life in Paris until his exile to England. He was exiled by a man named Chevalier de Rohan, a nobleman. <br /> <br /> While in exile Voltaire was greatly impressed with the monarch system which England used. He like the freedoms he had there in speech and religion. Voltaire wrote a “fictional document about the English government entitled the Lettres philosophiques (Philosophical letters on the English).”(1) Voltaire created much controversy with this document being as it shined upon the English system being more advanced than the French system, espically in the areas of religion. <br /> <br /> After many years of moving and writing/experimenting with Marquise du Châtelet about natural sciences, Voltaire returned to Paris. It had been twenty-eight years since his last visit to Paris. After seeing one of his own plays being preformed he started writing another tragedy. He wrote until he became ill and died in 1778. “He was buried in the Abbey of Scellères, and his body was transferred to the Panthéon on July 10, 1791, during the French Revolution. In 1814, after the first fall of Napoleon and the restoration of the House of Bourbon monarchy, Voltaire's bones were removed from the Pantheon and destroyed. His heart is preserved at La Comedie Francaise”(1)<br /> <br /> ==Works==<br /> * &lt;i&gt;[[Candide]]&lt;/i&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Historical Context==<br /> <br /> ==Resources==<br /> <br /> [http://www.encyclopedia.com/html/section/Voltaire_Voltaire'sLifeandWorks.asp Voltaire at encyclopedia.com]<br /> <br /> ==Works Cited==<br /> <br /> [[Category:World Literature]]<br /> 1. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltaire Voltaire]</div>

JdeLung https://litwiki.org/index.php?title=Voltaire&diff=4703 2006-02-05T22:55:38Z

<p>JdeLung: /* Biography */</p> <hr /> <div>==Biography==<br /> <br /> Voltaire was born François-Marie Arouet on November 21, 1694 in Paris France. He was the son of Francois Arouet, a notary, and Marie Marguerite D’Aumard. Voltaire spent most of his life in Paris until his exile to England. He was exiled by a man named Chevalier de Rohan, a nobleman. <br /> <br /> While in exile Voltaire was greatly impressed with the monarch system which England used. He like the freedoms he had there in speech and religion. Voltaire wrote a “fictional document about the English government entitled the Lettres philosophiques (Philosophical letters on the English).”(1) Voltaire created much controversy with this document being as it shined upon the English system being more advanced than the French system, espically in the areas of religion. <br /> <br /> After many years of moving and writing/experimenting with Marquise du Châtelet about natural sciences, Voltaire returned to Paris. It had been twenty-eight years since his last visit to Paris. After seeing one of his own plays being preformed he started writing another tragedy. He wrote until he became ill and died in 1778. “He was buried in the Abbey of Scellères, and his body was transferred to the Panthéon on July 10, 1791, during the French Revolution. In 1814, after the first fall of Napoleon and the restoration of the House of Bourbon monarchy, Voltaire's bones were removed from the Pantheon and destroyed. His heart is preserved at La Comedie Francaise”(1)<br /> <br /> ==Works==<br /> * &lt;i&gt;[[Candide]]&lt;/i&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Historical Context==<br /> <br /> ==Resources==<br /> <br /> [http://www.encyclopedia.com/html/section/Voltaire_Voltaire'sLifeandWorks.asp Voltaire at encyclopedia.com]<br /> <br /> ==Works Cited==<br /> <br /> [[Category:World Literature]]</div>

JdeLung https://litwiki.org/index.php?title=Voltaire&diff=4702 2006-02-05T22:48:22Z

<p>JdeLung: /* Biography */</p> <hr /> <div>==Biography==<br /> <br /> Voltaire was born François-Marie Arouet on November 21, 1694 in Paris France. He was the son of Francois Arouet, a notary, and Marie Marguerite D’Aumard. Voltaire spent most of his life in Paris until his exile to England. He was exiled by a man named Chevalier de Rohan, a nobleman. <br /> <br /> While in exile Voltaire was greatly impressed with the monarch system which England used. He like the freedoms he had there in speech and religion. Voltaire wrote a “fictional document about the English government entitled the Lettres philosophiques (Philosophical letters on the English).” Voltaire created much controversy with this document being as it shined upon the English system being more advanced than the French system, espically in the areas of religion. <br /> <br /> After many years of moving and writing/experimenting with Marquise du Châtelet about natural sciences, Voltaire returned to Paris. It had been twenty-eight years since his last visit to Paris. After seeing one of his own plays being preformed he started writing another tragedy. He wrote until he became ill and died in 1778. “He was buried in the Abbey of Scellères, and his body was transferred to the Panthéon on July 10, 1791, during the French Revolution. In 1814, after the first fall of Napoleon and the restoration of the House of Bourbon monarchy, Voltaire's bones were removed from the Pantheon and destroyed. His heart is preserved at La Comedie Francaise”<br /> <br /> ==Works==<br /> * &lt;i&gt;[[Candide]]&lt;/i&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Historical Context==<br /> <br /> ==Resources==<br /> <br /> [http://www.encyclopedia.com/html/section/Voltaire_Voltaire'sLifeandWorks.asp Voltaire at encyclopedia.com]<br /> <br /> ==Works Cited==<br /> <br /> [[Category:World Literature]]</div>

JdeLung https://litwiki.org/index.php?title=Tartuffe&diff=4636 2006-01-30T21:14:33Z

<p>JdeLung: /* Characters */</p> <hr /> <div>==Background==<br /> ''''Tartuffe'''' was written in 1664 during a time when the word of the Church was the word of law. Typically, the Church was very corrupt. The Company of the Holy Sacrament was a Catholic group who beleived in good deeds and have beliefs like the puritans. The were big on the placement of &quot;spiritual advisors&quot; into the homes of people. The group in particular did not like the play because it made Tartuffe, a spiritual advisor, a scoundrel and not a pious man.<br /> <br /> ==Themes==<br /> &lt;i&gt;Tartuffe&lt;/i&gt; offers many themes for one to explore. Among them are the dangers of a heirarchy within a family, religious piety and how it can be exploited, and hypocrisy and its effects on the public's view of religion.<br /> <br /> ===Hypocrisy===<br /> &lt;i&gt;Tartuffe&lt;/i&gt; provides hypocrisy and is the hypocrite because of the religious morals he forces upon Orgon and his family, in which he is doing to satisfying for his own personal agenda. The element or idea of a 'masque' that he wears is present by Tartuffe always playing the role of an ever so pious(having, showing, or pretending religious devotion) man who has no desire for worldly goods. This is proven when Damis tries to speaks opposingly of Tartuffe to his father. Tartuffe becomes so completely humble and knowledgeable his status, uses this to turn Orgon against Damis. Tartuffe, however is unmasked towards the end of the play when he makes a pass for Orgon's wife Elmire after we learn that Orgon has given Tartuffe all legal right to his property. Some may also see the play as a criticism of religion and the character of Tartuffe is though to have possibly been based on some figure of the time, he is not only a hypocrite in himself, but may represent hypocrisy in the church of that period.<br /> <br /> ==Characters==<br /> *'''Tartuffe'''<br /> **The main antagonist of the play, his role as the hypocrite is concealed until very early on, though suspicion arises during the beginning of the play. He finds people's weaknesses and goes about any means necessary to get what he wants from them. His greatest flaw is his admiration of Elmire, which in the end reveals his true identity to everyone.<br /> <br /> *'''Orgon'''<br /> **Could be considered the protagonist. Father of Damis and Mariane. Husband to Elmire. <br /> *'''Damis'''<br /> **He is the son of Orgon and the stepson to Elmire. It is he who witnesses Tartuffe's lust for Elmire and tells his accounts to Orgon.<br /> <br /> *'''Cléante'''<br /> **A man of words, he tries to reason everything in life for the better. However, Madame Pernelle thinks that his words &quot;aren't suitable for decent folk.&quot; (20)<br /> *'''Dorine'''<br /> **The lady's maid of Mariane , very &quot;out of place&quot; constantly interjecting with her opinion and very talkative, not the typical personality for a lady's maid. Dorine is also essential to the comical aspects of the play. It seems her main purpose in the play is for the comic relief. <br /> *'''Mariane'''<br /> ** Daughter of Orgon, engaged to Valére, is the subject of controversy when Orgon decides that she is to marry Tartuffe. <br /> *'''Elmire'''<br /> **Orgon's second wife. She is presumably significantly younger than Orgon, as well. She is ultimately the one who brings out Tartuffe's corruptions by flirting with him with Orgon in concealed presence. <br /> *'''Valére'''<br /> **He represents the loyal &quot;Underdog&quot; of the play. His only wish is to have Mariane's hand in marriage. Even though Orgon breaks his promise to Valere out of ambitious greed, he still rallies for the families because of his love for her. He shows true loyalty when others have faltered and is rewarded his heart's desire at the end.<br /> *'''Madame Pernelle'''<br /> **Orgon's mother. She is the &quot;Lady of the House&quot;, basically an old grandma who is jealous of the youth of her house and their vivacity. She also wants attention and for the people in the house to listen to her and her opinions.<br /> <br /> ==Critical Perspectives==<br /> <br /> ==Additional Resources==<br /> * [[Tartuffe Summary]](Character:Mariane) Mariane is overcome with grief when her father tells her of his plans for her to marry the &quot;scoundrel&quot; Tartuffe. She is heartbroken and cannot imagine spending the rest of her life with such a man. Mariane almost lets her loyalty for her family come between her and her &quot;true love&quot; Valere. Marianne finally comes to the realization and lets her heart lead her in the right direction, straight to Valere.<br /> <br /> <br /> Tartuffe Study Guide [http://novaonline.nvcc.edu/eli/eng252/tartuffestudy.htm]<br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:World Literature]]</div>

JdeLung https://litwiki.org/index.php?title=Tartuffe&diff=4619 2006-01-29T21:33:09Z

<p>JdeLung: /* Characters */</p> <hr /> <div>==Background==<br /> ''''Tartuffe'''' was written during a time when the word of the Church was the word of law. Typically, the Church was very corrupt.<br /> <br /> ==Themes==<br /> &lt;i&gt;Tartuffe&lt;/i&gt; offers many themes for one to explore among them are, the dangers of a heirarchy within a family, religious piety and how it can be exploited, and hypocrisy and its effects on the public's view of religion.<br /> <br /> ==Characters==<br /> *'''Tartuffe'''<br /> **The main antagonist of the play, his role as the hypocrite is concealed until very early on, though suspicion arises during the beginning of the play. He finds people's weaknesses and goes about any means necessary to get what he wants from them. His greatest flaw is his admiration of Elmire, which in the end reveals his true identity to everyone.<br /> <br /> *'''Orgon'''<br /> **Could be considered the protagonist, he has been utterly confused into believing that Tartuffe is a saint of some kind.<br /> <br /> *'''Cléante'''<br /> **A man of words, he tries to reason everything in life for the better. However, Madame Pernelle thinks that his words &quot;aren't suitable for decent folk.&quot; (20)<br /> *'''Dorine'''<br /> **The lady's maid of Mariane , very &quot;out of place&quot; constantly interjecting with her opinion and very talkative, not the typical personality for a lady's maid. <br /> *'''Mariane'''<br /> ** Daughter of Orgon, engaged to Valére, is the subject of controversy when Orgon decides that she is to marry Tartuffe<br /> *'''Elmire'''<br /> **Is ultimately the one who brings out Tartuffe's corruptions by flirting with him with Orgon in concealed presence. <br /> *'''Valére'''<br /> **Engaged to Mariane<br /> *'''Madame Pernelle'''<br /> **&quot;Lady of the House&quot;, basically an old grandma who is jealous of the youth of her house and their vivacity.<br /> <br /> ==Critical Perspectives==<br /> <br /> ==Additional Resources==<br /> * [[Tartuffe Summary]](Character:Mariane) Mariane is overcome with grief when her father tells her of his plans for her to marry the &quot;scoundrel&quot; Tartuffe. She is heartbroken and cannot imagine spending the rest of her life with such a man. Mariane almost lets her loyalty for her family come between her and her &quot;true love&quot; Valere. Marianne finally comes to the realization and lets her heart lead her in the right direction, straight to Valere.<br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:World Literature]]</div>

JdeLung https://litwiki.org/index.php?title=Tartuffe&diff=4616 2006-01-29T21:21:53Z

<p>JdeLung: /* Characters */</p> <hr /> <div>==Background==<br /> ''''Tartuffe'''' was written during a time when the word of the Church was the word of law. Typically, the Church was very corrupt.<br /> <br /> ==Themes==<br /> &lt;i&gt;Tartuffe&lt;/i&gt; offers many themes for one to explore among them are, the dangers of a heirarchy within a family, religious piety and how it can be exploited, and hypocrisy and its effects on the public's view of religion.<br /> <br /> ==Characters==<br /> *'''Tartuffe'''<br /> **The main antagonist of the play, his role as the hypocrite is concealed until very early on, though suspicion arises during the beginning of the play. He finds people's weaknesses and goes about any means necessary to get what he wants from them. His greatest flaw is his admiration of Elmire, which in the end reveals his true identity to everyone.<br /> <br /> *'''Orgon'''<br /> **Could be considered the protagonist, he has been utterly confused into believing that Tartuffe is a saint of some kind.<br /> <br /> *'''Cléante'''<br /> **Insert Character explanation here....<br /> *'''Dorine'''<br /> **The lady's maid of Mariane , very &quot;out of place&quot; constantly interjecting with her opinion and very talkative, not the typical personality for a lady's maid. <br /> *'''Mariane'''<br /> ** Daughter of Orgon, engaged to Valére, is the subject of controversy when Orgon decides that she is to marry Tartuffe<br /> *'''Elmire'''<br /> **Is ultimately the one who brings out Tartuffe's corruptions by flirting with him with Orgon in concealed presence. <br /> *'''Valére'''<br /> **Engaged to Mariane<br /> *'''Madame Pernelle'''<br /> **&quot;Lady of the House&quot;, basically an old grandma who is jealous of the youth of her house and their vivacity.<br /> <br /> ==Critical Perspectives==<br /> <br /> ==Additional Resources==<br /> * [[Tartuffe Summary]](Character:Mariane) Mariane is overcome with grief when her father tells her of his plans for her to marry the &quot;scoundrel&quot; Tartuffe. She is heartbroken and cannot imagine spending the rest of her life with such a man. Mariane almost lets her loyalty for her family come between her and her &quot;true love&quot; Valere. Marianne finally comes to the realization and lets her heart lead her in the right direction, straight to Valere.<br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:World Literature]]</div>

JdeLung