https://litwiki.org/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=Dalligood 2026-06-07T08:40:23Z User contributions MediaWiki 1.43.0 https://litwiki.org/index.php?title=Franz_Kafka&diff=6875 2006-04-17T17:30:14Z

<p>Dalligood: /* Works Cited */</p> <hr /> <div>==Biography==<br /> Franz Kafka was born in Prague, now in the Czech Republic but then part of Austria. His father was Hermann Kafka, an owner of a large dry goods establishment, and mother Julie (Löwy) Kafka, who belonged to one of the leading families in the German-speaking, German-cultured Jewish circles of Prague. Hermann Kafka was a domestic tyrant, who directed his anger against his son. Kafka also had three sisters, all of whom perished in Nazi camps. Many of Kafka's stories deal with the struggle between father and son, or a scorned individual's pleading innocence in front of remote figures of authority (1). Due to his line of descent, Kafka became an immediate outcast in the Czechoslovakian society. To add insult to injury, his religious affiliation, Jewish, did not mesh with the anti-Semantic Catholic country in which he lived, and even Kafka's parents did not have much contact with their son, due largely to the amount of responsibility that comes with owning one's own business (Contemporary). <br /> <br /> Kafka's family situation was very stressed, even at times bordering on dysfunctional. Given the hatred he had forhis father's domestic tyranny (1), it is reasonable to assume that much tension arose as a result of this. Add to this his societal rejection as a member of Prauge's Jewish minority and his family life really begins to shape up. Kafka was educated at the German National and Civic Elementary School and the German National Humanistic Gymnasium. In 1901 he entered Ferdinand-Karls University, where he studied law and received a doctorate in 1906. During these years Kafka became a member of a circle of intellectuals, which included Franz Werfel, Oskar Baum and Max Brod, whom Kafka met in 1902. About 1904 Kafka began writing, making reports on industrial accidents and health hazard in the office by day, and writing stories by night. His profession marked the formal, legalistic language of his stories which avoided all sentimentality and moral interpretations - all conclusions are left to the reader. (1)<br /> <br /> Due to the the large amount of debts that began to pile up on his family's shoulders, Kafka worked kept a position in an insurance company, still writing on the side (Contemporary). Until his retirement, Kafka worked at the insurance business (1907-23), first at an administrative position in a Prague branch of an Italian insurance company and then at the Workmen's Accident Insurance Institute of Prague. His work was highly valued at the company and during World War I his supervisors arranged for his draft deferment.(1 This is proof that he was &lt;i&gt;not&lt;/i&gt; a socially inept person as some of his works suggest. <br /> According to this source (1), Kafka had many girlfriends, affairs, and broken engagements. He also had one son (Contemporary).<br /> <br /> Kafka pulled from his own life feelings of alienation whenever he wrote. He often mixed &quot;prosaic realism and nightmarish, infinitely interpretable symbolism&quot; in his works, and his protagonists were &quot;driven to find answers in an unresponsive world, and they are required to act accordingly to incomprehensible rules administered by an inaccessible authority&quot; (1964). In 1912, Kafka published ''The Metamorphosis,'' the longest of his works actually completed in his lifetime (1965). This work can be compared to Kafka's own childhood, alienated from his family (Contemporary). Living with an angry father, Kafka's protagonist Gregory Samsa also deals with issues regarding familial violence after his transformation into a giant beetle. Samsa, like Kafka, also feels a certain amount of loathing for himself--Kafka for his perceived failures, and Samsa for his inability to provide for his family, being a giant bug.<br /> <br /> Other of Kafka's famous works include ''The Trial,'' ''The Judgment,'' ''The Trial,'' ''Amerika,'' and &quot;In the Penal Colony&quot;. In his wake, he left behind two novellas, numerous short stories, and three unfinished manuscripts. The manuscripts, considered to be failures by Kafka, were published by the executor of his estate Max Brod, who disregarded the author's final wish to have them destroyed (1964). However, in 1922, he left the company, no longer able to work due to the advancement of his illness. Kafka died of tuberculosis in 1924. The following is Kafka's legacy:<br /> <br /> :&quot;Critically, Kafka's works have prompted a vast and varied array of interpretations. He has been hailed as a realist, an absurdist, a sociologist, and even, by Thomas Mann, as a comedic theologian. Some writers have emphasized the psychological in analyzing his works, others have concentrated on the Judaic aspects; some have traced his fiction as thinly disguised autobiography, and others have noted the same works as full-fledged fantasies. Consistent in these divergent interpretations is the respect accorded Kafka's works as unique and compelling, and the regard for Kafka as a literary master&quot; (Contemporary).<br /> <br /> <br /> ==Significant Works==<br /> The Metamorphisis<br /> <br /> ==Historical Period==<br /> ==Links==<br /> ==Works Cited==<br /> #Franz Kafka. April 17 2006. &lt;http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/kafka.htm&gt;<br /> #Contemporary Authors Online. &quot;Franz Kafka&quot;. Gale 2003. 17 Apr. 2006. [http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/LitRC?vrsn=3&amp;OP=contains&amp;locID=maco12153&amp;srchtp=athr&amp;ca=1&amp;c=1&amp;ste=6&amp;tab=1&amp;tbst=arp&amp;ai=U13007810&amp;n=10&amp;docNum=H1000051755&amp;ST=Franz+Kafka&amp;bConts=16047 Franz Kafka]</div>

Dalligood https://litwiki.org/index.php?title=Franz_Kafka&diff=6874 2006-04-17T17:29:06Z

<p>Dalligood: /* Significant Works */</p> <hr /> <div>==Biography==<br /> Franz Kafka was born in Prague, now in the Czech Republic but then part of Austria. His father was Hermann Kafka, an owner of a large dry goods establishment, and mother Julie (Löwy) Kafka, who belonged to one of the leading families in the German-speaking, German-cultured Jewish circles of Prague. Hermann Kafka was a domestic tyrant, who directed his anger against his son. Kafka also had three sisters, all of whom perished in Nazi camps. Many of Kafka's stories deal with the struggle between father and son, or a scorned individual's pleading innocence in front of remote figures of authority (1). Due to his line of descent, Kafka became an immediate outcast in the Czechoslovakian society. To add insult to injury, his religious affiliation, Jewish, did not mesh with the anti-Semantic Catholic country in which he lived, and even Kafka's parents did not have much contact with their son, due largely to the amount of responsibility that comes with owning one's own business (Contemporary). <br /> <br /> Kafka's family situation was very stressed, even at times bordering on dysfunctional. Given the hatred he had forhis father's domestic tyranny (1), it is reasonable to assume that much tension arose as a result of this. Add to this his societal rejection as a member of Prauge's Jewish minority and his family life really begins to shape up. Kafka was educated at the German National and Civic Elementary School and the German National Humanistic Gymnasium. In 1901 he entered Ferdinand-Karls University, where he studied law and received a doctorate in 1906. During these years Kafka became a member of a circle of intellectuals, which included Franz Werfel, Oskar Baum and Max Brod, whom Kafka met in 1902. About 1904 Kafka began writing, making reports on industrial accidents and health hazard in the office by day, and writing stories by night. His profession marked the formal, legalistic language of his stories which avoided all sentimentality and moral interpretations - all conclusions are left to the reader. (1)<br /> <br /> Due to the the large amount of debts that began to pile up on his family's shoulders, Kafka worked kept a position in an insurance company, still writing on the side (Contemporary). Until his retirement, Kafka worked at the insurance business (1907-23), first at an administrative position in a Prague branch of an Italian insurance company and then at the Workmen's Accident Insurance Institute of Prague. His work was highly valued at the company and during World War I his supervisors arranged for his draft deferment.(1 This is proof that he was &lt;i&gt;not&lt;/i&gt; a socially inept person as some of his works suggest. <br /> According to this source (1), Kafka had many girlfriends, affairs, and broken engagements. He also had one son (Contemporary).<br /> <br /> Kafka pulled from his own life feelings of alienation whenever he wrote. He often mixed &quot;prosaic realism and nightmarish, infinitely interpretable symbolism&quot; in his works, and his protagonists were &quot;driven to find answers in an unresponsive world, and they are required to act accordingly to incomprehensible rules administered by an inaccessible authority&quot; (1964). In 1912, Kafka published ''The Metamorphosis,'' the longest of his works actually completed in his lifetime (1965). This work can be compared to Kafka's own childhood, alienated from his family (Contemporary). Living with an angry father, Kafka's protagonist Gregory Samsa also deals with issues regarding familial violence after his transformation into a giant beetle. Samsa, like Kafka, also feels a certain amount of loathing for himself--Kafka for his perceived failures, and Samsa for his inability to provide for his family, being a giant bug.<br /> <br /> Other of Kafka's famous works include ''The Trial,'' ''The Judgment,'' ''The Trial,'' ''Amerika,'' and &quot;In the Penal Colony&quot;. In his wake, he left behind two novellas, numerous short stories, and three unfinished manuscripts. The manuscripts, considered to be failures by Kafka, were published by the executor of his estate Max Brod, who disregarded the author's final wish to have them destroyed (1964). However, in 1922, he left the company, no longer able to work due to the advancement of his illness. Kafka died of tuberculosis in 1924. The following is Kafka's legacy:<br /> <br /> :&quot;Critically, Kafka's works have prompted a vast and varied array of interpretations. He has been hailed as a realist, an absurdist, a sociologist, and even, by Thomas Mann, as a comedic theologian. Some writers have emphasized the psychological in analyzing his works, others have concentrated on the Judaic aspects; some have traced his fiction as thinly disguised autobiography, and others have noted the same works as full-fledged fantasies. Consistent in these divergent interpretations is the respect accorded Kafka's works as unique and compelling, and the regard for Kafka as a literary master&quot; (Contemporary).<br /> <br /> <br /> ==Significant Works==<br /> The Metamorphisis<br /> <br /> ==Historical Period==<br /> ==Links==<br /> ==Works Cited==<br /> #Franz Kafka. April 17 2006. &lt;http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/kafka.htm&gt;</div>

Dalligood https://litwiki.org/index.php?title=Faust:_The_Cathedral&diff=8918 2006-03-04T05:19:41Z

<p>Dalligood: </p> <hr /> <div>==Summary==<br /> Gretchen is at church, attending the funeral of her mother and brother. Gretchen feels tremendous guilt, since both her mother and brother are now dead due to her actions with faust. Her mother drank a poison, probably due to depression and disappointment, and Valentine was murdered while fighting Faust and Mephisto. An evil spirit looms over Gretchen, taunting her, reminding her of her &quot;role in this catastrophe&quot; ([http://www.wsu.edu/~brians/hum_303/faust.html Study Guide]). The spirit reminds Gretchen of simpler days, while taunting her for her loss of innocence, her path into the darkness. The spirit also hints that these deaths are not the end of her suffering, something else is coming, &quot;under your heart, that faint stirring&quot; (I. 3629).<br /> ==Notes==<br /> The Evil Spirit is acting as Gretchen's conscience. It reminds her of times in her childhood, innocent days at the church when she was &quot;half playing a child's game&quot; (I. 3619). The spirit acts as an especially guilty conscience, reminding Gretchen of all that has come of her actions. Through the spirit, we discover the death of Gretchen's mother, and are again reminded of Gretchen's pregnancy, that &quot;ominous presence&quot; she feels &quot;under her heart&quot; (I. 3629-32).<br /> <br /> The choir sings a song coincidentally perfect for Gretchen's situation, a perfect harmony to the Evil Spirits taunting. The songs talks of Judgement Day, a day when all secrets will be revealed, no sin will remain hidden, and all shall be avenged. The song reminds Gretchen that her sins will not remain a secret for long. God already knows, and the community will find out soon enough about her new expectancy, if a decision she does not make. <br /> ==Commentary==<br /> <br /> ==Study Questions==<br /> ==External Resources==<br /> * [http://www.wsu.edu/~brians/hum_303/faust.html Study Guide for Goethe's &lt;i&gt;Faust&lt;/i&gt;]<br /> <br /> ==Works Cited==<br /> Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von. Faust, Part 1. The Norton Anthology of Western Literature. Vol. 2. 8th Ed. Trans. Martin Greenberg. Sarah Lawall, et al, eds. New York: W.W. Norton, 2006.</div>

Dalligood https://litwiki.org/index.php?title=Faust:_Night_(2)&diff=8917 2006-03-04T04:29:08Z

<p>Dalligood: </p> <hr /> <div>==Summary==<br /> This section begins with Valentine talking of a time in a pub when men were comparing ideas of the most beautiful girl in the land. He listens to all the men throw out their opinions, then he names his sister, a beauty no man can deny. As soon as he says Gretchen's name he regrets having done so, now having to deal with the taunts and crude comments of all the men in the pub. Valentine remembers this occasion while waiting outside Gretchen's door, hoping to encounter this man who has not only stolen his sister's heart, but taken her innocence as well. As Faust and Mephisto approach, Mephisto sings a sample of a song he feels will make Gretchen swoon, a song which Valentine hears and becomes infuriated by. Valentine and Mephisto begin to fight, and Faust delivers the killing strike. Faust and Mephisto run away before Gretchen and Marthe come out to find Valentine dying. With his last few breaths, Valentine lectures Gretchen for her sins, and condemns her for having given herself to Faust.<br /> ==Notes==<br /> Valentine's thoughts back to wanting to defend his sister's honor from the snickers and sneers of drunken barmates proves not only his initial love of his &quot;beloved sister, Gretel,&quot; but also his inner need to protect her (I. 3462). Valentine's intense affection for his sister leads him to Margerete's doorstep, waiting for the man who stole his sister's virgnity. For their sneers, Valentine wanted to &quot;smash them all, those beggars&quot; (I. 3475). For this man's indencency, Valentine plans on killing him. <br /> <br /> Mephisto's song as he and Faust approach Gretchen's home is blatantly patronizing to her current situation. The song is his newest gift to her, a smiling, verbal slap in the face. In the song he begs her, &quot;petty child, beware,&quot; and &quot;trust no one.&quot; Mephisto knows the decision Gretchen has made will leave her truly &quot;undone&quot; (I. 3515-30). <br /> ==Commentary==<br /> Mephisto sings the song already knowing Gretchen has given herself to Faust, already knowing she is suffering for the decision. The entire situation is a game to Mephisto, he plays them all, leading Faust and Gretchen into this situation, where both their lives are beginning to change to an extreme.<br /> <br /> During the swordfight, Mephisto seems to step back and let Faust deliver the deadly strike on Valentine. Mephisto allows Faust to take on every aspect of the adventure that has now become his life. This devil has lead Faust into another serious life scenario, and forced Faust to take on all consequences of the devil's actions. The taunting of Mephisto never ends, the game he plays continues from his song for Gretchen to his leading Faust into a struggle for his own life.<br /> <br /> Valentine seems to take his sister's actions personally. As his sister's brother, her actions will also affect him. He will be the brother of the girl who got pregnant before marriage. Not only will the snickers and sneers of the barmates become unbearable, but he and his entire family have now been disgraced. His anger is not only based on his sister being taken advantage of, but also based on his feelings of disgrace because of her. As he lay dying, Valentine condemns Gretchen for her actions. He calls Gretchen a slut, being &quot;more judgemental than god&quot; as he predicts a future for her where she'll be nothing but a whore ([http://www.wsu.edu/~brians/hum_303/faust.html Study guide]). He condemns her to a life of a &quot;plague-infected corpse&quot; who will &quot;hide in dark and dirty corners&quot; (I. 3586-93). Apart from his hateful lecture to Gretchen, Valentine dies a very calm death, perhaps seeing an early death more acceptable than a life as Gretchen the Whore's brother.<br /> ==Study Questions==<br /> ==External Resources==<br /> * [http://www.wsu.edu/~brians/hum_303/faust.html Study Guide for Goethe's &lt;i&gt;Faust&lt;/i&gt;]<br /> <br /> ==Works Cited==<br /> Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von. Faust, Part 1. The Norton Anthology of Western Literature. Vol. 2. 8th Ed. Trans. Martin Greenberg. Sarah Lawall, et al, eds. New York: W.W. Norton, 2006.</div>

Dalligood https://litwiki.org/index.php?title=Faust:_Night_(2)&diff=5651 2006-03-04T04:07:47Z

<p>Dalligood: </p> <hr /> <div>==Summary==<br /> This section begins with Valentine talking of a time in a pub when men were comparing ideas of the most beautiful girl in the land. He listens to all the men throw out their opinions, then he names his sister, a beauty no man can deny. As soon as he says Gretchen's name he regrets having done so, now having to deal with the taunts and crude comments of all the men in the pub. Valentine remembers this occasion while waiting outside Gretchen's door, hoping to encounter this man who has not only stolen his sister's heart, but taken her innocence as well. As Faust and Mephisto approach, Mephisto sings a sample of a song he feels will make Gretchen swoon, a song which Valentine hears and becomes infuriated by. Valentine and Mephisto begin to fight, and Faust delivers the killing strike. Faust and Mephisto run away before Gretchen and Marthe come out to find Valentine dying. With his last few breaths, Valentine lectures Gretchen for her sins, and condemns her for having given herself to Faust.<br /> ==Notes==<br /> Valentine's thoughts back to wanting to defend his sister's honor from the snickers and sneers of drunken barmates proves not only his initial love of his &quot;beloved sister, Gretel,&quot; but also his inner need to protect her (I. 3462). Valentine's intense affection for his sister leads him to Margerete's doorstep, waiting for the man who stole his sister's virgnity. For their sneers, Valentine wanted to &quot;smash them all, those beggars&quot; (I. 3475). For this man's indencency, Valentine plans on killing him. <br /> <br /> Mephisto's song as he and Faust approach Gretchen's home is blatantly patronizing to her current situation. The song is his newest gift to her, a smiling, verbal slap in the face. In the song he begs her, &quot;petty child, beware,&quot; and &quot;trust no one.&quot; Mephisto knows the decision Gretchen has made will leave her truly &quot;undone&quot; (I. 3515-30). <br /> ==Commentary==<br /> Mephisto sings the song already knowing Gretchen has given herself to Faust, already knowing she is suffering for the decision. The entire situation is a game to Mephisto, he plays them all, leading Faust and Gretchen into this situation, where both their lives are beginning to change to an extreme.<br /> <br /> During the swordfight, Mephisto seems to step back and let Faust deliver the deadly strike on Valentine. Mephisto allows Faust to take on every aspect of the adventure that has now become his life. This devil has lead Faust into another serious life scenario, and forced Faust to take on all consequences of the devil's actions. The taunting of Mephisto never ends, the game he plays continues from his song for Gretchen to his leading Faust into a struggle for his own life.<br /> <br /> Valentine seems to take his sister's actions personally. As his sister's brother, her actions will also affect him. He will be the brother of the girl who got pregnant before marriage. Not only will the snickers and sneers of the barmates become unbearable, but he and his entire family have now been disgraced. His anger is not only based on his sister being taken advantage of, but also based on his feelings of disgrace because of her.<br /> ==Study Questions==<br /> ==External Resources==<br /> * [http://www.wsu.edu/~brians/hum_303/faust.html Study Guide for Goethe's &lt;i&gt;Faust&lt;/i&gt;]<br /> <br /> ==Works Cited==<br /> Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von. Faust, Part 1. The Norton Anthology of Western Literature. Vol. 2. 8th Ed. Trans. Martin Greenberg. Sarah Lawall, et al, eds. New York: W.W. Norton, 2006.</div>

Dalligood https://litwiki.org/index.php?title=Faust:_The_City_Wall&diff=8916 2006-03-03T01:41:33Z

<p>Dalligood: </p> <hr /> <div>==Summary==<br /> Gretchen goes to the city wall to humble herself before the image of the Mater Dolorosa, the Virgin Mary. The image shows the Virgin Mary at the foot of Jesus' cross, &quot;grieving for the sufferings of her son&quot; ([http://www.wsu.edu/~brians/hum_303/faust.html Study Guide]). Gretchen brings flowers from her home to place in the flower pot in front of the image, then cries out to the Virgin Mother. Gretchen begins to come back to reality in regards to her actions with Faust. After hearing of Barbara's sexual encounter and premarital pregnancy, and after hearing of the community attitude towards Barbara, Gretchen realizes the mistake she has made in giving herself to Faust. Gretchen feels she has made the worst of mistakes, commited the worst of all sins, and cries out the the Mother Mary for forgiveness, and begs the Virgin Mary to &quot;pity my wretchedness&quot; (I. 3447).<br /> <br /> ==Notes==<br /> Gretchen goes to the Mater Dolorosa begging forgiveness or her sins. Gretchen feels her only means of salvation in to bow down at the Virgin Mother's feet, to humble herself and pay offering. Gretchen brings flowers &quot;from the box outside my window&quot; (I. 3437). <br /> <br /> Gretchen seeks redemption after having given herself to Faust. Gretchen regrets her actions, but also has realized more may be to come. She seems to have realized that she has become pregnant. She speaks of a pain &quot;inside my bosom, aching&quot; (I. 3432). <br /> <br /> Gretchen knows how this will affect her, the views of others towards her. This scene takes place shortly after Gretchen's conversation with Lieschen, a conversation during which Gretchen learned of another young girl's new premarriage pregnancy. Gretchen learned not only of the pregnancy, but also of the comeplete outcasting that followed. Gretchen knows if she truly is pregnant, there will be no hiding her own &quot;sinfulness&quot; (I. 3406). <br /> ==Commentary==<br /> Gretchen goes to pray at the feet of the Virgin Mary because she feels the Virgin Mary is the only person who can truly understand. Gretchen chooses this image on the city wall over praying at the foot of the cross in the church. She seems to feel the Mater Dolorosa can relate, having suffered so terribly at the death of her own son on the cross. Gretchen seeks forgiveness for her &quot;wretchedness&quot; (I. 3147). Gretchen knows one of the worst sins, in her community's eyes, is premarital sex. In giving herself to Faust, she has broken one of her society's strictest rules. Gretchen has also realized her pregnancy, given hint by the pains in her stomach. She not only realizes that a pregnancy will hinder all hopes of concealing her acts, but she seems to realize that this pregnancy will bring about future consequences. Gretchen prays to the Virgin Mary, who lost her child. Gretchen knows that at some point a decision will have to be made that may result in the loss of her own.<br /> ==Study Questions==<br /> #What is the significance of Gretchen taking flowers from her own pot to place in front of the image?<br /> #Why does Gretchen feel the Virgin Mary would be able to relate to her pain?<br /> ==External Resources==<br /> * [http://www.wsu.edu/~brians/hum_303/faust.html Study Guide for Goethe's &lt;i&gt;Faust&lt;/i&gt;]<br /> <br /> ==Works Cited==<br /> Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von. Faust, Part 1. The Norton Anthology of Western Literature. Vol. 2. 8th Ed. Trans. Martin Greenberg. Sarah Lawall, et al, eds. New York: W.W. Norton, 2006.</div>

Dalligood https://litwiki.org/index.php?title=Faust:_Night_(2)&diff=5650 2006-03-02T22:10:09Z

<p>Dalligood: </p> <hr /> <div>==Summary==<br /> This section begins with Valentine talking of a time in a pub when men were comparing ideas of the most beautiful girl in the land. He listens to all the men throw out their opinions, then he names his sister, a beauty no man can deny. As soon as he says Gretchen's name he regrets having done so, now having to deal with the taunts and crude comments of all the men in the pub. Valentine remembers this occasion while waiting outside Gretchen's door, hoping to encounter this man who has not only stolen his sister's heart, but taken her innocence as well. As Faust and Mephisto approach, Mephisto sings a sample of a song he feels will make Gretchen swoon, a song which Valentine hears and becomes infuriated by. Valentine and Mephisto begin to fight, and Faust delivers the killing strike. Faust and Mephisto run away before Gretchen and Marthe come out to find Valentine dying. With his last few breaths, Valentine lectures Gretchen for her sins, and condemns her for having given herself to Faust.<br /> ==Notes==<br /> ==Commentary==<br /> ==Study Questions==<br /> ==External Resources==<br /> * [http://www.wsu.edu/~brians/hum_303/faust.html Study Guide for Goethe's &lt;i&gt;Faust&lt;/i&gt;]<br /> <br /> ==Works Cited==<br /> Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von. Faust, Part 1. The Norton Anthology of Western Literature. Vol. 2. 8th Ed. Trans. Martin Greenberg. Sarah Lawall, et al, eds. New York: W.W. Norton, 2006.</div>

Dalligood https://litwiki.org/index.php?title=Faust:_The_Cathedral&diff=5657 2006-02-27T16:44:09Z

<p>Dalligood: </p> <hr /> <div>==Summary==<br /> Gretchen is at church, attending the funeral of her mother and brother. Gretchen feels tremendous guilt, since both her mother and brother are now dead due to her actions with faust. Her mother drank a poison, probably due to depression and disappointment, and Valentine was murdered while fighting Faust and Mephisto. An evil spirit looms over Gretchen, taunting her, reminding her of her &quot;role in this catastrophe&quot; ([http://www.wsu.edu/~brians/hum_303/faust.html Study Guide]). The spirit reminds Gretchen of simpler days, while taunting her for her loss of innocence, her path into the darkness. The spirit also hints that these deaths are not the end of her suffering, something else is coming, &quot;under your heart, that faint stirring&quot; (I. 3629).<br /> <br /> ==Notes==<br /> ==Commentary==<br /> ==Study Questions==<br /> ==External Resources==<br /> * [http://www.wsu.edu/~brians/hum_303/faust.html Study Guide for Goethe's &lt;i&gt;Faust&lt;/i&gt;]<br /> <br /> ==Works Cited==<br /> Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von. Faust, Part 1. The Norton Anthology of Western Literature. Vol. 2. 8th Ed. Trans. Martin Greenberg. Sarah Lawall, et al, eds. New York: W.W. Norton, 2006.</div>

Dalligood https://litwiki.org/index.php?title=Faust:_Night_(2)&diff=5570 2006-02-27T16:31:37Z

<p>Dalligood: </p> <hr /> <div>==Summary==<br /> This section begins with Valentine talking of a time in a pub when men were comparing ideas of the most beautiful girl in the land. He listens to all the men throw out their opinions, then he name's his sister, a beauty no man can deny. As soon as he says her name he regrets having done so, now having to deal with the taunts and crude comments of all the men in the pub. Valentine remembers this occasion while waiting outside Gretchen's door, hoping to encounter this man who has not only stolen his sister's heart, but taken her innocence as well. As Faust and Mephisto approach, Mephisto sings a sample of a song he feels will make Gretchen swoon, a song which Valentine hears and becomes infuriated by. Valentine and Mephisto begin to fight, and Faust delivers the killing strike. Faust and Mephisto run away before Gretchen and Marthe come out to find Gretchen's brother dying. With his last few breaths, Valentine lectures Gretchen for her sins, and condemns her for having given herself to Faust.<br /> ==Notes==<br /> ==Commentary==<br /> ==Study Questions==<br /> ==External Resources==<br /> * [http://www.wsu.edu/~brians/hum_303/faust.html Study Guide for Goethe's &lt;i&gt;Faust&lt;/i&gt;]<br /> <br /> ==Works Cited==<br /> Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von. Faust, Part 1. The Norton Anthology of Western Literature. Vol. 2. 8th Ed. Trans. Martin Greenberg. Sarah Lawall, et al, eds. New York: W.W. Norton, 2006.</div>

Dalligood https://litwiki.org/index.php?title=Faust:_The_City_Wall&diff=5595 2006-02-27T16:18:47Z

<p>Dalligood: </p> <hr /> <div>==Summary==<br /> Gretchen goes to the city wall to humble herself before the image of the Mater Dolorosa, the Virgin Mary. The image shows the Virgin Mary at the foot of Jesus' cross, &quot;grieving for the sufferings of her son&quot; ([http://www.wsu.edu/~brians/hum_303/faust.html Study Guide]). Gretchen brings flowers from her home to place in the flower pot in front of the image, then cries out to the Virgin Mother. Gretchen begins to come back to reality in regards to her actions with Faust. After hearing of Barbara's sexual encounter and premarital pregnancy, and after hearing of the community attitude towards Barbara, Gretchen realizes the mistake she has made in giving herself to Faust. Gretchen feels she has made the worst of mistakes, commited the worst of all sins, and cries out the the Mother Mary for forgiveness, and begs the Virgin Mary to &quot;pity my wretchedness&quot; (I. 3447).<br /> <br /> ==Notes==<br /> ==Commentary==<br /> ==Study Questions==<br /> #What is the significance of Gretchen taking flowers from her own pot to place in front of the image?<br /> #Why does Gretchen feel the Virgin Mary would be able to relate to her pain?<br /> ==External Resources==<br /> * [http://www.wsu.edu/~brians/hum_303/faust.html Study Guide for Goethe's &lt;i&gt;Faust&lt;/i&gt;]<br /> <br /> ==Works Cited==<br /> Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von. Faust, Part 1. The Norton Anthology of Western Literature. Vol. 2. 8th Ed. Trans. Martin Greenberg. Sarah Lawall, et al, eds. New York: W.W. Norton, 2006.</div>

Dalligood https://litwiki.org/index.php?title=Faust:_The_City_Wall&diff=5471 2006-02-27T16:14:34Z

<p>Dalligood: /* Summary */</p> <hr /> <div>==Summary==<br /> Gretchen goes to the city wall to humble herself before the image of the Mater Dolorosa, the Virgin Mary. The image shows the Virgin Mary at the foot of Jesus' cross, &quot;grieving for the sufferings of her son&quot; ([http://www.wsu.edu/~brians/hum_303/faust.html Study Guide]). Gretchen brings flowers from her home to place in the flower pot in front of the image, then cries out to the Virgin Mother. Gretchen begins to come back to reality in regards to her actions with Faust. After hearing of Barbara's sexual encounter and premarital pregnancy, and after hearing of the community attitude towards Barbara, Gretchen realizes the mistake she has made in giving herself to Faust. Gretchen feels she has made the worst of mistakes, commited the worst of all sins, and cries out the the Mother Mary for forgiveness, and begs the Virgin Mary to &quot;pity my wretchedness&quot; (I. 3447).<br /> <br /> ==Notes==<br /> ==Commentary==<br /> ==Study Questions==<br /> ==Works Cited==</div>

Dalligood https://litwiki.org/index.php?title=Faust:_The_Cathedral&diff=5477 2006-02-26T01:27:26Z

<p>Dalligood: </p> <hr /> <div>==Summary==<br /> ==Notes==<br /> ==Commentary==<br /> ==Study Questions==<br /> ==Works Cited==</div>

Dalligood https://litwiki.org/index.php?title=Faust:_Night_(2)&diff=5474 2006-02-26T01:24:58Z

<p>Dalligood: </p> <hr /> <div>==Summary==<br /> ==Notes==<br /> ==Commentary==<br /> ==Study Questions==<br /> ==Works Cited==</div>

Dalligood https://litwiki.org/index.php?title=Faust:_The_City_Wall&diff=5470 2006-02-26T01:09:55Z

<p>Dalligood: </p> <hr /> <div>==Summary==<br /> ==Notes==<br /> ==Commentary==<br /> ==Study Questions==<br /> ==Works Cited==</div>

Dalligood https://litwiki.org/index.php?title=Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe&diff=5213 2006-02-22T03:16:51Z

<p>Dalligood: /* Resources */</p> <hr /> <div>==Biography==<br /> <br /> Born in 1749 the son of a lawyer, mothered by the daughter of the mayor of Frankfurt, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe accomplished many things in his life, becoming a poet, novelist, playwright, philosopher, and scientist ([http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/goethe.htm kirjasto]). Goethe's mother encouraged his creative mind and writing, but after trouble in school Goethe was home-schooled until the age of 16, when he then began studying law at Liepzig University and art with a man named Adam Oeser ([http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/goethe.htm kirjasto]). Goethe published his first play in 1767, and his first novel in 1774. When still young, Goethe wrote the poem &quot;Prometheus,&quot; which insisted &quot;man must believe not in gods but in himself.&quot; This poem is by some &quot;seen as the motto&quot; for the entire ''Sturm and Drang'' movement, &quot;which celebrated the energetic Promethean restlessness of spirit as opposed to the ideal of calm rationalism of the Enlightenment&quot; ([http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/goethe.htm kirjasto]).<br /> <br /> Goethe took a break from his writing to take on several governmental office positions in the city of Weimar. He also made discoveries in the sciences, specifically in the area of human anatomy and the skull ([http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/goethe.htm kirjasto]). After being released from his governmental obligations to focus once again on his writing, Goethe took on a mistress and made a journey to Rome, which helped to inspire his growing appreciation and &quot;commitment to a classical view of art&quot; ([http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/goethe.htm kirjasto]).<br /> <br /> ==Works==<br /> <br /> * &lt;i&gt;[[Faust]]&lt;/i&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Historical Context==<br /> ==Resources==<br /> [http://www.germanculture.com.ua/library/links/goethe.htm Goethe at germanculture.com]<br /> <br /> [http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/goethe.htm Goethe at Kirjasto]<br /> <br /> [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe Goethe at Wikipedia]<br /> <br /> ==Works Cited==</div>

Dalligood https://litwiki.org/index.php?title=Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe&diff=5206 2006-02-22T03:14:23Z

<p>Dalligood: /* Biography */ (partial biography)</p> <hr /> <div>==Biography==<br /> <br /> Born in 1749 the son of a lawyer, mothered by the daughter of the mayor of Frankfurt, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe accomplished many things in his life, becoming a poet, novelist, playwright, philosopher, and scientist ([http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/goethe.htm kirjasto]). Goethe's mother encouraged his creative mind and writing, but after trouble in school Goethe was home-schooled until the age of 16, when he then began studying law at Liepzig University and art with a man named Adam Oeser ([http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/goethe.htm kirjasto]). Goethe published his first play in 1767, and his first novel in 1774. When still young, Goethe wrote the poem &quot;Prometheus,&quot; which insisted &quot;man must believe not in gods but in himself.&quot; This poem is by some &quot;seen as the motto&quot; for the entire ''Sturm and Drang'' movement, &quot;which celebrated the energetic Promethean restlessness of spirit as opposed to the ideal of calm rationalism of the Enlightenment&quot; ([http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/goethe.htm kirjasto]).<br /> <br /> Goethe took a break from his writing to take on several governmental office positions in the city of Weimar. He also made discoveries in the sciences, specifically in the area of human anatomy and the skull ([http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/goethe.htm kirjasto]). After being released from his governmental obligations to focus once again on his writing, Goethe took on a mistress and made a journey to Rome, which helped to inspire his growing appreciation and &quot;commitment to a classical view of art&quot; ([http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/goethe.htm kirjasto]).<br /> <br /> ==Works==<br /> <br /> * &lt;i&gt;[[Faust]]&lt;/i&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Historical Context==<br /> ==Resources==<br /> [http://www.germanculture.com.ua/library/links/goethe.htm Goethe at germanculture.com]<br /> <br /> [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe Goethe at Wikipedia]<br /> <br /> ==Works Cited==</div>

Dalligood https://litwiki.org/index.php?title=Candide&diff=4888 2006-02-13T05:54:35Z

<p>Dalligood: /* The Folly of Optimism */</p> <hr /> <div>A [[satire]] by [[Voltaire]].<br /> <br /> ==Historical Context==<br /> In the 18th century new ideas and philosophies were popping up everywhere. An intellectual movement in Europe known as as the Enlightment started to change the way man viewed his world. Also known as the age of reason, this was the road to understanding in which Voltaire lived. Isaac Newton introduced the idea that the universe was governed by setlaws that were also able to be discovered. This concept was detremental to the way people had prevously thought because it undermined the faith in a personal God. It was believed by many philosphers, such as Voltaire, that churches should not interfere with scientific research. By the end of the 1700's, the idea of self-government had changed in England and started a revolution in France and America. Europe moved from an rural farming economy to an industrial one. At the end of this century the world had changed dramatically as the advances in science, political democracy, and religious freedom swept away the last traces of the Middle Ages.<br /> <br /> ==Themes==<br /> ===The Folly of Optimism===<br /> The Folly of Optimism is a recurring theme throughout the novel. By most definitions, optimism is a positive outlook on life and situations, assuming there are good times to come even in the darkest of hours. However, through this novel, optimism is at times not seen as a beneficial outlook. According to Candide himself, optimism &quot;is a mania for saying things are well when one is in hell&quot; (Voltaire 410). Optimism is seen as a slight sign of insanity, a trait that causes a person to constantly suffer in the mere hopes that troubled times will one day turn around. <br /> <br /> The old woman is a prime example. Through all her hardships, all her torturous sufferings, she carried on; a glimmer of hope inside her that all hope is not lost. In telling her story, she talks of an optimistic outlook, of her own optimism; &quot;A hundred times I wanted to kill myself, but I always loved life more. This ridiculous weakness is perhaps one of our worst instincts; is anything more stupid than choosing to carry a burden that really one wants to cast on the ground&quot; (Voltaire 396).<br /> <br /> Candide is another example. He went through some hardships as well. Candide says &quot;The enormous riches which this rascal had stolen were sunk beside him in the sea, and nothing was saved but a sheep&quot; (Voltaire 413). He was talking about the man who had robbed him of his possessions. He said very optimistic things about the fate of this man and the sheep that was his was saved.<br /> <br /> Although their optimism is the main reason for their survival and ability to continue on through their sufferings, the characters view their optimism as one of the main causes for those sufferings they must go through. <br /> <br /> The Folly is the belief that Candide is going to find Cunegonde like he first loved her. Even though this doesn't happen, that is where optimism comes into effect. With her breast fallen, Candide still took her to be his wife, what &quot;Optimism&quot;, what a man (Voltaire 435).<br /> <br /> ===Is There Truely A Utopia===<br /> <br /> ===The Uselessness of Philosophical Speculation===<br /> Throughout ''Candide'', three different philosophies are presented: optomism, pessimism, and skeptism. Pangloss is the character who embodies optomism. He states: &quot; It is clear that things cannot be otherwise than they are, for since everything is made to serve and end, everything necessarliy serves the best end&quot; (378). He also argues: &quot;that there cannot possibly be an effect without a cause&quot; meaning that everything in the world has a specific purpose and reason (378). Martin, however, is the total opposite of Pangloss. He only sees the worst of any situation due to the hardships he has faced. He has survived being robbed by his wife, beaten by his son, deserted by a daughter foolish enough to get kidnapped, and being fired from the modest job that provided his meager existance. At this point in his life, he has nothing to live for, and therefore, finds no joy in living. He states that &quot;I have seen so many extraordinary things that nothing seems extraordinary anymore&quot; (414). Cacambo is the skeptic. His belief is somewhere in between that of Pangloss and Martin: &quot;That is, Cacambo embodies the notion that one cannot know whether or not ultimate reality can be proven by reason&quot; (Beck). Cacambo has talents: &quot; he had been choirboy, sacristan, sailor, monk, merchant, solider, and lackey&quot; (398). These talents have furthered his knowledge, and he has learned through personal expriences to take a more realistic view on life.<br /> <br /> ===Greed===<br /> One of the major themes in ''Candide'' is greed. In Candide’s world greed is like an infection that has spread almost everywhere. The only place untouched by greed is Eldorado. Almost everyone Candide meets is driven by the need to acquire wealth. These individuals are portrayed as evil people with no morals. <br /> <br /> The merchant Vanderdendur steals Candide’s last two sheep that carry Candide’s jewels. Vanderdendur is one of many characters in the story that is portrayed as being truly evil. Before Candide meets Vanderdendur he meets a slave that was once owned by Vanderdendur. Vanderdendur has cut off this slave’s right hand and left leg and left him on the side of the road. <br /> <br /> Candide and Pangloss met a sailor on Jacques’s ship. After a massive earthquake this sailor runs through the ruins looking for anything he can take. His only desire is to gain wealth. As with Vanderdendur this sailor is also shown as being evil beforehand. On Jacques’s ship this sailor attacks Jacques. The violent movements of the ship knock the sailor overboard. Jacques helps the sailor back up. Jacques then falls over the side. The sailor does nothing to help Jacques. He watches as Jacques drowns.<br /> <br /> The only place that the disease of greed does not touch is Eldorado. Eldorado is a mythical city filled with gold and jewels. Everyone seeks Eldorado but very few reach it. Greed does not exist there because the gold and jewels have no value. There is so much of the gold that the inhabitants see them as pebbles on the ground. The people of Eldorado live peaceful lives. They are not greedy so they have no need to make war upon each other.<br /> <br /> ===Sexual Exploitation===<br /> <br /> ===Resurection===<br /> <br /> All throughout ''Candide'' we see characters being &quot;resurrected&quot;. For example, Cunegonde's brother, the Jesuit Baron, is resurrected at the end of the story and also Master Pangloss. Both of these men had supposably been killed earlier on in the story but show up in the end. Candide was to have killed the baron with his sword when he slit his chest open. Pangloss was to have been hung and then burned, but got rescued from the actual burning. The rope that was around his neck was not tight enough, therefore he was still breathing. Also, Candide was badly beat but survived and was nursed back to health. The entire story is really an example of resurrection because everyone was seperated at some point, but all of the main characters end up reunited back together.<br /> <br /> ===The Evil of Poverty===<br /> <br /> In the story ''Candide'' almost everyone in the story is or at once in the clutches of poverty. This seems to be a vice that no one can escape. At one point in the story Candide has supper with six people that used to be kings. Now they were all stripped of their glory and reduced to taking handouts. The old woman that helped Cunegonde was a wealthy princess at one time and also reduced down to slavery. Maybe Voltaire's use of this theme was to show how bad poverty was during his lifetime. He might have felt he could show people how poverty effects those that have to endure it. As Bell says, &quot;After all, without evil, how could individuals exercise free choice&quot; (Bell)?<br /> <br /> ===Immorality===<br /> <br /> ==Characters==<br /> <br /> ===Candide===<br /> A good natured fellow who is in love with Cunégonde. His love for Cunégonde gets him banned from The Baron of Thunder-Ten-Tronckh's castle, for stealing a mere kiss from his beloved crush. It is also important to remember that Candide is the Baron's illegitimate nephew. He seems to have a &quot;black cloud&quot; covering him wherever he goes. This is shown when he starts murdering his beloved's capturers, in order to save her. His choices are easily influenced and they lead him down a path of destruction and dispair wherever he goes.<br /> <br /> === Cunégonde ===<br /> The young beautiful daughter of the baron. She is raped and tortured by the Bulgars, while witnessing her family's execution. She is traded may times as a slave. She is given an old slave woman, whom finally reunites her with Candide. While on their journey to South America and out of money, she becomes engaged to Don Fernando d'Ibaraa y Figueora y Mascarenes y Lampourdos y Souza, the governor of Buenos Aries. It seems that no matter how hard they try, she and Candide cannot seem to get together. However, in the end all the determination of Candide pays off when the two are finally reunited for good.<br /> <br /> ===Pangloss===<br /> An optomistic philosopher in the Thunder-Ten-Tronckh's castle. He served as Candide and Cunegonde's childhood professor and later as Candide and Jacques' philosopher. His views on life are that everything that happens, whether it be good or bad, was meant to be. He proves his intellect to Candide by reasoning that &quot;the bay of Lisbon had been formed expressly for this Anabaptist to drown in&quot; after Jacques' death (384). Pangloss is finally hanged for his beliefs during a auto-da-fe.<br /> <br /> ===Jacques===<br /> The good Anabaptist who rescued Candide from the “cruel and heartless treatment” inflicted by the black-coated man and his scandalous wife (381). He graciously took Candide home and gave him a bath, bread and beer, two florins, and a job. His charitable nature also moved him to take in Candide’s long-lost friend, Pangloss, and have him cured of the pox at his own expense. Two months later his good deeds cost him his life: Jacques drowned during a horrible tempest after aiding a merciless sailor. <br /> <br /> ===The old woman===<br /> She was born the daughter of Pope Urban the Tenth. She was the Princess of Palestrina until her ship was taken over by pirates. The old woman's life parallels that of Cunégonde in the way that they were both born into a life of privilege and eventually end up as slaves. Both being tortured and raped many times over and left for dead. The old woman, despite life's challanges, states, &quot;I wanted to kill myself, but always I loved life more&quot; (Voltaire 396). She seems real optimistic and seems to hang in there during the trials and tribulations of her life. These two women form a common bond, and the old woman finally reunites Candide and Cunégonde. She remains a servant until she is befriended by Candide and Cunégonde.<br /> <br /> ===Paquette===<br /> She is the maidservant to the Baroness. She &quot;caused these torments of hell&quot; from which Pangloss is suffering (383).<br /> <br /> ===Cacambo===<br /> He was brought from Cadiz to be Candide's valet. He is honest and speakes many different languages. He even saves Candide from Biglugs, and becomes a valued friend and confidant.<br /> <br /> ===Don Fernando d'Ibaraa y Figueora y Mascarenes y Lampourdos y Souza===<br /> <br /> He is the arrogant governor of Buenos Aries. He is the normal stereotyped government official, &quot;he address[es] everyone with the most aristocratic disdain, pointing his nose so loftily, raising his voice so mercilessly, lording it so splendidly, and assuming so arrogant a pose&quot; (396). He finds Cunegonde to be &quot;the most beautiful creature he ha[s] ever seen&quot; (397). Despite Cunegonde and Candide being engaged the governor takes her in as his mistress and plans to marry her.<br /> <br /> ===Martin===<br /> A scholar whom Candide meets while traveling. He is very intelligent, but has a pessimistic view of the world, perhaps due to unfortunate events in the course of his life. &quot;Martin bends all perceptions of good into a system that makes evil (anxiety, boredom, etc.) the dominate force in the universe&quot; (Campbell 113).<br /> <br /> Martin is a direct counterpart to [[http://litmuse.maconstate.edu/litwiki/index.php/Candide#Pangloss Pangloss]]. Pangloss sees the world as the best possible place, while Martin sees it as the exact opposite. Martin's philosophy is as follows: &quot; Do you believe, said Martin, that hawks have always eaten pigeons when they could get them? Well, said Martin, if hawks have always had the same character, why do you suppose that men have changed?&quot; (414). Thus, Martin believes that men have always been cruel and will always be cruel. Martin's pessimism also draws parallels to another character, [[http://litmuse.maconstate.edu/litwiki/index.php/Candide#Jacques Jacques the Anabaptist]]. Jacques is also pessimistic, but unlike Martin, he believes that kindness goes a long way towards redemption for mankind.<br /> <br /> ===Don Issachar===<br /> A wealthy, Jewish man known as the &quot;most choleric Hebrew seen in Israel since the Babylonian captivity,&quot; who tries to win Cunegonde's love (389). He shares custody of Cunegonde with The Grand Inquisitor and is also killed by Candide.<br /> <br /> ==Critical Perspectives==<br /> <br /> === Analysis of The Old Woman ===<br /> <br /> The Old Woman is unique in that she is the only character to experience no change throughout the story. She comes into the story &quot;immune to change,&quot; and is &quot;an icon of what all will become by the end of the tale&quot; ([http://web3.epnet.com/citation.asp?rds=1&amp;sxp=1562&amp;tb=1&amp;_ug=sid+D859FE3A%2DD0BB%2D46D1%2D89B4%2D3BFF5AE2DBA3%40sessionmgr4+dbs+aph+cp+1+F533&amp;_us=frn+1+hd+False+hs+True+cst+0%3B1+or+Date+ss+SO+sm+KS+sl+0+dstb+KS+mh+1+ri+KAAACBXA00057061+6DAA&amp;_uso=tg%5B0+%2D+db%5B0+%2Daph+hd+False+clv%5B2+%2DY+clv%5B1+%2DY+clv%5B0+%2DY+op%5B0+%2D+cli%5B2+%2DFR+cli%5B1+%2DRV+cli%5B0+%2DFT+st%5B0+%2DCandide+mdb%5B0+%2Dimh+09C5&amp;fn=1&amp;rn=1 Marsh]). It is the old woman who proves that only true effort and work will rebuild and regenerate these other characters who have suffered so much throughout the story ([http://web3.epnet.com/citation.asp?rds=1&amp;sxp=1562&amp;tb=1&amp;_ug=sid+D859FE3A%2DD0BB%2D46D1%2D89B4%2D3BFF5AE2DBA3%40sessionmgr4+dbs+aph+cp+1+F533&amp;_us=frn+1+hd+False+hs+True+cst+0%3B1+or+Date+ss+SO+sm+KS+sl+0+dstb+KS+mh+1+ri+KAAACBXA00057061+6DAA&amp;_uso=tg%5B0+%2D+db%5B0+%2Daph+hd+False+clv%5B2+%2DY+clv%5B1+%2DY+clv%5B0+%2DY+op%5B0+%2D+cli%5B2+%2DFR+cli%5B1+%2DRV+cli%5B0+%2DFT+st%5B0+%2DCandide+mdb%5B0+%2Dimh+09C5&amp;fn=1&amp;rn=1 Marsh]).<br /> <br /> ==Resources==<br /> * [http://www.literature.org/authors/voltaire/candide/ &lt;i&gt;Candide&lt;/i&gt;] — The full text<br /> * [http://www.sparknotes.com/lit/candide/ SparkNotes]<br /> * [http://humanities.uchicago.edu/homes/VSA/Candide/ Resources for study of Voltaire's &lt;i&gt;Candide&lt;/i&gt;]<br /> * [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candide Wikipedia entry]<br /> * [http://kclibrary.nhmccd.edu/voltaire3.htm Voltaire]<br /> * [http://www.pinkmonkey.com/booknotes/monkeynotes/pmCandide01.asp PinkMonkey.com]<br /> <br /> ==Works Cited==<br /> <br /> * Beck, Ervin. [http://web32.epnet.com.ezproxy.maconstate.edu/citation.asp?tb=1&amp;_ug=sid+24BFF23C%2DB2EB%2D4ED1%2D92E5%2DD8549766350E%40sessionmgr3+dbs+mzh+744B&amp;_us=frn+1+hd+False+hs+False+or+Date+ss+SO+sm+KS+sl+%2D1+dstb+KS+mh+1+ri+KAAACB3C00104454+B5AE&amp;_usmtl=ftv+True+137E&amp;_uso=hd+False+tg%5B0+%2D+st%5B0+%2DVoltaire+clv%5B0+%2DY+db%5B0+%2Dmzh+cli%5B0+%2DFT+op%5B0+%2D+58FF&amp;bk=S&amp;EBSCOContent=ZWJjY8bb43ePprdrtdvha6Gmr4GPqLGFn6i5faKWxpjDpeys0qetuNDf7XnU3u6%2B4wAA&amp;rn=6&amp;fn=1&amp;db=aph&amp;an=2336667&amp;sm=&amp;cf=1/ &quot;Voltaire's Candide.&quot;] ''Explicator'', Summer 1999, 57(4): p203-04.<br /> <br /> * Bell, Ian. &quot;''Candide'': Overveiw.&quot; ''Reference Guide to World Literature'', 2nd ed. St.James Press, 1995.<br /> <br /> * Campbell, John. ''The Book of Great Books''. New York: Metrobooks,1997.<br /> <br /> * Marsh, Leonard. [http://web3.epnet.com/citation.asp?tb=1&amp;_ug=sid+D859FE3A%2DD0BB%2D46D1%2D89B4%2D3BFF5AE2DBA3%40sessionmgr4+dbs+aph+cp+1+F533&amp;_us=frn+1+hd+False+hs+True+cst+0%3B1+or+Date+ss+SO+sm+KS+sl+0+dstb+KS+mh+1+ri+KAAACBXA00057061+6DAA&amp;_uso=tg%5B0+%2D+db%5B0+%2Daph+hd+False+clv%5B2+%2DY+clv%5B1+%2DY+clv%5B0+%2DY+op%5B0+%2D+cli%5B2+%2DFR+cli%5B1+%2DRV+cli%5B0+%2DFT+st%5B0+%2DCandide+mdb%5B0+%2Dimh+09C5&amp;fn=1&amp;rn=1&quot;Voltaire's Candide.&quot;] ''Explicator''. Spring 2004, Vol. 62 Issue 3, 144-146.<br /> <br /> * TheBestNotes.com. [http://www.pinkmonkey.com/booknotes/monkeynotes/pmCandide01.asp &lt;u&gt;PinkMonkey.com&lt;/u&gt;.] 2003. 7 Feb. 2006<br /> <br /> * Voltaire, Francois &quot;Candide.&quot; ''The Norton Anthology of Western Literature'' Ed. Hugo, Howard, et al. 8th ed. New York: W W Norton &amp; Company, 2005. 377-438.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:World Literature]]</div>

Dalligood https://litwiki.org/index.php?title=Candide&diff=4838 2006-02-09T21:16:19Z

<p>Dalligood: /* The Folly of Optimism */</p> <hr /> <div>A [[satire]] by [[Voltaire]].<br /> <br /> ==Historical Context==<br /> In the 18th century new ideas and philosophies were popping up everywhere. An intellectual movement in Europe known as as the Enlightment started to change the way man viewed his world. Also known as the age of reason, this was the road to understanding in which Voltaire lived. Isaac Newton introduced the idea that the universe was governed by setlaws that were also able to be discovered. This concept was detremental to the way people had prevously thought because it undermined the faith in a personal God. It was believed by many philosphers, such as Voltaire, that churches should not interfere with scientific research. By the end of the 1700's, the idea of self-government had changed in England and started a revolution in France and America. Europe moved from an rural farming economy to an industrial one. At the end of this century the world had changed dramatically as the advances in science, political democracy, and religious freedom swept away the last traces of the Middle Ages.<br /> <br /> ==Themes==<br /> ===The Folly of Optimism===<br /> The Folly of Optimism is a recurring theme throughout the novel. By most definitions, optimism is a positive outlook on life and situations, assuming there are good times to come even in the darkest of hours. However, through this novel, optimism is at times not seen as a beneficial outlook. According to Candide himself, optimism &quot;is a mania for saying things are well when one is in hell&quot; (Voltaire 410). Optimism is seen as a slight sign of insanity, a trait that causes a person to constantly suffer in the mere hopes that troubled times will one day turn around. <br /> <br /> The old woman is a prime example. Through all her hardships, all her torturous sufferings, she carried on; a glimmer of hope inside her that all hope is not lost. In telling her story, she talks of an optimistic outlook, of her own optimism; &quot;A hundred times I wanted to kill myself, but I always loved life more. This ridiculous weakness is perhaps one of our worst instincts; is anything more stupid than choosing to carry a burden that really one wants to cast on the ground&quot; (Voltaire 396). <br /> <br /> Although their optimism is the main reason for their survival and ability to continue on through their sufferings, the characters view their optimism as one of the main causes for those sufferings they must go through. <br /> <br /> The Folly is the belief that Candide is going to find Cunegonde like he first loved her. Even though this doesn't happen, that is where optimism comes into effect. With her breast fallen, Candide still took her to be his wife, what &quot;Optimism&quot;, what a man (Voltaire 435).<br /> <br /> ===Is There Truely A Utopia===<br /> <br /> ===The Uselessness of Philosophical Speculation===<br /> Throughout ''Candide'', three different philosophies are presented: optomism, pessimism, and skeptism. Pangloss is the character who embodies optomism. He states: &quot; It is clear that things cannot be otherwise than they are, for since everything is made to serve and end, everything necessarliy serves the best end&quot; (378). He also argues: &quot;that there cannot possibly be an effect without a cause&quot; meaning that everything in the world has a specific purpose and reason (378). Martin, however, is the total opposite of Pangloss. He only sees the worst of any situation. Cacambo is the skeptic. His beleif is somewhere in between that of Pangloss and Martin: &quot;That is, Cacambo embodies the notion that one cannot know whether or not ultimate reality can be proven by reason&quot; (Beck). Cacambo has talents: &quot; he had been choirboy, sacristan, sailor, monk, merchant, solider, and lackey&quot; (398). These talents have furthered his knowledge.<br /> <br /> ===Greed===<br /> One of the major themes in ''Candide'' is greed. In Candide’s world greed is like an infection that has spread almost everywhere. The only place untouched by greed is Eldorado. Almost everyone Candide meets is driven by the need to acquire wealth. These individuals are portrayed as evil people with no morals. <br /> <br /> The merchant Vanderdendur steals Candide’s last two sheep that carry Candide’s jewels. Vanderdendur is one of many characters in the story that is portrayed as being truly evil. Before Candide meets Vanderdendur he meets a slave that was once owned by Vanderdendur. Vanderdendur has cut off this slave’s right hand and left leg and left him on the side of the road. <br /> <br /> Candide and Pangloss met a sailor on Jacques’s ship. After a massive earthquake this sailor runs through the ruins looking for anything he can take. His only desire is to gain wealth. As with Vanderdendur this sailor is also shown as being evil beforehand. On Jacques’s ship this sailor attacks Jacques. The violent movements of the ship knock the sailor overboard. Jacques helps the sailor back up. Jacques then falls over the side. The sailor does nothing to help Jacques. He watches as Jacques drowns.<br /> <br /> The only place that the disease of greed does not touch is Eldorado. Eldorado is a mythical city filled with gold and jewels. Everyone seeks Eldorado but very few reach it. Greed does not exist there because the gold and jewels have no value. There is so much of the gold that the inhabitants see them as pebbles on the ground. The people of Eldorado live peaceful lives. They are not greedy so they have no need to make war upon each other.<br /> <br /> ===Sexual Exploitation===<br /> <br /> ===Resurection===<br /> <br /> All throughout ''Candide'' we see characters being &quot;resurrected&quot;. For example, Cunegonde's brother, the Jesuit Baron, is resurrected at the end of the story and also Master Pangloss. Both of these men had supposably been killed earlier on in the story but show up in the end. Candide was to have killed the baron with his sword when he slit his chest open. Pangloss was to have been hung and then burned, but got rescued from the actual burning. The rope that was around his neck was not tight enough, therefore he was still breathing. Also, Candide was badly beat but survived and was nursed back to health. The entire story is really an example of resurrection because everyone was seperated at some point, but all of the main characters end up reunited back together.<br /> <br /> ===The Evil of Poverty===<br /> <br /> In the story ''Candide'' almost everyone in the story is or at once in the clutches of poverty. This seems to be a vice that no one can escape. At one point in the story Candide has supper with six people that used to be kings. Now they were all stripped of their glory and reduced to taking handouts. The old woman that helped Cunegonde was a wealthy princess at one time and also reduced down to slavery. Maybe Voltaire's use of this theme was to show how bad poverty was during his lifetime. He might have felt he could show people how poverty effects those that have to endure it. As Bell says, &quot;After all, without evil, how could individuals exercise free choice&quot; (Bell)?<br /> <br /> ===Immorality===<br /> <br /> ==Characters==<br /> <br /> ===Candide===<br /> A good natured fellow who is in love with Cunégonde. His love for Cunégonde gets him banned from The Baron of Thunder-Ten-Tronckh's castle, for stealing a mere kiss from his beloved crush. It is also important to remember that Candide is the Baron's illegitimate nephew. He seems to have a &quot;black cloud&quot; covering him wherever he goes. This is shown when he starts murdering his beloved's capturers, in order to save her. His choices are easily influenced and they lead him down a path of destruction and dispair wherever he goes.<br /> <br /> === Cunégonde ===<br /> The young beautiful daughter of the baron. She is raped and tortured by the Bulgars, while witnessing her family's execution. She is traded may times as a slave. She is given an old slave woman, whom finally reunites her with Candide. While on their journey to South America and out of money, she becomes engaged to the governor of Buenos Aries. It seems that no matter how hard they try, she and Candide cannot seem to get together.<br /> <br /> ===Pangloss===<br /> An optomistic philosopher in the Thunder-Ten-Tronckh's castle. He served as Candide and Cunegonde's childhood professor and later as Candide and Jacques' philosopher. His views on life are that everything that happens, whether it be good or bad, was meant to be. He proves his intellect to Candide by reasoning that &quot;the bay of Lisbon had been formed expressly for this Anabaptist to drown in&quot; after Jacques' death (384). Pangloss is finally hanged for his beliefs during a auto-da-fe.<br /> <br /> ===Jacques===<br /> The good Anabaptist who rescued Candide from the “cruel and heartless treatment” inflicted by the black-coated man and his scandalous wife (381). He graciously took Candide home and gave him a bath, bread and beer, two florins, and a job. His charitable nature also moved him to take in Candide’s long-lost friend, Pangloss, and have him cured of the pox at his own expense. Two months later his good deeds cost him his life: Jacques drowned during a horrible tempest after aiding a merciless sailor. <br /> <br /> ===The old woman===<br /> She was born the daughter of Pope Urban the Tenth. She was the Princess of Palestrina until her ship was taken over by pirates. The old woman's life parallels that of Cunégonde in the way that they were both born into a life of privilege and eventually end up as slaves. Both being tortured and raped many times over and left for dead. The old woman, despite life's challanges, states, &quot;I wanted to kill myself, but always I loved life more&quot; (Voltaire 396). She seems real optimistic and seems to hang in there during the trials and tribulations of her life. These two women form a common bond, and the old woman finally reunites Candide and Cunégonde. She remains a servant until she is befriended by Candide and Cunégonde.<br /> <br /> ===Paquette===<br /> She is the maidservant to the Baroness. She &quot;caused these torments of hell&quot; from which Pangloss is suffering (383).<br /> <br /> ===Cacambo===<br /> He was brought from Cadiz to be Candide's valet. He is honest and speakes many different languages. He even saves Candide from Biglugs, and becomes a valued friend and confidant.<br /> <br /> ===Don Fernando d'Ibaraa y Figueora y Mascarenes y Lampourdos y Souza===<br /> <br /> The arrogant governor of Buenos Aries. He finds Cunegonde attractive. Despite Cunegonde and Candide being engaged the governor takes her in as his mistress and plans to marry her.<br /> <br /> ===Martin===<br /> A scholar whom Candide meets while traveling. He is very intelligent, but has a pessimistic view of the world, perhaps due to unfortunate events in the course of his life. &quot;Martin bends all perceptions of good into a system that makes evil (anxiety, boredom, etc.)the dominate force in the universe&quot; (Campbell 113).<br /> <br /> Martin is a direct counterpart to [[http://litmuse.maconstate.edu/litwiki/index.php/Candide#Pangloss Pangloss]]. Pangloss sees the world as the best possible place, while Martin sees it as the exact opposite. Martin's philosophy is as follows: &quot; Do you believe, said Martin, that hawks have always eaten pigeons when they could get them? Well, said Martin, if hawks have always had the same character, why do you suppose that men have changed?&quot; (414). Thus, Martin believes that men have always been cruel and will always be cruel. Martin's pessimism also draws parallels to another character, [[http://litmuse.maconstate.edu/litwiki/index.php/Candide#Jacques Jacques the Anabaptist]]. Jacques is also pessimistic, but unlike Martin, he believes that kindness goes a long way towards redemption for mankind.<br /> <br /> ===Don Issachar===<br /> A wealthy, Jewish man who tries to win the affection of Cunegonde. He shares this fight for affection with The Grand Inquisitor. <br /> <br /> ==Critical Perspectives==<br /> <br /> === Analysis of The Old Woman ===<br /> <br /> The Old Woman is unique in that she is the only character to experience no change throughout the story. She comes into the story &quot;immune to change,&quot; and is &quot;an icon of what all will become by the end of the tale&quot; ([http://web3.epnet.com/citation.asp?rds=1&amp;sxp=1562&amp;tb=1&amp;_ug=sid+D859FE3A%2DD0BB%2D46D1%2D89B4%2D3BFF5AE2DBA3%40sessionmgr4+dbs+aph+cp+1+F533&amp;_us=frn+1+hd+False+hs+True+cst+0%3B1+or+Date+ss+SO+sm+KS+sl+0+dstb+KS+mh+1+ri+KAAACBXA00057061+6DAA&amp;_uso=tg%5B0+%2D+db%5B0+%2Daph+hd+False+clv%5B2+%2DY+clv%5B1+%2DY+clv%5B0+%2DY+op%5B0+%2D+cli%5B2+%2DFR+cli%5B1+%2DRV+cli%5B0+%2DFT+st%5B0+%2DCandide+mdb%5B0+%2Dimh+09C5&amp;fn=1&amp;rn=1 Marsh]). It is the old woman who proves that only true effort and work will rebuild and regenerate these other characters who have suffered so much throughout the story ([http://web3.epnet.com/citation.asp?rds=1&amp;sxp=1562&amp;tb=1&amp;_ug=sid+D859FE3A%2DD0BB%2D46D1%2D89B4%2D3BFF5AE2DBA3%40sessionmgr4+dbs+aph+cp+1+F533&amp;_us=frn+1+hd+False+hs+True+cst+0%3B1+or+Date+ss+SO+sm+KS+sl+0+dstb+KS+mh+1+ri+KAAACBXA00057061+6DAA&amp;_uso=tg%5B0+%2D+db%5B0+%2Daph+hd+False+clv%5B2+%2DY+clv%5B1+%2DY+clv%5B0+%2DY+op%5B0+%2D+cli%5B2+%2DFR+cli%5B1+%2DRV+cli%5B0+%2DFT+st%5B0+%2DCandide+mdb%5B0+%2Dimh+09C5&amp;fn=1&amp;rn=1 Marsh]).<br /> <br /> ==Resources==<br /> * [http://www.literature.org/authors/voltaire/candide/ &lt;i&gt;Candide&lt;/i&gt;] — The full text<br /> * [http://www.sparknotes.com/lit/candide/ SparkNotes]<br /> * [http://humanities.uchicago.edu/homes/VSA/Candide/ Resources for study of Voltaire's &lt;i&gt;Candide&lt;/i&gt;]<br /> * [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candide Wikipedia entry]<br /> * [http://kclibrary.nhmccd.edu/voltaire3.htm Voltaire]<br /> * [http://www.pinkmonkey.com/booknotes/monkeynotes/pmCandide01.asp PinkMonkey.com]<br /> <br /> ==Works Cited==<br /> <br /> [[Category:World Literature]]<br /> Beck, Ervin. &quot;Voltaire's Candide.&quot; Explicator, Summer 1999, 57(4): p203-04. [http://web32.epnet.com.ezproxy.maconstate.edu/citation.asp?tb=1&amp;_ug=sid+24BFF23C%2DB2EB%2D4ED1%2D92E5%2DD8549766350E%40sessionmgr3+dbs+mzh+744B&amp;_us=frn+1+hd+False+hs+False+or+Date+ss+SO+sm+KS+sl+%2D1+dstb+KS+mh+1+ri+KAAACB3C00104454+B5AE&amp;_usmtl=ftv+True+137E&amp;_uso=hd+False+tg%5B0+%2D+st%5B0+%2DVoltaire+clv%5B0+%2DY+db%5B0+%2Dmzh+cli%5B0+%2DFT+op%5B0+%2D+58FF&amp;bk=S&amp;EBSCOContent=ZWJjY8bb43ePprdrtdvha6Gmr4GPqLGFn6i5faKWxpjDpeys0qetuNDf7XnU3u6%2B4wAA&amp;rn=6&amp;fn=1&amp;db=aph&amp;an=2336667&amp;sm=&amp;cf=1/ &lt;i&gt;Voltaire's Candide]<br /> <br /> Bell, Ian. &quot;''Candide: Overveiw''&quot; in Reference Guide to World Literature, 2nd ed. St.James Press, 1995.[http://www.galenet.galegroup.com Voltaire's Critic]<br /> <br /> Campbell, John. ''The Book of Great Books''. New York: Metrobooks,1997.<br /> <br /> Marsh, Leonard. &quot;Voltaire's Candide.&quot; Explicator, Spring 2004, Vol. 62 Issue 3, p144-146 [http://web3.epnet.com/citation.asp?tb=1&amp;_ug=sid+D859FE3A%2DD0BB%2D46D1%2D89B4%2D3BFF5AE2DBA3%40sessionmgr4+dbs+aph+cp+1+F533&amp;_us=frn+1+hd+False+hs+True+cst+0%3B1+or+Date+ss+SO+sm+KS+sl+0+dstb+KS+mh+1+ri+KAAACBXA00057061+6DAA&amp;_uso=tg%5B0+%2D+db%5B0+%2Daph+hd+False+clv%5B2+%2DY+clv%5B1+%2DY+clv%5B0+%2DY+op%5B0+%2D+cli%5B2+%2DFR+cli%5B1+%2DRV+cli%5B0+%2DFT+st%5B0+%2DCandide+mdb%5B0+%2Dimh+09C5&amp;fn=1&amp;rn=1 Critic]<br /> <br /> TheBestNotes.com. [http://www.pinkmonkey.com/booknotes/monkeynotes/pmCandide01.asp &lt;u&gt;PinkMonkey.com&lt;/u&gt;.] 2003. 7 Feb. 2006<br /> <br /> Voltaire, Francois &quot;Candide.&quot; ''The Norton Anthology of Western Literature'' Ed. Hugo, Howard, et al. 8th ed. New York: W W Norton &amp; Company, 2005. 377-438.</div>

Dalligood https://litwiki.org/index.php?title=Candide&diff=4835 2006-02-09T21:15:20Z

<p>Dalligood: /* Themes */</p> <hr /> <div>A [[satire]] by [[Voltaire]].<br /> <br /> ==Historical Context==<br /> In the 18th century new ideas and philosophies were popping up everywhere. An intellectual movement in Europe known as as the Enlightment started to change the way man viewed his world. Also known as the age of reason, this was the road to understanding in which Voltaire lived. Isaac Newton introduced the idea that the universe was governed by setlaws that were also able to be discovered. This concept was detremental to the way people had prevously thought because it undermined the faith in a personal God. It was believed by many philosphers, such as Voltaire, that churches should not interfere with scientific research. By the end of the 1700's, the idea of self-government had changed in England and started a revolution in France and America. Europe moved from an rural farming economy to an industrial one. At the end of this century the world had changed dramatically as the advances in science, political democracy, and religious freedom swept away the last traces of the Middle Ages.<br /> <br /> ==Themes==<br /> ===The Folly of Optimism===<br /> The Folly of Optimism is a recurring theme throughout the novel. By most definitions, optimism is a positive outlook on life and situations, assuming there are good times to come even in the darkest of hours. However, through this novel, optimism is at times not seen as a beneficial outlook. According to Candide himself, optimism &quot;is a mania for saying things are well when one is in hell&quot; (Voltaire 410). Optimism is seen as a slight sign of insanity, a trait that causes a person to constantly suffer in the mere hopes that troubled times will one day turn around. <br /> <br /> The old woman is a prime example. Through all her hardships, all her torturous sufferings, she carried on; a glimmer of hope inside her that all hope is not lost. In telling her story, she talks of an optimistic outlook, of her own optimism; &quot;A hundred times I wanted to kill myself, but I always loved life more. This ridiculous weakness is perhaps one of our worst instincts; is anything more stupid than choosing to carry a burden that really one wants to cast on the ground&quot; (Voltaire 396). <br /> <br /> Although their optimism is the main reason for their survival and ability to continue on through their sufferings, the characters view their optimism as one of the main causes for those sufferings they must go through. <br /> <br /> The Folly is the belief that Candide is going to find Cunegonde like he first loved her. Even though this doesn't happen, that is where optimism comes into effect. With her breast fallen, Candide still took her to be his wife, what &quot;Optismism&quot;, what a man (Voltaire 435).<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Is There Truely A Utopia===<br /> <br /> ===The Uselessness of Philosophical Speculation===<br /> Throughout ''Candide'', three different philosophies are presented: optomism, pessimism, and skeptism. Pangloss is the character who embodies optomism. He states: &quot; It is clear that things cannot be otherwise than they are, for since everything is made to serve and end, everything necessarliy serves the best end&quot; (378). He also argues: &quot;that there cannot possibly be an effect without a cause&quot; meaning that everything in the world has a specific purpose and reason (378). Martin, however, is the total opposite of Pangloss. He only sees the worst of any situation. Cacambo is the skeptic. His beleif is somewhere in between that of Pangloss and Martin: &quot;That is, Cacambo embodies the notion that one cannot know whether or not ultimate reality can be proven by reason&quot; (Beck). Cacambo has talents: &quot; he had been choirboy, sacristan, sailor, monk, merchant, solider, and lackey&quot; (398). These talents have furthered his knowledge.<br /> <br /> ===Greed===<br /> One of the major themes in ''Candide'' is greed. In Candide’s world greed is like an infection that has spread almost everywhere. The only place untouched by greed is Eldorado. Almost everyone Candide meets is driven by the need to acquire wealth. These individuals are portrayed as evil people with no morals. <br /> <br /> The merchant Vanderdendur steals Candide’s last two sheep that carry Candide’s jewels. Vanderdendur is one of many characters in the story that is portrayed as being truly evil. Before Candide meets Vanderdendur he meets a slave that was once owned by Vanderdendur. Vanderdendur has cut off this slave’s right hand and left leg and left him on the side of the road. <br /> <br /> Candide and Pangloss met a sailor on Jacques’s ship. After a massive earthquake this sailor runs through the ruins looking for anything he can take. His only desire is to gain wealth. As with Vanderdendur this sailor is also shown as being evil beforehand. On Jacques’s ship this sailor attacks Jacques. The violent movements of the ship knock the sailor overboard. Jacques helps the sailor back up. Jacques then falls over the side. The sailor does nothing to help Jacques. He watches as Jacques drowns.<br /> <br /> The only place that the disease of greed does not touch is Eldorado. Eldorado is a mythical city filled with gold and jewels. Everyone seeks Eldorado but very few reach it. Greed does not exist there because the gold and jewels have no value. There is so much of the gold that the inhabitants see them as pebbles on the ground. The people of Eldorado live peaceful lives. They are not greedy so they have no need to make war upon each other.<br /> <br /> ===Sexual Exploitation===<br /> <br /> ===Resurection===<br /> <br /> All throughout ''Candide'' we see characters being &quot;resurrected&quot;. For example, Cunegonde's brother, the Jesuit Baron, is resurrected at the end of the story and also Master Pangloss. Both of these men had supposably been killed earlier on in the story but show up in the end. Candide was to have killed the baron with his sword when he slit his chest open. Pangloss was to have been hung and then burned, but got rescued from the actual burning. The rope that was around his neck was not tight enough, therefore he was still breathing. Also, Candide was badly beat but survived and was nursed back to health. The entire story is really an example of resurrection because everyone was seperated at some point, but all of the main characters end up reunited back together.<br /> <br /> ===The Evil of Poverty===<br /> <br /> In the story ''Candide'' almost everyone in the story is or at once in the clutches of poverty. This seems to be a vice that no one can escape. At one point in the story Candide has supper with six people that used to be kings. Now they were all stripped of their glory and reduced to taking handouts. The old woman that helped Cunegonde was a wealthy princess at one time and also reduced down to slavery. Maybe Voltaire's use of this theme was to show how bad poverty was during his lifetime. He might have felt he could show people how poverty effects those that have to endure it. As Bell says, &quot;After all, without evil, how could individuals exercise free choice&quot; (Bell)?<br /> <br /> ===Immorality===<br /> <br /> ==Characters==<br /> <br /> ===Candide===<br /> A good natured fellow who is in love with Cunégonde. His love for Cunégonde gets him banned from The Baron of Thunder-Ten-Tronckh's castle, for stealing a mere kiss from his beloved crush. It is also important to remember that Candide is the Baron's illegitimate nephew. He seems to have a &quot;black cloud&quot; covering him wherever he goes. This is shown when he starts murdering his beloved's capturers, in order to save her. His choices are easily influenced and they lead him down a path of destruction and dispair wherever he goes.<br /> <br /> === Cunégonde ===<br /> The young beautiful daughter of the baron. She is raped and tortured by the Bulgars, while witnessing her family's execution. She is traded may times as a slave. She is given an old slave woman, whom finally reunites her with Candide. While on their journey to South America and out of money, she becomes engaged to the governor of Buenos Aries. It seems that no matter how hard they try, she and Candide cannot seem to get together.<br /> <br /> ===Pangloss===<br /> An optomistic philosopher in the Thunder-Ten-Tronckh's castle. He served as Candide and Cunegonde's childhood professor and later as Candide and Jacques' philosopher. His views on life are that everything that happens, whether it be good or bad, was meant to be. He proves his intellect to Candide by reasoning that &quot;the bay of Lisbon had been formed expressly for this Anabaptist to drown in&quot; after Jacques' death (384). Pangloss is finally hanged for his beliefs during a auto-da-fe.<br /> <br /> ===Jacques===<br /> The good Anabaptist who rescued Candide from the “cruel and heartless treatment” inflicted by the black-coated man and his scandalous wife (381). He graciously took Candide home and gave him a bath, bread and beer, two florins, and a job. His charitable nature also moved him to take in Candide’s long-lost friend, Pangloss, and have him cured of the pox at his own expense. Two months later his good deeds cost him his life: Jacques drowned during a horrible tempest after aiding a merciless sailor. <br /> <br /> ===The old woman===<br /> She was born the daughter of Pope Urban the Tenth. She was the Princess of Palestrina until her ship was taken over by pirates. The old woman's life parallels that of Cunégonde in the way that they were both born into a life of privilege and eventually end up as slaves. Both being tortured and raped many times over and left for dead. The old woman, despite life's challanges, states, &quot;I wanted to kill myself, but always I loved life more&quot; (Voltaire 396). She seems real optimistic and seems to hang in there during the trials and tribulations of her life. These two women form a common bond, and the old woman finally reunites Candide and Cunégonde. She remains a servant until she is befriended by Candide and Cunégonde.<br /> <br /> ===Paquette===<br /> She is the maidservant to the Baroness. She &quot;caused these torments of hell&quot; from which Pangloss is suffering (383).<br /> <br /> ===Cacambo===<br /> He was brought from Cadiz to be Candide's valet. He is honest and speakes many different languages. He even saves Candide from Biglugs, and becomes a valued friend and confidant.<br /> <br /> ===Don Fernando d'Ibaraa y Figueora y Mascarenes y Lampourdos y Souza===<br /> <br /> The arrogant governor of Buenos Aries. He finds Cunegonde attractive. Despite Cunegonde and Candide being engaged the governor takes her in as his mistress and plans to marry her.<br /> <br /> ===Martin===<br /> A scholar whom Candide meets while traveling. He is very intelligent, but has a pessimistic view of the world, perhaps due to unfortunate events in the course of his life. &quot;Martin bends all perceptions of good into a system that makes evil (anxiety, boredom, etc.)the dominate force in the universe&quot; (Campbell 113).<br /> <br /> Martin is a direct counterpart to [[http://litmuse.maconstate.edu/litwiki/index.php/Candide#Pangloss Pangloss]]. Pangloss sees the world as the best possible place, while Martin sees it as the exact opposite. Martin's philosophy is as follows: &quot; Do you believe, said Martin, that hawks have always eaten pigeons when they could get them? Well, said Martin, if hawks have always had the same character, why do you suppose that men have changed?&quot; (414). Thus, Martin believes that men have always been cruel and will always be cruel. Martin's pessimism also draws parallels to another character, [[http://litmuse.maconstate.edu/litwiki/index.php/Candide#Jacques Jacques the Anabaptist]]. Jacques is also pessimistic, but unlike Martin, he believes that kindness goes a long way towards redemption for mankind.<br /> <br /> ===Don Issachar===<br /> A wealthy, Jewish man who tries to win the affection of Cunegonde. He shares this fight for affection with The Grand Inquisitor. <br /> <br /> ==Critical Perspectives==<br /> <br /> === Analysis of The Old Woman ===<br /> <br /> The Old Woman is unique in that she is the only character to experience no change throughout the story. She comes into the story &quot;immune to change,&quot; and is &quot;an icon of what all will become by the end of the tale&quot; ([http://web3.epnet.com/citation.asp?rds=1&amp;sxp=1562&amp;tb=1&amp;_ug=sid+D859FE3A%2DD0BB%2D46D1%2D89B4%2D3BFF5AE2DBA3%40sessionmgr4+dbs+aph+cp+1+F533&amp;_us=frn+1+hd+False+hs+True+cst+0%3B1+or+Date+ss+SO+sm+KS+sl+0+dstb+KS+mh+1+ri+KAAACBXA00057061+6DAA&amp;_uso=tg%5B0+%2D+db%5B0+%2Daph+hd+False+clv%5B2+%2DY+clv%5B1+%2DY+clv%5B0+%2DY+op%5B0+%2D+cli%5B2+%2DFR+cli%5B1+%2DRV+cli%5B0+%2DFT+st%5B0+%2DCandide+mdb%5B0+%2Dimh+09C5&amp;fn=1&amp;rn=1 Marsh]). It is the old woman who proves that only true effort and work will rebuild and regenerate these other characters who have suffered so much throughout the story ([http://web3.epnet.com/citation.asp?rds=1&amp;sxp=1562&amp;tb=1&amp;_ug=sid+D859FE3A%2DD0BB%2D46D1%2D89B4%2D3BFF5AE2DBA3%40sessionmgr4+dbs+aph+cp+1+F533&amp;_us=frn+1+hd+False+hs+True+cst+0%3B1+or+Date+ss+SO+sm+KS+sl+0+dstb+KS+mh+1+ri+KAAACBXA00057061+6DAA&amp;_uso=tg%5B0+%2D+db%5B0+%2Daph+hd+False+clv%5B2+%2DY+clv%5B1+%2DY+clv%5B0+%2DY+op%5B0+%2D+cli%5B2+%2DFR+cli%5B1+%2DRV+cli%5B0+%2DFT+st%5B0+%2DCandide+mdb%5B0+%2Dimh+09C5&amp;fn=1&amp;rn=1 Marsh]).<br /> <br /> ==Resources==<br /> * [http://www.literature.org/authors/voltaire/candide/ &lt;i&gt;Candide&lt;/i&gt;] — The full text<br /> * [http://www.sparknotes.com/lit/candide/ SparkNotes]<br /> * [http://humanities.uchicago.edu/homes/VSA/Candide/ Resources for study of Voltaire's &lt;i&gt;Candide&lt;/i&gt;]<br /> * [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candide Wikipedia entry]<br /> * [http://kclibrary.nhmccd.edu/voltaire3.htm Voltaire]<br /> * [http://www.pinkmonkey.com/booknotes/monkeynotes/pmCandide01.asp PinkMonkey.com]<br /> <br /> ==Works Cited==<br /> <br /> [[Category:World Literature]]<br /> Beck, Ervin. &quot;Voltaire's Candide.&quot; Explicator, Summer 1999, 57(4): p203-04. [http://web32.epnet.com.ezproxy.maconstate.edu/citation.asp?tb=1&amp;_ug=sid+24BFF23C%2DB2EB%2D4ED1%2D92E5%2DD8549766350E%40sessionmgr3+dbs+mzh+744B&amp;_us=frn+1+hd+False+hs+False+or+Date+ss+SO+sm+KS+sl+%2D1+dstb+KS+mh+1+ri+KAAACB3C00104454+B5AE&amp;_usmtl=ftv+True+137E&amp;_uso=hd+False+tg%5B0+%2D+st%5B0+%2DVoltaire+clv%5B0+%2DY+db%5B0+%2Dmzh+cli%5B0+%2DFT+op%5B0+%2D+58FF&amp;bk=S&amp;EBSCOContent=ZWJjY8bb43ePprdrtdvha6Gmr4GPqLGFn6i5faKWxpjDpeys0qetuNDf7XnU3u6%2B4wAA&amp;rn=6&amp;fn=1&amp;db=aph&amp;an=2336667&amp;sm=&amp;cf=1/ &lt;i&gt;Voltaire's Candide]<br /> <br /> Bell, Ian. &quot;''Candide: Overveiw''&quot; in Reference Guide to World Literature, 2nd ed. St.James Press, 1995.[http://www.galenet.galegroup.com Voltaire's Critic]<br /> <br /> Campbell, John. ''The Book of Great Books''. New York: Metrobooks,1997.<br /> <br /> Marsh, Leonard. &quot;Voltaire's Candide.&quot; Explicator, Spring 2004, Vol. 62 Issue 3, p144-146 [http://web3.epnet.com/citation.asp?tb=1&amp;_ug=sid+D859FE3A%2DD0BB%2D46D1%2D89B4%2D3BFF5AE2DBA3%40sessionmgr4+dbs+aph+cp+1+F533&amp;_us=frn+1+hd+False+hs+True+cst+0%3B1+or+Date+ss+SO+sm+KS+sl+0+dstb+KS+mh+1+ri+KAAACBXA00057061+6DAA&amp;_uso=tg%5B0+%2D+db%5B0+%2Daph+hd+False+clv%5B2+%2DY+clv%5B1+%2DY+clv%5B0+%2DY+op%5B0+%2D+cli%5B2+%2DFR+cli%5B1+%2DRV+cli%5B0+%2DFT+st%5B0+%2DCandide+mdb%5B0+%2Dimh+09C5&amp;fn=1&amp;rn=1 Critic]<br /> <br /> TheBestNotes.com. [http://www.pinkmonkey.com/booknotes/monkeynotes/pmCandide01.asp &lt;u&gt;PinkMonkey.com&lt;/u&gt;.] 2003. 7 Feb. 2006<br /> <br /> Voltaire, Francois &quot;Candide.&quot; ''The Norton Anthology of Western Literature'' Ed. Hugo, Howard, et al. 8th ed. New York: W W Norton &amp; Company, 2005. 377-438.</div>

Dalligood https://litwiki.org/index.php?title=Candide&diff=4832 2006-02-09T18:42:04Z

<p>Dalligood: /* The Folly of Optimism */</p> <hr /> <div>A [[satire]] by [[Voltaire]].<br /> <br /> ==Historical Context==<br /> In the 18th century new ideas and philosophies were popping up everywhere. An intellectual movement in Europe known as as the Enlightment started to change the way man viewed his world. Also known as the age of reason, this was the road to understanding in which Voltaire lived. Isaac Newton introduced the idea that the universe was governed by setlaws that were also able to be discovered. This concept was detremental to the way people had prevously thought because it undermined the faith in a personal God. It was believed by many philosphers, such as Voltaire, that churches should not interfere with scientific research. By the end of the 1700's, the idea of self-government had changed in England and started a revolution in France and America. Europe moved from an rural farming economy to an industrial one. At the end of this century the world had changed dramatically as the advances in science, political democracy, and religious freedom swept away the last traces of the Middle Ages.<br /> <br /> ==Themes==<br /> ===The Folly of Optimism===<br /> The Folly of Optimism is a recurring theme throughout the novel. By most definitions, optimism is a positive outlook on life and situations, assuming there are good times to come even in the darkest of hours. However, through this novel, optimism is at times not seen as a beneficial outlook. According to Candide himself, optimism &quot;is a mania for saying things are well when one is in hell&quot; (Voltaire 410). Optimism is seen as a slight sign of insanity, a trait that causes a person to constantly suffer in the mere hopes that troubled times will one day turn around. The old woman is a prime example. Through all her hardships, all her torturous sufferings, she carried on; a glimmer of hope inside her that all hope is not lost. In telling her story, she talks of an optimistic outlook, of her own optimism; &quot;A hundred times I wanted to kill myself, but I always loved life more. This ridiculous weakness is perhaps one of our worst instincts; is anything more stupid than choosing to carry a burden that really one wants to cast on the ground&quot; (Voltaire 396). Although their optimism is the main reason for their survival and ability to continue on through their sufferings, the characters view their optimism as one of the main causes for those sufferings they must go through.<br /> <br /> ===Is There Truely A Utopia===<br /> <br /> ===The Uselessness of Philosophical Speculation===<br /> Throughout ''Candide'', three different philosophies are presented: optomism, pessimism, and skeptism. Pangloss is the character who embodies optomism. He states: &quot; It is clear that things cannot be otherwise than they are, for since everything is made to serve and end, everything necessarliy serves the best end&quot; (378). He also argues: &quot;that there cannot possibly be an effect without a cause&quot; meaning that everything in the world has a specific purpose and reason (378). Martin, however, is the total opposite of Pangloss. He only sees the worst of any situation. Cacambo is the skeptic. His beleif is somewhere in between that of Pangloss and Martin: &quot;That is, Cacambo embodies the notion that one cannot know whether or not ultimate reality can be proven by reason&quot; (Beck). Cacambo has talents: &quot; he had been choirboy, sacristan, sailor, monk, merchant, solider, and lackey&quot; (398). These talents have furthered his knowledge.<br /> <br /> ===Greed===<br /> One of the major themes in ''Candide'' is greed. In Candide’s world greed is like an infection that has spread almost everywhere. The only place untouched by greed is Eldorado. Almost everyone Candide meets is driven by the need to acquire wealth. These individuals are portrayed as evil people with no morals. <br /> <br /> The merchant Vanderdendur steals Candide’s last two sheep that carry Candide’s jewels. Vanderdendur is one of many characters in the story that is portrayed as being truly evil. Before Candide meets Vanderdendur he meets a slave that was once owned by Vanderdendur. Vanderdendur has cut off this slave’s right hand and left leg and left him on the side of the road. <br /> <br /> Candide and Pangloss met a sailor on Jacques’s ship. After a massive earthquake this sailor runs through the ruins looking for anything he can take. His only desire is to gain wealth. As with Vanderdendur this sailor is also shown as being evil beforehand. On Jacques’s ship this sailor attacks Jacques. The violent movements of the ship knock the sailor overboard. Jacques helps the sailor back up. Jacques then falls over the side. The sailor does nothing to help Jacques. He watches as Jacques drowns.<br /> <br /> The only place that the disease of greed does not touch is Eldorado. Eldorado is a mythical city filled with gold and jewels. Everyone seeks Eldorado but very few reach it. Greed does not exist there because the gold and jewels have no value. There is so much of the gold that the inhabitants see them as pebbles on the ground. The people of Eldorado live peaceful lives. They are not greedy so they have no need to make war upon each other.<br /> <br /> ===Sexual Exploitation===<br /> <br /> ===Resurection===<br /> <br /> All throughout ''Candide'' we see characters being &quot;resurrected&quot;. For example, Cunegonde's brother, the Jesuit Baron, is resurrected at the end of the story and also Master Pangloss. Both of these men had supposably been killed earlier on in the story but show up in the end. Candide was to have killed the baron with his sword when he slit his chest open. Pangloss was to have been hung and then burned, but got rescued from the actual burning. The rope that was around his neck was not tight enough, therefore he was still breathing. Also, Candide was badly beat but survived and was nursed back to health. The entire story is really an example of resurrection because everyone was seperated at some point, but all of the main characters end up reunited back together.<br /> <br /> ===The Evil of Poverty===<br /> <br /> In the story ''Candide'' almost everyone in the story is or at once in the clutches of poverty. This seems to be a vice that no one can escape. At one point in the story Candide has supper with six people that used to be kings. Now they were all stripped of their glory and reduced to taking handouts. The old woman that helped Cunegonde was a wealthy princess at one time and also reduced down to slavery. Maybe Voltaire's use of this theme was to show how bad poverty was during his lifetime. He might have felt he could show people how poverty effects those that have to endure it. As Bell says, &quot;After all, without evil, how could individuals exercise free choice&quot; (Bell)?<br /> <br /> ===Immorality===<br /> <br /> ==Characters==<br /> <br /> ===Candide===<br /> A good natured fellow who is in love with Cunégonde. His love for Cunégonde gets him banned from The Baron of Thunder-Ten-Tronckh's castle, for stealing a mere kiss from his beloved crush. It is also important to remember that Candide is the Baron's illegitimate nephew. He seems to have a &quot;black cloud&quot; covering him wherever he goes. This is shown when he starts murdering his beloved's capturers, in order to save her. His choices are easily influenced and they lead him down a path of destruction and dispair wherever he goes.<br /> <br /> === Cunégonde ===<br /> The young beautiful daughter of the baron. She is raped and tortured by the Bulgars, while witnessing her family's execution. She is traded may times as a slave. She is given an old slave woman, whom finally reunites her with Candide. While on their journey to South America and out of money, she becomes engaged to the governor of Buenos Aries. It seems that no matter how hard they try, she and Candide cannot seem to get together.<br /> <br /> ===Pangloss===<br /> An optomistic philosopher in the Thunder-Ten-Tronckh's castle. He served as Candide and Cunegonde's childhood professor and later as Candide and Jacques' philosopher. His views on life are that everything that happens, whether it be good or bad, was meant to be. He proves his intellect to Candide by reasoning that &quot;the bay of Lisbon had been formed expressly for this Anabaptist to drown in&quot; after Jacques' death (384). Pangloss is finally hanged for his beliefs during a auto-da-fe.<br /> <br /> ===Jacques===<br /> The good Anabaptist who rescued Candide from the “cruel and heartless treatment” inflicted by the black-coated man and his scandalous wife (381). He graciously took Candide home and gave him a bath, bread and beer, two florins, and a job. His charitable nature also moved him to take in Candide’s long-lost friend, Pangloss, and have him cured of the pox at his own expense. Two months later his good deeds cost him his life: Jacques drowned during a horrible tempest after aiding a merciless sailor. <br /> <br /> ===The old woman===<br /> She was born the daughter of Pope Urban the Tenth. She was the Princess of Palestrina until her ship was taken over by pirates. The old woman's life parallels that of Cunégonde in the way that they were both born into a life of privilege and eventually end up as slaves. Both being tortured and raped many times over and left for dead. The old woman, despite life's challanges, states, &quot;I wanted to kill myself, but always I loved life more&quot; (Voltaire 396). She seems real optimistic and seems to hang in there during the trials and tribulations of her life. These two women form a common bond, and the old woman finally reunites Candide and Cunégonde. She remains a servant until she is befriended by Candide and Cunégonde.<br /> <br /> ===Paquette===<br /> She is the maidservant to the Baroness. She &quot;caused these torments of hell&quot; from which Pangloss is suffering (383).<br /> <br /> ===Cacambo===<br /> He was brought from Cadiz to be Candide's valet. He is honest and speakes many different languages. He even saves Candide from Biglugs, and becomes a valued friend and confidant.<br /> <br /> ===Don Fernando d'Ibaraa y Figueora y Mascarenes y Lampourdos y Souza===<br /> <br /> The arrogant governor of Buenos Aries. He finds Cunegonde attractive. Despite Cunegonde and Candide being engaged the governor takes her in as his mistress and plans to marry her.<br /> <br /> ===Martin===<br /> A scholar whom Candide meets while traveling. He is very intelligent, but has a pessimistic view of the world, perhaps due to unfortunate events in the course of his life. &quot;Martin bends all perceptions of good into a system that makes evil (anxiety, boredom, etc.)the dominate force in the universe&quot; (Campbell 113).<br /> <br /> Martin is a direct counterpart to [[http://litmuse.maconstate.edu/litwiki/index.php/Candide#Pangloss Pangloss]]. Pangloss sees the world as the best possible place, while Martin sees it as the exact opposite. Martin's philosophy is as follows: &quot; Do you believe, said Martin, that hawks have always eaten pigeons when they could get them? Well, said Martin, if hawks have always had the same character, why do you suppose that men have changed?&quot; (414). Thus, Martin believes that men have always been cruel and will always be cruel. Martin's pessimism also draws parallels to another character, [[http://litmuse.maconstate.edu/litwiki/index.php/Candide#Jacques Jacques the Anabaptist]]. Jacques is also pessimistic, but unlike Martin, he believes that kindness goes a long way towards redemption for mankind.<br /> <br /> ===Don Issachar===<br /> A wealthy, Jewish man who tries to win the affection of Cunegonde. He shares this fight for affection with The Grand Inquisitor. <br /> <br /> ==Critical Perspectives==<br /> <br /> === Analysis of The Old Woman ===<br /> <br /> The Old Woman is unique in that she is the only character to experience no change throughout the story. She comes into the story &quot;immune to change,&quot; and is &quot;an icon of what all will become by the end of the tale&quot; ([http://web3.epnet.com/citation.asp?rds=1&amp;sxp=1562&amp;tb=1&amp;_ug=sid+D859FE3A%2DD0BB%2D46D1%2D89B4%2D3BFF5AE2DBA3%40sessionmgr4+dbs+aph+cp+1+F533&amp;_us=frn+1+hd+False+hs+True+cst+0%3B1+or+Date+ss+SO+sm+KS+sl+0+dstb+KS+mh+1+ri+KAAACBXA00057061+6DAA&amp;_uso=tg%5B0+%2D+db%5B0+%2Daph+hd+False+clv%5B2+%2DY+clv%5B1+%2DY+clv%5B0+%2DY+op%5B0+%2D+cli%5B2+%2DFR+cli%5B1+%2DRV+cli%5B0+%2DFT+st%5B0+%2DCandide+mdb%5B0+%2Dimh+09C5&amp;fn=1&amp;rn=1 Marsh]). It is the old woman who proves that only true effort and work will rebuild and regenerate these other characters who have suffered so much throughout the story ([http://web3.epnet.com/citation.asp?rds=1&amp;sxp=1562&amp;tb=1&amp;_ug=sid+D859FE3A%2DD0BB%2D46D1%2D89B4%2D3BFF5AE2DBA3%40sessionmgr4+dbs+aph+cp+1+F533&amp;_us=frn+1+hd+False+hs+True+cst+0%3B1+or+Date+ss+SO+sm+KS+sl+0+dstb+KS+mh+1+ri+KAAACBXA00057061+6DAA&amp;_uso=tg%5B0+%2D+db%5B0+%2Daph+hd+False+clv%5B2+%2DY+clv%5B1+%2DY+clv%5B0+%2DY+op%5B0+%2D+cli%5B2+%2DFR+cli%5B1+%2DRV+cli%5B0+%2DFT+st%5B0+%2DCandide+mdb%5B0+%2Dimh+09C5&amp;fn=1&amp;rn=1 Marsh]).<br /> <br /> ==Resources==<br /> * [http://www.literature.org/authors/voltaire/candide/ &lt;i&gt;Candide&lt;/i&gt;] — The full text<br /> * [http://www.sparknotes.com/lit/candide/ SparkNotes]<br /> * [http://humanities.uchicago.edu/homes/VSA/Candide/ Resources for study of Voltaire's &lt;i&gt;Candide&lt;/i&gt;]<br /> * [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candide Wikipedia entry]<br /> * [http://kclibrary.nhmccd.edu/voltaire3.htm Voltaire]<br /> * [http://www.pinkmonkey.com/booknotes/monkeynotes/pmCandide01.asp PinkMonkey.com]<br /> <br /> ==Works Cited==<br /> <br /> [[Category:World Literature]]<br /> Beck, Ervin. &quot;Voltaire's Candide.&quot; Explicator, Summer 1999, 57(4): p203-04. [http://web32.epnet.com.ezproxy.maconstate.edu/citation.asp?tb=1&amp;_ug=sid+24BFF23C%2DB2EB%2D4ED1%2D92E5%2DD8549766350E%40sessionmgr3+dbs+mzh+744B&amp;_us=frn+1+hd+False+hs+False+or+Date+ss+SO+sm+KS+sl+%2D1+dstb+KS+mh+1+ri+KAAACB3C00104454+B5AE&amp;_usmtl=ftv+True+137E&amp;_uso=hd+False+tg%5B0+%2D+st%5B0+%2DVoltaire+clv%5B0+%2DY+db%5B0+%2Dmzh+cli%5B0+%2DFT+op%5B0+%2D+58FF&amp;bk=S&amp;EBSCOContent=ZWJjY8bb43ePprdrtdvha6Gmr4GPqLGFn6i5faKWxpjDpeys0qetuNDf7XnU3u6%2B4wAA&amp;rn=6&amp;fn=1&amp;db=aph&amp;an=2336667&amp;sm=&amp;cf=1/ &lt;i&gt;Voltaire's Candide]<br /> <br /> Bell, Ian. &quot;''Candide: Overveiw''&quot; in Reference Guide to World Literature, 2nd ed. St.James Press, 1995.[http://www.galenet.galegroup.com Voltaire's Critic]<br /> <br /> Campbell, John. ''The Book of Great Books''. New York: Metrobooks,1997.<br /> <br /> Marsh, Leonard. &quot;Voltaire's Candide.&quot; Explicator, Spring 2004, Vol. 62 Issue 3, p144-146 [http://web3.epnet.com/citation.asp?tb=1&amp;_ug=sid+D859FE3A%2DD0BB%2D46D1%2D89B4%2D3BFF5AE2DBA3%40sessionmgr4+dbs+aph+cp+1+F533&amp;_us=frn+1+hd+False+hs+True+cst+0%3B1+or+Date+ss+SO+sm+KS+sl+0+dstb+KS+mh+1+ri+KAAACBXA00057061+6DAA&amp;_uso=tg%5B0+%2D+db%5B0+%2Daph+hd+False+clv%5B2+%2DY+clv%5B1+%2DY+clv%5B0+%2DY+op%5B0+%2D+cli%5B2+%2DFR+cli%5B1+%2DRV+cli%5B0+%2DFT+st%5B0+%2DCandide+mdb%5B0+%2Dimh+09C5&amp;fn=1&amp;rn=1 Critic]<br /> <br /> TheBestNotes.com. [http://www.pinkmonkey.com/booknotes/monkeynotes/pmCandide01.asp &lt;u&gt;PinkMonkey.com&lt;/u&gt;.] 2003. 7 Feb. 2006<br /> <br /> Voltaire, Francois &quot;Candide.&quot; ''The Norton Anthology of Western Literature'' Ed. Hugo, Howard, et al. 8th ed. New York: W W Norton &amp; Company, 2005. 377-438.</div>

Dalligood https://litwiki.org/index.php?title=Candide&diff=4786 2006-02-08T18:52:10Z

<p>Dalligood: /* The old woman */</p> <hr /> <div>A [[satire]] by [[Voltaire]].<br /> <br /> ==Historical Context==<br /> According to http://kclibrary.nhmccd.edu/voltaire3.htm, this is the historical background on Candide. The eighteenth century was a time of new ideas and perspectives. The European intellectual movement known as the Enlightenment changed the way man viewed his world. Reason, not spirituality or intuition, was the road to understanding the world in which he lived. Isaac Newton introduced the notion that the universe was governed by set and discoverable laws. This concept undermined the faith in a personal God. Tolerance of varying religious beliefs was advocated by philosophers such as Voltaire. Churches should not interfere with scientific research. In politics, the authoritarian state, as exemplified by such absolute monarchs as Louis IV of France, came into disrepute. By the end of the 1700's the idea of self-government had resulted in reform in England and revolution in France and America. Europe moved from an agrarian economy to an industrial one. At the close of this century the world had changed dramatically as the advances in science, political democracy, and religious freedom swept away the last vestiges of the Middle Ages. Now the belief that human history was a record of general progress and that the condition of mankind would only get better with each succeeding generation fostered a halo of optimism.<br /> <br /> ==Themes==<br /> According to [http://kclibrary.nhmccd.edu/voltaire3.htm a biography on Voltaire], these are some of the themes to consider. Comic invention; loyalty; utopia; satire; war as play; treatment of garden; evil; religion; optimism.<br /> ===Greed===<br /> One of the major themes in ''Candide'' is greed. In Candide’s world greed is like an infection that has spread almost everywhere. The only place untouched by greed is Eldorado. Almost everyone Candide meets is driven by the need to acquire wealth. These individuals are portrayed as evil people with no morals. <br /> <br /> The merchant Vanderdendur steals Candide’s last two sheep that carry Candide’s jewels. Vanderdendur is one of many characters in the story that is portrayed as being truly evil. Before Candide meets Vanderdendur he meets a slave that was once owned by Vanderdendur. Vanderdendur has cut off this slave’s right hand and left leg and left him on the side of the road. <br /> <br /> Candide and Pangloss met a sailor on Jacques’s ship. After a massive earthquake this sailor runs through the ruins looking for anything he can take. His only desire is to gain wealth. As with Vanderdendur this sailor is also shown as being evil beforehand. On Jacques’s ship this sailor attacks Jacques. The violent movements of the ship knock the sailor overboard. Jacques helps the sailor back up. Jacques then falls over the side. The sailor does nothing to help Jacques. He watches as Jacques drowns.<br /> <br /> The only place that the disease of greed does not touch is Eldorado. Eldorado is a mythical city filled with gold and jewels. Everyone seeks Eldorado but very few reach it. Greed does not exist there because the gold and jewels have no value. There is so much of the gold that the inhabitants see them as pebbles on the ground. The people of Eldorado live peaceful lives. They are not greedy so they have no need to make war upon each other.<br /> <br /> ===Sexual Exploitation===<br /> <br /> ===Resurection===<br /> <br /> All throughout ''Candide'' we see characters being &quot;resurrected&quot;. For example, Cunegonde's brother, the Jesuit Baron, is resurrected at the end of the story and also Master Pangloss. Both of these men had supposably been killed earlier on in the story but show up in the end. Candide was to have killed the baron with his sword when he slit his chest open. Pangloss was to have been hung and then burned, but got rescued from the actual burning. The rope that was around his neck was not tight enough, therefore he was still breathing. Also, Candide was badly beat but survived and was nursed back to health. The entire story is really an example of resurrection because everyone was seperated at some point, but all of the main characters end up reunited back together.<br /> <br /> ===The Evil of Poverty===<br /> <br /> In the story ''Candide'' almost everyone in the story is or at once in the clutches of poverty. This seems to be a vice that no one can escape. At one point in the story Candide has supper with six people that used to be kings. Now they were all stripped of their glory and reduced to taking handouts. The old woman that helped Cunegonde was a wealthy princess at one time and also reduced down to slavery. Maybe Voltaire's use of this theme was to show how bad poverty was during his lifetime. He might have felt he could show people how poverty effects those that have to endure it. <br /> <br /> ===Immorality===<br /> <br /> ==Characters==<br /> <br /> ===Candide===<br /> A good natured fellow who is in love with Cunégonde. His love for Cunégonde gets him banned from The Baron of Thunder-Ten-Tronckh's castle, for stealing a mere kiss from his beloved crush. It is also important to remember that Candide is the Baron's illegitimate nephew. He seems to have a &quot;black cloud&quot; covering him wherever he goes. This is shown when he starts murdering his beloved's capturers, in order to save her. His choices are easily influenced and they lead him down a path of destruction and dispair wherever he goes.<br /> <br /> === Cunégonde ===<br /> The young beautiful daughter of the baron. She is raped and tortured by the Bulgars, while witnessing her family's execution. She is traded may times as a slave. She is given an old slave woman, whom finally reunites her with Candide. While on their journey to South America and out of money, she becomes engaged to the governor of Buenos Aries. It seems that no matter how hard they try, she and Candide cannot seem to get together.<br /> <br /> ===Pangloss===<br /> An optomistic philosopher in the Thunder-Ten-Tronckh's castle. He served as Candide and Cunegonde's childhood professor and later as Candide and Jacques' philosopher. His views on life are that everything that happens, whether it be good or bad, was meant to be. He proves his intellect to Candide by reasoning that &quot;the bay of Lisbon had been formed expressly for this Anabaptist to drown in&quot; after Jacques' death (384). Pangloss is finally hanged for his beliefs during a auto-da-fe.<br /> <br /> ===Jacques===<br /> The good Anabaptist who rescued Candide from the “cruel and heartless treatment” inflicted by the black-coated man and his scandalous wife (381). He graciously took Candide home and gave him a bath, bread and beer, two florins, and a job. His charitable nature also moved him to take in Candide’s long-lost friend, Pangloss, and have him cured of the pox at his own expense. Two months later his good deeds cost him his life: Jacques drowned during a horrible tempest after aiding a merciless sailor. <br /> <br /> ===The old woman===<br /> She was born the daughter of Pope Urban the Tenth. She was the Princess of Palestrina until her ship was taken over by pirates. The old woman's life parallels that of Cunégonde in the way that they were both born into a life of privilege and eventually end up as slaves. Both being tortured and raped many times over and left for dead. The old woman, despite life's challanges, states, &quot;I wanted to kill myself, but always I loved life more&quot; (Voltaire 396). She seems real optimistic and seems to hang in there during the trials and tribulations of her life. These two women form a common bond, and the old woman finally reunites Candide and Cunégonde. She remains a servant until she is befriended by Candide and Cunégonde.<br /> <br /> ===Paquette===<br /> She is the maidservant to the Baroness. She &quot;caused these torments of hell&quot; from which Pangloss is suffering (383).<br /> <br /> ===Cacambo===<br /> He was brought from Cadiz to be Candide's valet. He is honest and speakes many different languages. He even saves Candide from Biglugs, and becomes a valued friend and confidant.<br /> <br /> ===Don Fernando d'Ibaraa y Figueora y Mascarenes y Lampourdos y Souza===<br /> <br /> The arrogant governor of Buenos Aries. He finds Cunegonde attractive. Despite Cunegonde and Candide being engaged the governor takes her in as his mistress and plans to marry her.<br /> <br /> ===Martin===<br /> A scholar whom Candide meets while traveling. He is very intelligent, but has a pessimistic view of the world. &quot;Martin bends all perceptions of good into a system that makes evil (anxiety, boredom, ect.)the dominate force in the universe&quot; (Campbell 113).<br /> <br /> Martin is a direct counterpart to Pangloss. Pangloss sees the world as the best possible place, while Martin sees it as the exact opposite. Martin's philosophy is as follows: &quot; Do you believe, said Martin, that hawks have always eaten pigeons when they could get them? Well, said Martin, if hawks have always had the same character, why do you suppose that men have changed?&quot; (414). Thus, Martin believes that men have always been inherently evil and will always remain inherently evil.<br /> <br /> ===Don Issachar===<br /> A wealthy, Jewish man who tries to win the affection of Cunegonde. He shares this fight for affection with The Grand Inquisitor. <br /> <br /> ==Critical Perspectives==<br /> <br /> === Analysis of The Old Woman ===<br /> <br /> The Old Woman is unique in that she is the only character to experience no change throughout the story. She comes into the story &quot;immune to change,&quot; and is &quot;an icon of what all will become by the end of the tale&quot; ([http://web3.epnet.com/citation.asp?rds=1&amp;sxp=1562&amp;tb=1&amp;_ug=sid+D859FE3A%2DD0BB%2D46D1%2D89B4%2D3BFF5AE2DBA3%40sessionmgr4+dbs+aph+cp+1+F533&amp;_us=frn+1+hd+False+hs+True+cst+0%3B1+or+Date+ss+SO+sm+KS+sl+0+dstb+KS+mh+1+ri+KAAACBXA00057061+6DAA&amp;_uso=tg%5B0+%2D+db%5B0+%2Daph+hd+False+clv%5B2+%2DY+clv%5B1+%2DY+clv%5B0+%2DY+op%5B0+%2D+cli%5B2+%2DFR+cli%5B1+%2DRV+cli%5B0+%2DFT+st%5B0+%2DCandide+mdb%5B0+%2Dimh+09C5&amp;fn=1&amp;rn=1 Marsh]). It is the old woman who proves that only true effort and work will rebuild and regenerate these other characters who have suffered so much throughout the story ([http://web3.epnet.com/citation.asp?rds=1&amp;sxp=1562&amp;tb=1&amp;_ug=sid+D859FE3A%2DD0BB%2D46D1%2D89B4%2D3BFF5AE2DBA3%40sessionmgr4+dbs+aph+cp+1+F533&amp;_us=frn+1+hd+False+hs+True+cst+0%3B1+or+Date+ss+SO+sm+KS+sl+0+dstb+KS+mh+1+ri+KAAACBXA00057061+6DAA&amp;_uso=tg%5B0+%2D+db%5B0+%2Daph+hd+False+clv%5B2+%2DY+clv%5B1+%2DY+clv%5B0+%2DY+op%5B0+%2D+cli%5B2+%2DFR+cli%5B1+%2DRV+cli%5B0+%2DFT+st%5B0+%2DCandide+mdb%5B0+%2Dimh+09C5&amp;fn=1&amp;rn=1 Marsh]).<br /> <br /> ==Resources==<br /> * [http://www.literature.org/authors/voltaire/candide/ &lt;i&gt;Candide&lt;/i&gt;] — The full text<br /> * [http://www.sparknotes.com/lit/candide/ SparkNotes]<br /> * [http://humanities.uchicago.edu/homes/VSA/Candide/ Resources for study of Voltaire's &lt;i&gt;Candide&lt;/i&gt;]<br /> * [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candide Wikipedia entry]<br /> * [http://kclibrary.nhmccd.edu/voltaire3.htm Voltaire]<br /> * [http://www.pinkmonkey.com/booknotes/monkeynotes/pmCandide01.asp PinkMonkey.com]<br /> <br /> ==Works Cited==<br /> <br /> [[Category:World Literature]]<br /> TheBestNotes.com. [http://www.pinkmonkey.com/booknotes/monkeynotes/pmCandide01.asp &lt;u&gt;PinkMonkey.com&lt;/u&gt;.] 2003. 7 Feb. 2006<br /> <br /> Campbell, John. ''The Book of Great Books''. New York: Metrobooks,1997.<br /> <br /> Marsh, Leonard. &quot;Voltaire's Candide.&quot; Explicator, Spring 2004, Vol. 62 Issue 3, p144-146 [http://web3.epnet.com/citation.asp?tb=1&amp;_ug=sid+D859FE3A%2DD0BB%2D46D1%2D89B4%2D3BFF5AE2DBA3%40sessionmgr4+dbs+aph+cp+1+F533&amp;_us=frn+1+hd+False+hs+True+cst+0%3B1+or+Date+ss+SO+sm+KS+sl+0+dstb+KS+mh+1+ri+KAAACBXA00057061+6DAA&amp;_uso=tg%5B0+%2D+db%5B0+%2Daph+hd+False+clv%5B2+%2DY+clv%5B1+%2DY+clv%5B0+%2DY+op%5B0+%2D+cli%5B2+%2DFR+cli%5B1+%2DRV+cli%5B0+%2DFT+st%5B0+%2DCandide+mdb%5B0+%2Dimh+09C5&amp;fn=1&amp;rn=1]<br /> <br /> Voltaire, Francois &quot;Candide.&quot; ''The Norton Anthology of Western Literature'' Ed. Hugo, Howard, et al. 8th ed. New York: W W Norton &amp; Company, 2005. 377-438.</div>

Dalligood https://litwiki.org/index.php?title=Candide&diff=4753 2006-02-07T23:11:31Z

<p>Dalligood: /* Works Cited */</p> <hr /> <div>A [[satire]] by [[Voltaire]].<br /> <br /> ==Historical Context==<br /> According to http://kclibrary.nhmccd.edu/voltaire3.htm, this is the historical background on Candide. The eighteenth century was a time of new ideas and perspectives. The European intellectual movement known as the Enlightenment changed the way man viewed his world. Reason, not spirituality or intuition, was the road to understanding the world in which he lived. Isaac Newton introduced the notion that the universe was governed by set and discoverable laws. This concept undermined the faith in a personal God. Tolerance of varying religious beliefs was advocated by philosophers such as Voltaire. Churches should not interfere with scientific research. In politics, the authoritarian state, as exemplified by such absolute monarchs as Louis IV of France, came into disrepute. By the end of the 1700's the idea of self-government had resulted in reform in England and revolution in France and America. Europe moved from an agrarian economy to an industrial one. At the close of this century the world had changed dramatically as the advances in science, political democracy, and religious freedom swept away the last vestiges of the Middle Ages. Now the belief that human history was a record of general progress and that the condition of mankind would only get better with each succeeding generation fostered a halo of optimism.<br /> <br /> ==Themes==<br /> According to http://kclibrary.nhmccd.edu/voltaire3.htm, these are some of the themes to consider. Comic invention; loyalty; utopia; satire; war as play; treatment of garden; evil; religion; optimism.<br /> <br /> ==Characters==<br /> <br /> ===Candide===<br /> A good natured fellow who is in love with Cunégonde. His love for Cunégonde gets him banned from The Baron of Thunder-Ten-Tronckh's castle, for stealing a mere kiss from his beloved crush. It is also important to remember that Candide is the Baron's illegitimate nephew. He seems to have a &quot;black cloud&quot; covering him wherever he goes. This is shown when he starts murdering his beloved's capturers, in order to save her. His choices are easily influenced and they lead him down a path of destruction and dispair wherever he goes.<br /> <br /> === Cunégonde ===<br /> The young beautiful daughter of the baron. She is raped and tortured by the Bulgars, while witnessing her family's execution. She is traded may times as a slave. She is given an old slave woman, whom finally reunites her with Candide. While on their journey to South America and out of money, she becomes engaged to the governor of Buenos Aries. It seems that no matter how hard they try, she and Candide cannot seem to get together.<br /> <br /> ===Pangloss===<br /> An optomistic philosopher in the Thunder-Ten-Tronckh's castle. He is Candide and Cunegonde's professor. After the castle tragedy, Candide meets up with him begging on the street. He is weak and sick from sypilis. He is taken in by the Anabaptist, Jacques. In return for medical treatment the Anabaptist makes him the bookkeeper for his business. Pangloss is finally hung for his beliefs.<br /> <br /> ===Jacques===<br /> The good Anabaptist who rescued Candide from the “cruel and heartless treatment” inflicted by the black-coated man and his scandalous wife (381). He graciously took Candide home and gave him a bath, bread and beer, two florins, and a job. His charitable nature also moved him to take in Candide’s long-lost friend, Pangloss, and have him cured of the pox at his own expense. Two months later his good deeds cost him his life: Jacques drowned during a horrible tempest after aiding a merciless sailor. <br /> <br /> ===The old woman===<br /> She was born the daughter of Pope Urban the Tenth. She was the Princess of Palestrina until her ship was taken over by pirates. The old woman's life parallels that of Cunégonde in the way that they were both born into a life of privilege and eventually end up as slaves. Both being tortured and raped many times over and left for dead. The old woman, despite life's challanges, states, &quot;I wanted to kill myself, but always I loved life more&quot; (Moliere 396). She seems real optimistic and seems to hang in there during the trials and tribulations of her life. These two women form a common bond, and the old woman finally reunites Candide and Cunégonde. She remains a servant until she is befriended by Candide and Cunégonde.<br /> <br /> ===Paquette===<br /> She is the maidservant to the Baroness. She &quot;caused these torments of hell&quot; from which Pangloss is suffering (383).<br /> <br /> ===Cacambo===<br /> He was brought from Cadiz to be Candide's valet. He is honest and speakes many different languages. He even saves Candide from Biglugs, and becomes a valued friend and confidant.<br /> <br /> ===Don Fernando d'Ibaraa y Figueora y Mascarenes y Lampourdos y Souza===<br /> <br /> The arrogant governor of Buenos Aries. He finds Cunegonde attractive. Despite Cunegonde and Candide being engaged the governor takes her in as his mistress and plans to marry her.<br /> <br /> ===Martin===<br /> A scholar whom Candide meets while traveling. He is very intelligent, but has a pessimistic view of the world. &quot;Martin bends all perceptions of good into a system that makes evil (anxiety, boredom, ect.)the dominate force in the universe&quot; (Campbell 113).<br /> <br /> ===Don Issachar===<br /> A wealthy, Jewish man who tries to win the affection of Cunegonde. He shares this fight for affection with The Grand Inquisitor. <br /> <br /> ==Critical Perspectives==<br /> <br /> === Analysis of The Old Woman ===<br /> <br /> The Old Woman is unique in that she is the only character to experience no change throughout the story. She comes into the story &quot;immune to change,&quot; and is &quot;an icon of what all will become by the end of the tale&quot; (Marsh). It is the old woman who proves that only true effort and work will rebuild and regenerate these other characters who have suffered so much throughout the story (Marsh).<br /> <br /> ==Resources==<br /> * [http://www.literature.org/authors/voltaire/candide/ &lt;i&gt;Candide&lt;/i&gt;] — The full text<br /> * [http://www.sparknotes.com/lit/candide/ SparkNotes]<br /> * [http://humanities.uchicago.edu/homes/VSA/Candide/ Resources for study of Voltaire's &lt;i&gt;Candide&lt;/i&gt;]<br /> * [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candide Wikipedia entry]<br /> * [http://kclibrary.nhmccd.edu/voltaire3.htm]<br /> <br /> ==Works Cited==<br /> <br /> [[Category:World Literature]]<br /> Campbell, John. ''The Book of Great Books''. New York: Metrobooks,1997.<br /> <br /> Marsh, Leonard. &quot;Voltaire's Candide.&quot; Explicator, Spring 2004, Vol. 62 Issue 3, p144-146 [http://web3.epnet.com/citation.asp?tb=1&amp;_ug=sid+D859FE3A%2DD0BB%2D46D1%2D89B4%2D3BFF5AE2DBA3%40sessionmgr4+dbs+aph+cp+1+F533&amp;_us=frn+1+hd+False+hs+True+cst+0%3B1+or+Date+ss+SO+sm+KS+sl+0+dstb+KS+mh+1+ri+KAAACBXA00057061+6DAA&amp;_uso=tg%5B0+%2D+db%5B0+%2Daph+hd+False+clv%5B2+%2DY+clv%5B1+%2DY+clv%5B0+%2DY+op%5B0+%2D+cli%5B2+%2DFR+cli%5B1+%2DRV+cli%5B0+%2DFT+st%5B0+%2DCandide+mdb%5B0+%2Dimh+09C5&amp;fn=1&amp;rn=1]<br /> <br /> Moliere, Francois &quot;Candide.&quot; ''The Norton Anthology of Western Literature'' Ed. Hugo, Howard, et al. 8th ed. New York: W W Norton &amp; Company, 2005. 396.</div>

Dalligood https://litwiki.org/index.php?title=Candide&diff=4751 2006-02-07T23:10:44Z

<p>Dalligood: /* The old woman */</p> <hr /> <div>A [[satire]] by [[Voltaire]].<br /> <br /> ==Historical Context==<br /> According to http://kclibrary.nhmccd.edu/voltaire3.htm, this is the historical background on Candide. The eighteenth century was a time of new ideas and perspectives. The European intellectual movement known as the Enlightenment changed the way man viewed his world. Reason, not spirituality or intuition, was the road to understanding the world in which he lived. Isaac Newton introduced the notion that the universe was governed by set and discoverable laws. This concept undermined the faith in a personal God. Tolerance of varying religious beliefs was advocated by philosophers such as Voltaire. Churches should not interfere with scientific research. In politics, the authoritarian state, as exemplified by such absolute monarchs as Louis IV of France, came into disrepute. By the end of the 1700's the idea of self-government had resulted in reform in England and revolution in France and America. Europe moved from an agrarian economy to an industrial one. At the close of this century the world had changed dramatically as the advances in science, political democracy, and religious freedom swept away the last vestiges of the Middle Ages. Now the belief that human history was a record of general progress and that the condition of mankind would only get better with each succeeding generation fostered a halo of optimism.<br /> <br /> ==Themes==<br /> According to http://kclibrary.nhmccd.edu/voltaire3.htm, these are some of the themes to consider. Comic invention; loyalty; utopia; satire; war as play; treatment of garden; evil; religion; optimism.<br /> <br /> ==Characters==<br /> <br /> ===Candide===<br /> A good natured fellow who is in love with Cunégonde. His love for Cunégonde gets him banned from The Baron of Thunder-Ten-Tronckh's castle, for stealing a mere kiss from his beloved crush. It is also important to remember that Candide is the Baron's illegitimate nephew. He seems to have a &quot;black cloud&quot; covering him wherever he goes. This is shown when he starts murdering his beloved's capturers, in order to save her. His choices are easily influenced and they lead him down a path of destruction and dispair wherever he goes.<br /> <br /> === Cunégonde ===<br /> The young beautiful daughter of the baron. She is raped and tortured by the Bulgars, while witnessing her family's execution. She is traded may times as a slave. She is given an old slave woman, whom finally reunites her with Candide. While on their journey to South America and out of money, she becomes engaged to the governor of Buenos Aries. It seems that no matter how hard they try, she and Candide cannot seem to get together.<br /> <br /> ===Pangloss===<br /> An optomistic philosopher in the Thunder-Ten-Tronckh's castle. He is Candide and Cunegonde's professor. After the castle tragedy, Candide meets up with him begging on the street. He is weak and sick from sypilis. He is taken in by the Anabaptist, Jacques. In return for medical treatment the Anabaptist makes him the bookkeeper for his business. Pangloss is finally hung for his beliefs.<br /> <br /> ===Jacques===<br /> The good Anabaptist who rescued Candide from the “cruel and heartless treatment” inflicted by the black-coated man and his scandalous wife (381). He graciously took Candide home and gave him a bath, bread and beer, two florins, and a job. His charitable nature also moved him to take in Candide’s long-lost friend, Pangloss, and have him cured of the pox at his own expense. Two months later his good deeds cost him his life: Jacques drowned during a horrible tempest after aiding a merciless sailor. <br /> <br /> ===The old woman===<br /> She was born the daughter of Pope Urban the Tenth. She was the Princess of Palestrina until her ship was taken over by pirates. The old woman's life parallels that of Cunégonde in the way that they were both born into a life of privilege and eventually end up as slaves. Both being tortured and raped many times over and left for dead. The old woman, despite life's challanges, states, &quot;I wanted to kill myself, but always I loved life more&quot; (Moliere 396). She seems real optimistic and seems to hang in there during the trials and tribulations of her life. These two women form a common bond, and the old woman finally reunites Candide and Cunégonde. She remains a servant until she is befriended by Candide and Cunégonde.<br /> <br /> ===Paquette===<br /> She is the maidservant to the Baroness. She &quot;caused these torments of hell&quot; from which Pangloss is suffering (383).<br /> <br /> ===Cacambo===<br /> He was brought from Cadiz to be Candide's valet. He is honest and speakes many different languages. He even saves Candide from Biglugs, and becomes a valued friend and confidant.<br /> <br /> ===Don Fernando d'Ibaraa y Figueora y Mascarenes y Lampourdos y Souza===<br /> <br /> The arrogant governor of Buenos Aries. He finds Cunegonde attractive. Despite Cunegonde and Candide being engaged the governor takes her in as his mistress and plans to marry her.<br /> <br /> ===Martin===<br /> A scholar whom Candide meets while traveling. He is very intelligent, but has a pessimistic view of the world. &quot;Martin bends all perceptions of good into a system that makes evil (anxiety, boredom, ect.)the dominate force in the universe&quot; (Campbell 113).<br /> <br /> ===Don Issachar===<br /> A wealthy, Jewish man who tries to win the affection of Cunegonde. He shares this fight for affection with The Grand Inquisitor. <br /> <br /> ==Critical Perspectives==<br /> <br /> === Analysis of The Old Woman ===<br /> <br /> The Old Woman is unique in that she is the only character to experience no change throughout the story. She comes into the story &quot;immune to change,&quot; and is &quot;an icon of what all will become by the end of the tale&quot; (Marsh). It is the old woman who proves that only true effort and work will rebuild and regenerate these other characters who have suffered so much throughout the story (Marsh).<br /> <br /> ==Resources==<br /> * [http://www.literature.org/authors/voltaire/candide/ &lt;i&gt;Candide&lt;/i&gt;] — The full text<br /> * [http://www.sparknotes.com/lit/candide/ SparkNotes]<br /> * [http://humanities.uchicago.edu/homes/VSA/Candide/ Resources for study of Voltaire's &lt;i&gt;Candide&lt;/i&gt;]<br /> * [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candide Wikipedia entry]<br /> * [http://kclibrary.nhmccd.edu/voltaire3.htm]<br /> <br /> ==Works Cited==<br /> <br /> [[Category:World Literature]]<br /> Campbell, John. ''The Book of Great Books''. New York: Metrobooks,1997.<br /> <br /> Moliere, Francois &quot;Candide.&quot; ''The Norton Anthology of Western Literature'' Ed. Hugo, Howard, et al. 8th ed. New York: W W Norton &amp; Company, 2005. 396.<br /> <br /> Marsh, Leonard. &quot;Voltaire's Candide.&quot; Explicator, Spring 2004, Vol. 62 Issue 3, p144-146 [http://web3.epnet.com/citation.asp?tb=1&amp;_ug=sid+D859FE3A%2DD0BB%2D46D1%2D89B4%2D3BFF5AE2DBA3%40sessionmgr4+dbs+aph+cp+1+F533&amp;_us=frn+1+hd+False+hs+True+cst+0%3B1+or+Date+ss+SO+sm+KS+sl+0+dstb+KS+mh+1+ri+KAAACBXA00057061+6DAA&amp;_uso=tg%5B0+%2D+db%5B0+%2Daph+hd+False+clv%5B2+%2DY+clv%5B1+%2DY+clv%5B0+%2DY+op%5B0+%2D+cli%5B2+%2DFR+cli%5B1+%2DRV+cli%5B0+%2DFT+st%5B0+%2DCandide+mdb%5B0+%2Dimh+09C5&amp;fn=1&amp;rn=1]</div>

Dalligood https://litwiki.org/index.php?title=Candide&diff=4750 2006-02-07T23:09:03Z

<p>Dalligood: /* Historical Context */</p> <hr /> <div>A [[satire]] by [[Voltaire]].<br /> <br /> ==Historical Context==<br /> According to http://kclibrary.nhmccd.edu/voltaire3.htm, this is the historical background on Candide. The eighteenth century was a time of new ideas and perspectives. The European intellectual movement known as the Enlightenment changed the way man viewed his world. Reason, not spirituality or intuition, was the road to understanding the world in which he lived. Isaac Newton introduced the notion that the universe was governed by set and discoverable laws. This concept undermined the faith in a personal God. Tolerance of varying religious beliefs was advocated by philosophers such as Voltaire. Churches should not interfere with scientific research. In politics, the authoritarian state, as exemplified by such absolute monarchs as Louis IV of France, came into disrepute. By the end of the 1700's the idea of self-government had resulted in reform in England and revolution in France and America. Europe moved from an agrarian economy to an industrial one. At the close of this century the world had changed dramatically as the advances in science, political democracy, and religious freedom swept away the last vestiges of the Middle Ages. Now the belief that human history was a record of general progress and that the condition of mankind would only get better with each succeeding generation fostered a halo of optimism.<br /> <br /> ==Themes==<br /> According to http://kclibrary.nhmccd.edu/voltaire3.htm, these are some of the themes to consider. Comic invention; loyalty; utopia; satire; war as play; treatment of garden; evil; religion; optimism.<br /> <br /> ==Characters==<br /> <br /> ===Candide===<br /> A good natured fellow who is in love with Cunégonde. His love for Cunégonde gets him banned from The Baron of Thunder-Ten-Tronckh's castle, for stealing a mere kiss from his beloved crush. It is also important to remember that Candide is the Baron's illegitimate nephew. He seems to have a &quot;black cloud&quot; covering him wherever he goes. This is shown when he starts murdering his beloved's capturers, in order to save her. His choices are easily influenced and they lead him down a path of destruction and dispair wherever he goes.<br /> <br /> === Cunégonde ===<br /> The young beautiful daughter of the baron. She is raped and tortured by the Bulgars, while witnessing her family's execution. She is traded may times as a slave. She is given an old slave woman, whom finally reunites her with Candide. While on their journey to South America and out of money, she becomes engaged to the governor of Buenos Aries. It seems that no matter how hard they try, she and Candide cannot seem to get together.<br /> <br /> ===Pangloss===<br /> An optomistic philosopher in the Thunder-Ten-Tronckh's castle. He is Candide and Cunegonde's professor. After the castle tragedy, Candide meets up with him begging on the street. He is weak and sick from sypilis. He is taken in by the Anabaptist, Jacques. In return for medical treatment the Anabaptist makes him the bookkeeper for his business. Pangloss is finally hung for his beliefs.<br /> <br /> ===Jacques===<br /> The good Anabaptist who rescued Candide from the “cruel and heartless treatment” inflicted by the black-coated man and his scandalous wife (381). He graciously took Candide home and gave him a bath, bread and beer, two florins, and a job. His charitable nature also moved him to take in Candide’s long-lost friend, Pangloss, and have him cured of the pox at his own expense. Two months later his good deeds cost him his life: Jacques drowned during a horrible tempest after aiding a merciless sailor. <br /> <br /> ===The old woman===<br /> She was born the daughter of Pope Urban the Tenth. She was the Princess of Palestrina until her ship was taken over by pirates. The old woman's life parallels that of Cunégonde in the way that they were both born into a life of priviledge and evently end up as slaves. Both being tortured and raped many times over and left for dead. The old woman despite lifes challanges states, &quot;I wanted to kill myself, but always I loved life more&quot; (Moliere 396). She seems real optimistic but still seems to hang in there during the trials and tribulations of her life. These two women form a common bond, and the old woman finally reunites Candide and Cunégonde. She remains a servant until she is befriended by Candide and Cunégonde.<br /> <br /> ===Paquette===<br /> She is the maidservant to the Baroness. She &quot;caused these torments of hell&quot; from which Pangloss is suffering (383).<br /> <br /> ===Cacambo===<br /> He was brought from Cadiz to be Candide's valet. He is honest and speakes many different languages. He even saves Candide from Biglugs, and becomes a valued friend and confidant.<br /> <br /> ===Don Fernando d'Ibaraa y Figueora y Mascarenes y Lampourdos y Souza===<br /> <br /> The arrogant governor of Buenos Aries. He finds Cunegonde attractive. Despite Cunegonde and Candide being engaged the governor takes her in as his mistress and plans to marry her.<br /> <br /> ===Martin===<br /> A scholar whom Candide meets while traveling. He is very intelligent, but has a pessimistic view of the world. &quot;Martin bends all perceptions of good into a system that makes evil (anxiety, boredom, ect.)the dominate force in the universe&quot; (Campbell 113).<br /> <br /> ===Don Issachar===<br /> A wealthy, Jewish man who tries to win the affection of Cunegonde. He shares this fight for affection with The Grand Inquisitor. <br /> <br /> ==Critical Perspectives==<br /> <br /> === Analysis of The Old Woman ===<br /> <br /> The Old Woman is unique in that she is the only character to experience no change throughout the story. She comes into the story &quot;immune to change,&quot; and is &quot;an icon of what all will become by the end of the tale&quot; (Marsh). It is the old woman who proves that only true effort and work will rebuild and regenerate these other characters who have suffered so much throughout the story (Marsh).<br /> <br /> ==Resources==<br /> * [http://www.literature.org/authors/voltaire/candide/ &lt;i&gt;Candide&lt;/i&gt;] — The full text<br /> * [http://www.sparknotes.com/lit/candide/ SparkNotes]<br /> * [http://humanities.uchicago.edu/homes/VSA/Candide/ Resources for study of Voltaire's &lt;i&gt;Candide&lt;/i&gt;]<br /> * [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candide Wikipedia entry]<br /> * [http://kclibrary.nhmccd.edu/voltaire3.htm]<br /> <br /> ==Works Cited==<br /> <br /> [[Category:World Literature]]<br /> Campbell, John. ''The Book of Great Books''. New York: Metrobooks,1997.<br /> <br /> Moliere, Francois &quot;Candide.&quot; ''The Norton Anthology of Western Literature'' Ed. Hugo, Howard, et al. 8th ed. New York: W W Norton &amp; Company, 2005. 396.<br /> <br /> Marsh, Leonard. &quot;Voltaire's Candide.&quot; Explicator, Spring 2004, Vol. 62 Issue 3, p144-146 [http://web3.epnet.com/citation.asp?tb=1&amp;_ug=sid+D859FE3A%2DD0BB%2D46D1%2D89B4%2D3BFF5AE2DBA3%40sessionmgr4+dbs+aph+cp+1+F533&amp;_us=frn+1+hd+False+hs+True+cst+0%3B1+or+Date+ss+SO+sm+KS+sl+0+dstb+KS+mh+1+ri+KAAACBXA00057061+6DAA&amp;_uso=tg%5B0+%2D+db%5B0+%2Daph+hd+False+clv%5B2+%2DY+clv%5B1+%2DY+clv%5B0+%2DY+op%5B0+%2D+cli%5B2+%2DFR+cli%5B1+%2DRV+cli%5B0+%2DFT+st%5B0+%2DCandide+mdb%5B0+%2Dimh+09C5&amp;fn=1&amp;rn=1]</div>

Dalligood https://litwiki.org/index.php?title=User_talk:Rsellars&diff=4776 2006-02-07T22:59:27Z

<p>Dalligood: </p> <hr /> <div><br /> <br /> Aren't we supposed to only have a works cited secton, not a references and works cited section? Shouldn't we move everything under the References section under works cited with all the necessary citations?</div>

Dalligood https://litwiki.org/index.php?title=Candide&diff=4749 2006-02-07T22:52:46Z

<p>Dalligood: /* Works Cited */</p> <hr /> <div>A [[satire]] by [[Voltaire]].<br /> <br /> ==Historical Context==<br /> According to http://kclibrary.nhmccd.edu/voltaire3.htm, this is the historical background on Candide. The eighteenth century was a time of new ideas and perspectives. The European intellectual movement known as the Enlightenment changed the way man viewed his world. Reason, not spirituality or intuition, was the road to understanding the world in which he lived. Isaac Newton introduced the notion that the universe was governed by set and discoverable laws. This concept undermined the faith in a personal God. Tolerance of varying religious beliefs was advocated by philosophers such as Voltaire. Churches should not interfere with scientific research. In politics the authoritarian state as exemplified by such absolute monarchs as Louis IV of France came into disrepute. By the end of the 1700's the idea of self-government had resulted in reform in England and revolution in France and America. Europe moved from an agrarian economy to an industrial one. At the close of this century the world had changed dramatically as the advances in science, political democracy, and religious freedom swept away the last vestiges of the Middle Ages. Now the belief that human history was a record of general progress and that the condition of mankind would only get better with each succeeding generation fostered a halo of optimism.<br /> <br /> ==Themes==<br /> According to http://kclibrary.nhmccd.edu/voltaire3.htm, these are some of the themes to consider. Comic invention; loyalty; utopia; satire; war as play; treatment of garden; evil; religion; optimism.<br /> <br /> ==Characters==<br /> <br /> ===Candide===<br /> A good natured fellow who is in love with Cunégonde. His love for Cunégonde gets him banned from The Baron of Thunder-Ten-Tronckh's castle, for stealing a mere kiss from his beloved crush. It is also important to remember that Candide is the Baron's illegitimate nephew. He seems to have a &quot;black cloud&quot; covering him wherever he goes. This is shown when he starts murdering his beloved's capturers, in order to save her. His choices are easily influenced and they lead him down a path of destruction and dispair wherever he goes.<br /> <br /> === Cunégonde ===<br /> The young beautiful daughter of the baron. She is raped and tortured by the Bulgars, while witnessing her family's execution. She is traded may times as a slave. She is given an old slave woman, whom finally reunites her with Candide. While on their journey to South America and out of money, she becomes engaged to the governor of Buenos Aries. It seems that no matter how hard they try, she and Candide cannot seem to get together.<br /> <br /> ===Pangloss===<br /> An optomistic philosopher in the Thunder-Ten-Tronckh's castle. He is Candide and Cunegonde's professor. After the castle tragedy, Candide meets up with him begging on the street. He is weak and sick from sypilis. He is taken in by the Anabaptist, Jacques. In return for medical treatment the Anabaptist makes him the bookkeeper for his business. Pangloss is finally hung for his beliefs.<br /> <br /> ===Jacques===<br /> The good Anabaptist who rescued Candide from the “cruel and heartless treatment” inflicted by the black-coated man and his scandalous wife (381). He graciously took Candide home and gave him a bath, bread and beer, two florins, and a job. His charitable nature also moved him to take in Candide’s long-lost friend, Pangloss, and have him cured of the pox at his own expense. Two months later his good deeds cost him his life: Jacques drowned during a horrible tempest after aiding a merciless sailor. <br /> <br /> ===The old woman===<br /> She was born the daughter of Pope Urban the Tenth. She was the Princess of Palestrina until her ship was taken over by pirates. The old woman's life parallels that of Cunégonde in the way that they were both born into a life of priviledge and evently end up as slaves. Both being tortured and raped many times over and left for dead. The old woman despite lifes challanges states, &quot;I wanted to kill myself, but always I loved life more&quot; (Moliere 396). She seems real optimistic but still seems to hang in there during the trials and tribulations of her life. These two women form a common bond, and the old woman finally reunites Candide and Cunégonde. She remains a servant until she is befriended by Candide and Cunégonde.<br /> <br /> ===Paquette===<br /> She is the maidservant to the Baroness. She &quot;caused these torments of hell&quot; from which Pangloss is suffering (383).<br /> <br /> ===Cacambo===<br /> He was brought from Cadiz to be Candide's valet. He is honest and speakes many different languages. He even saves Candide from Biglugs, and becomes a valued friend and confidant.<br /> <br /> ===Don Fernando d'Ibaraa y Figueora y Mascarenes y Lampourdos y Souza===<br /> <br /> The arrogant governor of Buenos Aries. He finds Cunegonde attractive. Despite Cunegonde and Candide being engaged the governor takes her in as his mistress and plans to marry her.<br /> <br /> ===Martin===<br /> A scholar whom Candide meets while traveling. He is very intelligent, but has a pessimistic view of the world. &quot;Martin bends all perceptions of good into a system that makes evil (anxiety, boredom, ect.)the dominate force in the universe&quot; (Campbell 113).<br /> <br /> ===Don Issachar===<br /> A wealthy, Jewish man who tries to win the affection of Cunegonde. He shares this fight for affection with The Grand Inquisitor. <br /> <br /> ==Critical Perspectives==<br /> <br /> === Analysis of The Old Woman ===<br /> <br /> The Old Woman is unique in that she is the only character to experience no change throughout the story. She comes into the story &quot;immune to change,&quot; and is &quot;an icon of what all will become by the end of the tale&quot; (Marsh). It is the old woman who proves that only true effort and work will rebuild and regenerate these other characters who have suffered so much throughout the story (Marsh).<br /> <br /> ==Resources==<br /> * [http://www.literature.org/authors/voltaire/candide/ &lt;i&gt;Candide&lt;/i&gt;] — The full text<br /> * [http://www.sparknotes.com/lit/candide/ SparkNotes]<br /> * [http://humanities.uchicago.edu/homes/VSA/Candide/ Resources for study of Voltaire's &lt;i&gt;Candide&lt;/i&gt;]<br /> * [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candide Wikipedia entry]<br /> * [http://kclibrary.nhmccd.edu/voltaire3.htm]<br /> <br /> ==Works Cited==<br /> <br /> [[Category:World Literature]]<br /> Campbell, John. ''The Book of Great Books''. New York: Metrobooks,1997.<br /> <br /> Moliere, Francois &quot;Candide.&quot; ''The Norton Anthology of Western Literature'' Ed. Hugo, Howard, et al. 8th ed. New York: W W Norton &amp; Company, 2005. 396.<br /> <br /> Marsh, Leonard. &quot;Voltaire's Candide.&quot; Explicator, Spring 2004, Vol. 62 Issue 3, p144-146 [http://web3.epnet.com/citation.asp?tb=1&amp;_ug=sid+D859FE3A%2DD0BB%2D46D1%2D89B4%2D3BFF5AE2DBA3%40sessionmgr4+dbs+aph+cp+1+F533&amp;_us=frn+1+hd+False+hs+True+cst+0%3B1+or+Date+ss+SO+sm+KS+sl+0+dstb+KS+mh+1+ri+KAAACBXA00057061+6DAA&amp;_uso=tg%5B0+%2D+db%5B0+%2Daph+hd+False+clv%5B2+%2DY+clv%5B1+%2DY+clv%5B0+%2DY+op%5B0+%2D+cli%5B2+%2DFR+cli%5B1+%2DRV+cli%5B0+%2DFT+st%5B0+%2DCandide+mdb%5B0+%2Dimh+09C5&amp;fn=1&amp;rn=1]</div>

Dalligood https://litwiki.org/index.php?title=Candide&diff=4747 2006-02-07T22:40:56Z

<p>Dalligood: /* Critical Perspectives */</p> <hr /> <div>A [[satire]] by [[Voltaire]].<br /> <br /> ==Historical Context==<br /> According to http://kclibrary.nhmccd.edu/voltaire3.htm, this is the historical background on Candide. The eighteenth century was a time of new ideas and perspectives. The European intellectual movement known as the Enlightenment changed the way man viewed his world. Reason, not spirituality or intuition, was the road to understanding the world in which he lived. Isaac Newton introduced the notion that the universe was governed by set and discoverable laws. This concept undermined the faith in a personal God. Tolerance of varying religious beliefs was advocated by philosophers such as Voltaire. Churches should not interfere with scientific research. In politics the authoritarian state as exemplified by such absolute monarchs as Louis IV of France came into disrepute. By the end of the 1700's the idea of self-government had resulted in reform in England and revolution in France and America. Europe moved from an agrarian economy to an industrial one. At the close of this century the world had changed dramatically as the advances in science, political democracy, and religious freedom swept away the last vestiges of the Middle Ages. Now the belief that human history was a record of general progress and that the condition of mankind would only get better with each succeeding generation fostered a halo of optimism.<br /> <br /> ==Themes==<br /> According to http://kclibrary.nhmccd.edu/voltaire3.htm, these are some of the themes to consider. Comic invention; loyalty; utopia; satire; war as play; treatment of garden; evil; religion; optimism.<br /> <br /> ==Characters==<br /> <br /> ===Candide===<br /> A good natured fellow who is in love with Cunégonde. His love for Cunégonde gets him banned from The Baron of Thunder-Ten-Tronckh's castle, for stealing a mere kiss from his beloved crush. It is also important to remember that Candide is the Baron's illegitimate nephew. He seems to have a &quot;black cloud&quot; covering him wherever he goes. This is shown when he starts murdering his beloved's capturers, in order to save her. His choices are easily influenced and they lead him down a path of destruction and dispair wherever he goes.<br /> <br /> === Cunégonde ===<br /> The young beautiful daughter of the baron. She is raped and tortured by the Bulgars, while witnessing her family's execution. She is traded may times as a slave. She is given an old slave woman, whom finally reunites her with Candide. While on their journey to South America and out of money, she becomes engaged to the governor of Buenos Aries. It seems that no matter how hard they try, she and Candide cannot seem to get together.<br /> <br /> ===Pangloss===<br /> An optomistic philosopher in the Thunder-Ten-Tronckh's castle. He is Candide and Cunegonde's professor. After the castle tragedy, Candide meets up with him begging on the street. He is weak and sick from sypilis. He is taken in by the Anabaptist, Jacques. In return for medical treatment the Anabaptist makes him the bookkeeper for his business. Pangloss is finally hung for his beliefs.<br /> <br /> ===Jacques===<br /> The good Anabaptist who rescued Candide from the “cruel and heartless treatment” inflicted by the black-coated man and his scandalous wife (381). He graciously took Candide home and gave him a bath, bread and beer, two florins, and a job. His charitable nature also moved him to take in Candide’s long-lost friend, Pangloss, and have him cured of the pox at his own expense. Two months later his good deeds cost him his life: Jacques drowned during a horrible tempest after aiding a merciless sailor. <br /> <br /> ===The old woman===<br /> She was born the daughter of Pope Urban the Tenth. She was the Princess of Palestrina until her ship was taken over by pirates. The old woman's life parallels that of Cunégonde in the way that they were both born into a life of priviledge and evently end up as slaves. Both being tortured and raped many times over and left for dead. The old woman despite lifes challanges states, &quot;I wanted to kill myself, but always I loved life more&quot; (Moliere 396). She seems real optimistic but still seems to hang in there during the trials and tribulations of her life. These two women form a common bond, and the old woman finally reunites Candide and Cunégonde. She remains a servant until she is befriended by Candide and Cunégonde.<br /> <br /> ===Paquette===<br /> She is the maidservant to the Baroness. She &quot;caused these torments of hell&quot; from which Pangloss is suffering (383).<br /> <br /> ===Cacambo===<br /> He was brought from Cadiz to be Candide's valet. He is honest and speakes many different languages. He even saves Candide from Biglugs, and becomes a valued friend and confidant.<br /> <br /> ===Don Fernando d'Ibaraa y Figueora y Mascarenes y Lampourdos y Souza===<br /> <br /> The arrogant governor of Buenos Aries. He finds Cunegonde attractive. Despite Cunegonde and Candide being engaged the governor takes her in as his mistress and plans to marry her.<br /> <br /> ===Martin===<br /> A scholar whom Candide meets while traveling. He is very intelligent, but has a pessimistic view of the world. &quot;Martin bends all perceptions of good into a system that makes evil (anxiety, boredom, ect.)the dominate force in the universe&quot; (Campbell 113).<br /> <br /> ===Don Issachar===<br /> A wealthy, Jewish man who tries to win the affection of Cunegonde. He shares this fight for affection with The Grand Inquisitor. <br /> <br /> ==Critical Perspectives==<br /> <br /> === Analysis of The Old Woman ===<br /> <br /> The Old Woman is unique in that she is the only character to experience no change throughout the story. She comes into the story &quot;immune to change,&quot; and is &quot;an icon of what all will become by the end of the tale&quot; (Marsh). It is the old woman who proves that only true effort and work will rebuild and regenerate these other characters who have suffered so much throughout the story (Marsh).<br /> <br /> ==Resources==<br /> * [http://www.literature.org/authors/voltaire/candide/ &lt;i&gt;Candide&lt;/i&gt;] — The full text<br /> * [http://www.sparknotes.com/lit/candide/ SparkNotes]<br /> * [http://humanities.uchicago.edu/homes/VSA/Candide/ Resources for study of Voltaire's &lt;i&gt;Candide&lt;/i&gt;]<br /> * [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candide Wikipedia entry]<br /> * [http://kclibrary.nhmccd.edu/voltaire3.htm]<br /> <br /> ==Works Cited==<br /> <br /> [[Category:World Literature]]<br /> Campbell, John. ''The Book of Great Books''. New York: Metrobooks,1997.<br /> <br /> Moliere, Francois &quot;Candide.&quot; ''The Norton Anthology of Western Literature'' Ed. Hugo, Howard, et al. 8th ed. New York: W W Norton &amp; Company, 2005. 396.</div>

Dalligood https://litwiki.org/index.php?title=Voltaire&diff=4733 2006-02-06T16:46:11Z

<p>Dalligood: /* Biography */</p> <hr /> <div>==Biography==<br /> <br /> Voltaire was born François-Marie Arouet on November 21, 1694 in Paris, France. He was the son of Francois Arouet, a minor treasury official, and Marie Marguerite D’Aumard. Upon his birth, it was thought that he would not live very long, so a priest came to baptize him immediately, hoping to save his soul (Darrow). During this time, France was close to bankruptcy and was basically run under the rule of one church. The church in itself set a standard of beliefs that must be followed explicitly, at least in all outward appearances. Literature questioning the church's accepted practices would be deemed heretic and destroyed, the author most likely suffering the same fate (Darrow). Thus, Voltaire had plenty to write about in his works. <br /> <br /> His early education was the responsibility of an irreligious priest named Chateauneuf, who tired to keep Voltaire's mind free of the superstition of the times (Darrow). Near age 10, Voltaire was sent away to a boys' school, where the the first stages of his writing began. Later, Voltaire's father decided that his son should be an attorney, even though Voltaire had already expressed his desire to write. His father said, &quot;Literature is the profession of the man who wishes to be useless to society, and a burden to his relatives, and to die of hunger&quot; (Darrow). However, Voltaire did not die of hunger or become a burden on society. Instead his works often provided great social sommentary, and mocked society and its accepted practices. Because of the nature of his works, Voltaire became a semi-regular inmate at the Bastille.<br /> <br /> Voltaire spent most of his life in Paris, until his exile to England by Chevalier de Rohan, a nobleman. While in exile, Voltaire was greatly impressed with the monarch system which England used. He liked the freedoms he had there in speech and religion. Voltaire wrote a “fictional document about the English government entitled the Lettres philosophiques (Philosophical letters on the English)”(1). Voltaire created much controversy with this document being as it shined upon the English system being more advanced than the French system, especially in the areas of religion. <br /> <br /> After many years of moving and writing/experimenting with Marquise du Châtelet about natural sciences, Voltaire returned to Paris. It had been twenty-eight years since his last visit to Paris. After seeing one of his own plays being preformed he started writing another tragedy, ''Irene''. He wrote until he became ill and died in 1778. Upon his deathbed, Voltaire ended his long strife with the church by making a final confession in order to be buried on hallowed ground. The church, however, was not so forgiving and refused to allow his remains to be buried on sanctified grounds, but the body had already been buried. “He was buried in the Abbey of Scellères, and his body was transferred to the Panthéon on July 10, 1791, during the French Revolution. In 1814, after the first fall of Napoleon and the restoration of the House of Bourbon monarchy, Voltaire's bones were removed from the Pantheon and destroyed. His heart is preserved at La Comedie Francaise”(1). Fifty years passed before the desecration of Voltaire's remains was discovered. By that time his brain had been sold at auction and somewhere along the way, disappeared (IMDB).<br /> <br /> ==Works==<br /> * &lt;i&gt;[[Candide]]&lt;/i&gt;<br /> * [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letters_on_the_English Letters on the English]<br /> * [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zadig Zadig]<br /> * [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micromegas Micromegas]<br /> <br /> ==Historical Context==<br /> <br /> ==Resources==<br /> <br /> [http://www.encyclopedia.com/html/section/Voltaire_Voltaire'sLifeandWorks.asp Voltaire at encyclopedia.com]<br /> <br /> [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltaire Voltaire at Wikipedia]<br /> <br /> ==Works Cited==<br /> <br /> [[Category:World Literature]]<br /> 1. &quot;Biography for Voltaire.&quot; 1 Feb 2006. [http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0901806/bio]<br /> <br /> <br /> 2. Darrow, Clarence. ''Voltaire''. 1 Feb 2006. [http://www.positiveatheism.org/hist/darrow5.htm] <br /> <br /> 3. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltaire Voltaire] &quot;Voltaire.&quot; Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. 5 Feb 2006</div>

Dalligood https://litwiki.org/index.php?title=Voltaire&diff=4731 2006-02-06T16:31:32Z

<p>Dalligood: /* Biography */</p> <hr /> <div>==Biography==<br /> <br /> Voltaire was born François-Marie Arouet on November 21, 1694 in Paris, France. He was the son of Francois Arouet, a minor treasury official, and Marie Marguerite D’Aumard. Upon his birth, it was thought that he would not live very long, so a priest came to baptize him immediately, hoping to save his soul (Darrow). It would be a great many more years before Voltaire would be visited by another priest. During this time, France was close to bankruptcy and was basically run under the rule of one church. The church in itself set a standard of beliefs that must be followed explicitly, at least in all outward appearances. Literature questioning the church's accepted practices would be deemed heretic and destroyed, the author most likely suffering the same fate (Darrow). Thus, Voltaire had plenty to write about in his works. <br /> <br /> His early education was the responsibility of an irreligious priest named Chateauneuf, who tired to keep Voltaire's mind free of the superstition of the times (Darrow). Near age 10, Voltaire was sent away to a boys' school, where the the first stages of his writing began. Later, Voltaire's father decided that his son should be an attorney, even though Voltaire had already expressed his desire to write. His father said, &quot;Literature is the profession of the man who wishes to be useless to society, and a burden to his relatives, and to die of hunger&quot; (Darrow). However, Voltaire did not die of hunger or become a burden on society. Instead his works often provided great social sommentary, and mocked society and its accepted practices. Because of the nature of his works, Voltaire became a semi-regular inmate at the Bastille.<br /> <br /> Voltaire spent most of his life in Paris, until his exile to England by Chevalier de Rohan, a nobleman. While in exile, Voltaire was greatly impressed with the monarch system which England used. He liked the freedoms he had there in speech and religion. Voltaire wrote a “fictional document about the English government entitled the Lettres philosophiques (Philosophical letters on the English)”(1). Voltaire created much controversy with this document being as it shined upon the English system being more advanced than the French system, especially in the areas of religion. <br /> <br /> After many years of moving and writing/experimenting with Marquise du Châtelet about natural sciences, Voltaire returned to Paris. It had been twenty-eight years since his last visit to Paris. After seeing one of his own plays being preformed he started writing another tragedy, ''Irene''. He wrote until he became ill and died in 1778. Upon his deathbed, Voltaire ended his long strife with the church by making a final confession in order to be buried on hallowed ground. The church, however, was not so forgiving and refused to allow his remains to be buried on sanctified grounds, but the body had already been buried. “He was buried in the Abbey of Scellères, and his body was transferred to the Panthéon on July 10, 1791, during the French Revolution. In 1814, after the first fall of Napoleon and the restoration of the House of Bourbon monarchy, Voltaire's bones were removed from the Pantheon and destroyed. His heart is preserved at La Comedie Francaise”(1). Fifty years passed before the desecration of Voltaire's remains was discovered. By that time his brain had been sold at auction and somewhere along the way, disappeared (IMDB).<br /> <br /> ==Works==<br /> * &lt;i&gt;[[Candide]]&lt;/i&gt;<br /> * [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letters_on_the_English Letters on the English]<br /> * [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zadig Zadig]<br /> * [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micromegas Micromegas]<br /> <br /> ==Historical Context==<br /> <br /> ==Resources==<br /> <br /> [http://www.encyclopedia.com/html/section/Voltaire_Voltaire'sLifeandWorks.asp Voltaire at encyclopedia.com]<br /> <br /> [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltaire Voltaire at Wikipedia]<br /> <br /> ==Works Cited==<br /> <br /> [[Category:World Literature]]<br /> 1. &quot;Biography for Voltaire.&quot; 1 Feb 2006. [http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0901806/bio]<br /> <br /> <br /> 2. Darrow, Clarence. ''Voltaire''. 1 Feb 2006. [http://www.positiveatheism.org/hist/darrow5.htm] <br /> <br /> 3. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltaire Voltaire] &quot;Voltaire.&quot; Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. 5 Feb 2006</div>

Dalligood https://litwiki.org/index.php?title=Tartuffe&diff=4674 2006-02-02T01:38:16Z

<p>Dalligood: /* Madame Pernelle */</p> <hr /> <div>A [[comedy]] by [[Molière]].<br /> <br /> ==Background==<br /> &lt;em&gt;Tartuffe&lt;/em&gt; was written in 1664 during a time when the word of the Church was the word of law. Typically, the Church was very corrupt and often sought personal wealth instead of spiritual growth. The Company of the Holy Sacrament was a Catholic group who believed in good deeds and had beliefs similar to those of the Puritans. They were known to place &quot;spiritual advisors&quot; within the homes of the people to ensure the families salvation. The group, in particular, did not like the play because it portrayed Tartuffe, who was spiritual advisor, as a scoundrel and not a pious man.<br /> <br /> ==Themes==<br /> &lt;i&gt;Tartuffe&lt;/i&gt; offers many themes for one to explore. Among them are the dangers of a heirarchy within a family, religious piety and how it can be exploited, and hypocrisy and its effects on the public's view of religion.<br /> <br /> === Hypocrisy ===<br /> &lt;i&gt;Tartuffe&lt;/i&gt; provides hypocrisy and is the hypocrite because of the religious morals he forces upon Orgon and his family, in which he is doing to satisfying for his own personal agenda. The element or idea of a 'masque' that he wears is present by Tartuffe always playing the role of an ever so pious(having, showing, or pretending religious devotion) man who has no desire for worldly goods. This is proven when Damis tries to speaks opposingly of Tartuffe to his father. Tartuffe becomes so completely humble and knowledgeable his status, uses this to turn Orgon against Damis. Tartuffe, however is unmasked towards the end of the play when he makes a pass for Orgon's wife Elmire after we learn that Orgon has given Tartuffe all legal right to his property. Some may also see the play as a criticism of religion and the character of Tartuffe is though to have possibly been based on some figure of the time, he is not only a hypocrite in himself, but may represent hypocrisy in the church of that period.<br /> <br /> ===Hierarchy===<br /> The theme of Hierarchy is very prevalent in &lt;i&gt;Tartuffe because the majority of the play is taking place in the family's home. The home is an example of hierarchy because it is organized in a way such that everyone has their own ranking. The home in which the play takes place is the Father's, Orgon, home. Orgon feels like what he says must go because he is the highest ranking character in the hierarchy. An example of this is when he tells his daughter, Mariane, that she must marry Tartuffe instead of Valere. She would not dare to disobey her father because he is sort of the &quot;ruler&quot; of the household. Someone who does not understand her place in the hierarchy is Dorine. She is the servant, but is one of the most out spoken of them all.<br /> <br /> ==Characters==<br /> === Tartuffe ===<br /> The main antagonist of the play, his role as the hypocrite is concealed until very early on, though suspicion arises during the beginning of the play. He finds people's weaknesses and goes about any means necessary to get what he wants from them. His greatest flaw is his admiration of Elmire, which in the end reveals his true identity to everyone.<br /> <br /> === Orgon ===<br /> Could be considered the protagonist. Father of Damis and Mariane. Husband to Elmire. <br /> <br /> === Damis ===<br /> The son of Orgon and the stepson to Elmire. It is he who witnesses Tartuffe's lust for Elmire and tells his accounts to Orgon.<br /> <br /> === Cléante ===<br /> A man of words, he tries to reason everything in life for the better. However, Madame Pernelle thinks that his words &quot;aren't suitable for decent folk to hear.&quot; (1.1.38)<br /> <br /> === Dorine ===<br /> The lady's-maid of Mariane , very &quot;out of place,&quot; constantly interjecting with her opinion and very talkative; not the typical personality for a lady's-maid. Dorine is essential to the comical aspects of the play. It seems her main purpose in the play is for the comic relief, and benefits the family as a level head.<br /> <br /> === Mariane ===<br /> Daughter of Orgon, engaged to Valére, is the subject of controversy when Orgon decides that she is to marry Tartuffe. <br /> <br /> === Elmire ===<br /> Orgon's second wife. She is presumably significantly younger than Orgon. She is the object of Tartuffe's affection, and ultimately the one who brings out Tartuffe's corruptions by flirting with him with Orgon in concealed presence.<br /> <br /> === Valére ===<br /> He represents the loyal &quot;Underdog&quot; of the play. He loves Mariane, and his only wish is to have her hand in marriage. Even though Orgon breaks his promise to Valere of marriage to Mariane, he still rallies for the family's cause because of his love for her. He shows true loyalty, and is rewarded his heart's desire at the end.<br /> <br /> === Madame Pernelle ===<br /> Orgon's mother. She is the &quot;Lady of the House&quot;. Very outspoken and opinionated, and believes in Tartuffe's sencerity as a pious man. She also wants attention and for the people in the house to listen to her and her opinions.<br /> <br /> ==Summary==<br /> ===Act I=== Act I starts with Madame Pernelle appalled by the fact that no one listens to her and she goes off on all of the people in the room. She tells everyone what is on her mind about the individual. Damis and Dorine argue about Tartuffe's credibility with Madame Pernelle. Orgon returns to only be concerned about Tartuffe, who has Orgon praising him. Cleante questions the engagement of Mariane and Valere and goes to warn Valere that Orgon is not keeping his promise.<br /> <br /> ===Act II===<br /> Marianne asks her father, Orgon, about her marriage to Valere but he says he plans to wed her to Tartuffe. She does not like Tartuffe at all because she is in love with Valere.<br /> <br /> ===Act III=== Act III starts with Damis rambling to Dorine about his father’s plan to force Mariane to marry Tartuffe. Dorine tries to get rid of him because she has already made arrangements for Elmire to talk to Tartuffe. Damis won’t leave and Tartuffe is coming so Damis hides in a closet.<br /> <br /> Tartuffe enters and addresses Dorine and asks her to cover up her breast. He says that the flesh is weak, and unclean thoughts are difficult to control. Dorine says that she could see him completely naked and not have any unclean thoughts. Then she tells him that Elmire is coming and wants to speak with him.<br /> <br /> Elmire enters and Tartuffe starts complementing her beautiful body and states how happy he is to be alone with her. She tells him that she wants to talk about a private matter and he says he been waiting for the moment to open his heart to her. He slides closer to her and starts to tell her how he admires her. He puts his had on her knee and she begins to slide away from him as he slides closer. Elmire getting back to the subject asks him about her husband breaking his promise to his daughter. He says that Orgon mentions it but he doesn't want to marry Mariane, because he has his mind on someone else. He keeps talking about how much he likes her. Then she reminds him of his religious status, but he says even religious men are weak when it comes to her charms. He offers to give her his love and assures that he will protect her from the ridicule of others, because he also wants to protect his self. Elmire makes a deal with Tartuffe. She will not tell her husband about what he did if he persuaded Orgon to let Mariane marry Valere.<br /> <br /> ===Act IV===<br /> <br /> Act IV begins with a discussion between Cleante and Tartuffe, in which Cleante advises Tartuffe that causing problems within the family goes against his Christian beliefs and preaching. Tartuffe claims to harbor no ill will against Damis for his having told Orgon of Tartuffe's proclaimations to Elmire in the previous act. Tartuffe also claims to accept Orgon's bequethment of an inheritance for the sole purpose of safe-guarding the wealth from the sinners. <br /> <br /> Dorine, Elmire, and Mariane enlist Cleante's assistance in an attempt to convince Orgon to disregard his intentions to force Mariane to marry Tartuffe. However, Orgon cannot be swayed from his decision, even though Mariane would gladly give up her inheritance to get out of such a fate. Orgon decides that Mariane must marry Tartuffe more than ever, simply because she dislikes the man so much.<br /> <br /> Elmire realizes that Orgon's opinions of Tartuffe can only be swayed were he to witness the man's true nature for himself. Thus, she proposes to trick Tartuffe into re-admitting the feelings he proclaimed for her earlier while Orgon hides under a table. Tartuffe does admit his feelings and requests physical proof that Elmire returns his feelings for her. He then proceeds to speak of how Orgon is completely incompetant. Tartuffe's disloyal words regarding Orgon prove to be the final straw, for Orgon tells Tartuffe to leave the house immediately. Tartuffe promises retribution. As the final scene closes, Orgon makes reference to a strong box, the significance of which will not become apparent until the next act.<br /> <br /> ===Act V===<br /> <br /> == Related Materials ==<br /> * [[Literary Terms]]<br /> * [[Comedy]]<br /> * [[Satire]]<br /> <br /> == Productions and Translations ==<br /> * [http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0228925/?fr=c2l0ZT1kZnx0dD0xfGZiPXV8cG49MHxrdz0xfHE9dGFydHVmZmV8ZnQ9MXxteD0yMHxsbT01MDB8Y289MXxodG1sPTF8bm09MQ__;fc=2;ft=21;fm=1 Kirk Browning]<br /> <br /> ==Critical Perspectives==<br /> * Lucas, Gerald. &quot;[http://earthshine.org/node/406 Keeping Up Appearances].&quot; 15 Jan 2006.<br /> <br /> ==Additional Resources==<br /> * [http://novaonline.nvcc.edu/eli/eng252/tartuffestudy.htm Tartuffe Study Guide]<br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:World Literature]]</div>

Dalligood https://litwiki.org/index.php?title=Tartuffe&diff=4673 2006-02-02T01:34:59Z

<p>Dalligood: /* Valére */</p> <hr /> <div>A [[comedy]] by [[Molière]].<br /> <br /> ==Background==<br /> &lt;em&gt;Tartuffe&lt;/em&gt; was written in 1664 during a time when the word of the Church was the word of law. Typically, the Church was very corrupt and often sought personal wealth instead of spiritual growth. The Company of the Holy Sacrament was a Catholic group who believed in good deeds and had beliefs similar to those of the Puritans. They were known to place &quot;spiritual advisors&quot; within the homes of the people to ensure the families salvation. The group, in particular, did not like the play because it portrayed Tartuffe, who was spiritual advisor, as a scoundrel and not a pious man.<br /> <br /> ==Themes==<br /> &lt;i&gt;Tartuffe&lt;/i&gt; offers many themes for one to explore. Among them are the dangers of a heirarchy within a family, religious piety and how it can be exploited, and hypocrisy and its effects on the public's view of religion.<br /> <br /> === Hypocrisy ===<br /> &lt;i&gt;Tartuffe&lt;/i&gt; provides hypocrisy and is the hypocrite because of the religious morals he forces upon Orgon and his family, in which he is doing to satisfying for his own personal agenda. The element or idea of a 'masque' that he wears is present by Tartuffe always playing the role of an ever so pious(having, showing, or pretending religious devotion) man who has no desire for worldly goods. This is proven when Damis tries to speaks opposingly of Tartuffe to his father. Tartuffe becomes so completely humble and knowledgeable his status, uses this to turn Orgon against Damis. Tartuffe, however is unmasked towards the end of the play when he makes a pass for Orgon's wife Elmire after we learn that Orgon has given Tartuffe all legal right to his property. Some may also see the play as a criticism of religion and the character of Tartuffe is though to have possibly been based on some figure of the time, he is not only a hypocrite in himself, but may represent hypocrisy in the church of that period.<br /> <br /> ===Hierarchy===<br /> The theme of Hierarchy is very prevalent in &lt;i&gt;Tartuffe because the majority of the play is taking place in the family's home. The home is an example of hierarchy because it is organized in a way such that everyone has their own ranking. The home in which the play takes place is the Father's, Orgon, home. Orgon feels like what he says must go because he is the highest ranking character in the hierarchy. An example of this is when he tells his daughter, Mariane, that she must marry Tartuffe instead of Valere. She would not dare to disobey her father because he is sort of the &quot;ruler&quot; of the household. Someone who does not understand her place in the hierarchy is Dorine. She is the servant, but is one of the most out spoken of them all.<br /> <br /> ==Characters==<br /> === Tartuffe ===<br /> The main antagonist of the play, his role as the hypocrite is concealed until very early on, though suspicion arises during the beginning of the play. He finds people's weaknesses and goes about any means necessary to get what he wants from them. His greatest flaw is his admiration of Elmire, which in the end reveals his true identity to everyone.<br /> <br /> === Orgon ===<br /> Could be considered the protagonist. Father of Damis and Mariane. Husband to Elmire. <br /> <br /> === Damis ===<br /> The son of Orgon and the stepson to Elmire. It is he who witnesses Tartuffe's lust for Elmire and tells his accounts to Orgon.<br /> <br /> === Cléante ===<br /> A man of words, he tries to reason everything in life for the better. However, Madame Pernelle thinks that his words &quot;aren't suitable for decent folk to hear.&quot; (1.1.38)<br /> <br /> === Dorine ===<br /> The lady's-maid of Mariane , very &quot;out of place,&quot; constantly interjecting with her opinion and very talkative; not the typical personality for a lady's-maid. Dorine is essential to the comical aspects of the play. It seems her main purpose in the play is for the comic relief, and benefits the family as a level head.<br /> <br /> === Mariane ===<br /> Daughter of Orgon, engaged to Valére, is the subject of controversy when Orgon decides that she is to marry Tartuffe. <br /> <br /> === Elmire ===<br /> Orgon's second wife. She is presumably significantly younger than Orgon. She is the object of Tartuffe's affection, and ultimately the one who brings out Tartuffe's corruptions by flirting with him with Orgon in concealed presence.<br /> <br /> === Valére ===<br /> He represents the loyal &quot;Underdog&quot; of the play. He loves Mariane, and his only wish is to have her hand in marriage. Even though Orgon breaks his promise to Valere of marriage to Mariane, he still rallies for the family's cause because of his love for her. He shows true loyalty, and is rewarded his heart's desire at the end.<br /> <br /> === Madame Pernelle ===<br /> Orgon's mother. She is the &quot;Lady of the House&quot;, basically an old grandma who is jealous of the youth of her house and their vivacity. She also wants attention and for the people in the house to listen to her and her opinions.<br /> <br /> ==Summary==<br /> ===Act I=== Act I starts with Madame Pernelle appalled by the fact that no one listens to her and she goes off on all of the people in the room. She tells everyone what is on her mind about the individual. Damis and Dorine argue about Tartuffe's credibility with Madame Pernelle. Orgon returns to only be concerned about Tartuffe, who has Orgon praising him. Cleante questions the engagement of Mariane and Valere and goes to warn Valere that Orgon is not keeping his promise.<br /> <br /> ===Act II===<br /> Marianne asks her father, Orgon, about her marriage to Valere but he says he plans to wed her to Tartuffe. She does not like Tartuffe at all because she is in love with Valere.<br /> <br /> ===Act III=== Act III starts with Damis rambling to Dorine about his father’s plan to force Mariane to marry Tartuffe. Dorine tries to get rid of him because she has already made arrangements for Elmire to talk to Tartuffe. Damis won’t leave and Tartuffe is coming so Damis hides in a closet.<br /> <br /> Tartuffe enters and addresses Dorine and asks her to cover up her breast. He says that the flesh is weak, and unclean thoughts are difficult to control. Dorine says that she could see him completely naked and not have any unclean thoughts. Then she tells him that Elmire is coming and wants to speak with him.<br /> <br /> Elmire enters and Tartuffe starts complementing her beautiful body and states how happy he is to be alone with her. She tells him that she wants to talk about a private matter and he says he been waiting for the moment to open his heart to her. He slides closer to her and starts to tell her how he admires her. He puts his had on her knee and she begins to slide away from him as he slides closer. Elmire getting back to the subject asks him about her husband breaking his promise to his daughter. He says that Orgon mentions it but he doesn't want to marry Mariane, because he has his mind on someone else. He keeps talking about how much he likes her. Then she reminds him of his religious status, but he says even religious men are weak when it comes to her charms. He offers to give her his love and assures that he will protect her from the ridicule of others, because he also wants to protect his self. Elmire makes a deal with Tartuffe. She will not tell her husband about what he did if he persuaded Orgon to let Mariane marry Valere.<br /> <br /> ===Act IV===<br /> <br /> Act IV begins with a discussion between Cleante and Tartuffe, in which Cleante advises Tartuffe that causing problems within the family goes against his Christian beliefs and preaching. Tartuffe claims to harbor no ill will against Damis for his having told Orgon of Tartuffe's proclaimations to Elmire in the previous act. Tartuffe also claims to accept Orgon's bequethment of an inheritance for the sole purpose of safe-guarding the wealth from the sinners. <br /> <br /> Dorine, Elmire, and Mariane enlist Cleante's assistance in an attempt to convince Orgon to disregard his intentions to force Mariane to marry Tartuffe. However, Orgon cannot be swayed from his decision, even though Mariane would gladly give up her inheritance to get out of such a fate. Orgon decides that Mariane must marry Tartuffe more than ever, simply because she dislikes the man so much.<br /> <br /> Elmire realizes that Orgon's opinions of Tartuffe can only be swayed were he to witness the man's true nature for himself. Thus, she proposes to trick Tartuffe into re-admitting the feelings he proclaimed for her earlier while Orgon hides under a table. Tartuffe does admit his feelings and requests physical proof that Elmire returns his feelings for her. He then proceeds to speak of how Orgon is completely incompetant. Tartuffe's disloyal words regarding Orgon prove to be the final straw, for Orgon tells Tartuffe to leave the house immediately. Tartuffe promises retribution. As the final scene closes, Orgon makes reference to a strong box, the significance of which will not become apparent until the next act.<br /> <br /> ===Act V===<br /> <br /> == Related Materials ==<br /> * [[Literary Terms]]<br /> * [[Comedy]]<br /> * [[Satire]]<br /> <br /> == Productions and Translations ==<br /> * [http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0228925/?fr=c2l0ZT1kZnx0dD0xfGZiPXV8cG49MHxrdz0xfHE9dGFydHVmZmV8ZnQ9MXxteD0yMHxsbT01MDB8Y289MXxodG1sPTF8bm09MQ__;fc=2;ft=21;fm=1 Kirk Browning]<br /> <br /> ==Critical Perspectives==<br /> * Lucas, Gerald. &quot;[http://earthshine.org/node/406 Keeping Up Appearances].&quot; 15 Jan 2006.<br /> <br /> ==Additional Resources==<br /> * [http://novaonline.nvcc.edu/eli/eng252/tartuffestudy.htm Tartuffe Study Guide]<br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:World Literature]]</div>

Dalligood https://litwiki.org/index.php?title=Tartuffe&diff=4672 2006-02-02T01:28:45Z

<p>Dalligood: /* Cléante */</p> <hr /> <div>A [[comedy]] by [[Molière]].<br /> <br /> ==Background==<br /> &lt;em&gt;Tartuffe&lt;/em&gt; was written in 1664 during a time when the word of the Church was the word of law. Typically, the Church was very corrupt and often sought personal wealth instead of spiritual growth. The Company of the Holy Sacrament was a Catholic group who believed in good deeds and had beliefs similar to those of the Puritans. They were known to place &quot;spiritual advisors&quot; within the homes of the people to ensure the families salvation. The group, in particular, did not like the play because it portrayed Tartuffe, who was spiritual advisor, as a scoundrel and not a pious man.<br /> <br /> ==Themes==<br /> &lt;i&gt;Tartuffe&lt;/i&gt; offers many themes for one to explore. Among them are the dangers of a heirarchy within a family, religious piety and how it can be exploited, and hypocrisy and its effects on the public's view of religion.<br /> <br /> === Hypocrisy ===<br /> &lt;i&gt;Tartuffe&lt;/i&gt; provides hypocrisy and is the hypocrite because of the religious morals he forces upon Orgon and his family, in which he is doing to satisfying for his own personal agenda. The element or idea of a 'masque' that he wears is present by Tartuffe always playing the role of an ever so pious(having, showing, or pretending religious devotion) man who has no desire for worldly goods. This is proven when Damis tries to speaks opposingly of Tartuffe to his father. Tartuffe becomes so completely humble and knowledgeable his status, uses this to turn Orgon against Damis. Tartuffe, however is unmasked towards the end of the play when he makes a pass for Orgon's wife Elmire after we learn that Orgon has given Tartuffe all legal right to his property. Some may also see the play as a criticism of religion and the character of Tartuffe is though to have possibly been based on some figure of the time, he is not only a hypocrite in himself, but may represent hypocrisy in the church of that period.<br /> <br /> ===Hierarchy===<br /> The theme of Hierarchy is very prevalent in &lt;i&gt;Tartuffe because the majority of the play is taking place in the family's home. The home is an example of hierarchy because it is organized in a way such that everyone has their own ranking. The home in which the play takes place is the Father's, Orgon, home. Orgon feels like what he says must go because he is the highest ranking character in the hierarchy. An example of this is when he tells his daughter, Mariane, that she must marry Tartuffe instead of Valere. She would not dare to disobey her father because he is sort of the &quot;ruler&quot; of the household. Someone who does not understand her place in the hierarchy is Dorine. She is the servant, but is one of the most out spoken of them all.<br /> <br /> ==Characters==<br /> === Tartuffe ===<br /> The main antagonist of the play, his role as the hypocrite is concealed until very early on, though suspicion arises during the beginning of the play. He finds people's weaknesses and goes about any means necessary to get what he wants from them. His greatest flaw is his admiration of Elmire, which in the end reveals his true identity to everyone.<br /> <br /> === Orgon ===<br /> Could be considered the protagonist. Father of Damis and Mariane. Husband to Elmire. <br /> <br /> === Damis ===<br /> The son of Orgon and the stepson to Elmire. It is he who witnesses Tartuffe's lust for Elmire and tells his accounts to Orgon.<br /> <br /> === Cléante ===<br /> A man of words, he tries to reason everything in life for the better. However, Madame Pernelle thinks that his words &quot;aren't suitable for decent folk to hear.&quot; (1.1.38)<br /> <br /> === Dorine ===<br /> The lady's-maid of Mariane , very &quot;out of place,&quot; constantly interjecting with her opinion and very talkative; not the typical personality for a lady's-maid. Dorine is essential to the comical aspects of the play. It seems her main purpose in the play is for the comic relief, and benefits the family as a level head.<br /> <br /> === Mariane ===<br /> Daughter of Orgon, engaged to Valére, is the subject of controversy when Orgon decides that she is to marry Tartuffe. <br /> <br /> === Elmire ===<br /> Orgon's second wife. She is presumably significantly younger than Orgon. She is the object of Tartuffe's affection, and ultimately the one who brings out Tartuffe's corruptions by flirting with him with Orgon in concealed presence.<br /> <br /> === Valére ===<br /> He represents the loyal &quot;Underdog&quot; of the play. His only wish is to have Mariane's hand in marriage. Even though Orgon breaks his promise to Valere out of ambitious greed, he still rallies for the families cause because of his love for her. He shows true loyalty when others have faltered and is rewarded his heart's desire at the end.<br /> <br /> === Madame Pernelle ===<br /> Orgon's mother. She is the &quot;Lady of the House&quot;, basically an old grandma who is jealous of the youth of her house and their vivacity. She also wants attention and for the people in the house to listen to her and her opinions.<br /> <br /> ==Summary==<br /> ===Act I=== Act I starts with Madame Pernelle appalled by the fact that no one listens to her and she goes off on all of the people in the room. She tells everyone what is on her mind about the individual. Damis and Dorine argue about Tartuffe's credibility with Madame Pernelle. Orgon returns to only be concerned about Tartuffe, who has Orgon praising him. Cleante questions the engagement of Mariane and Valere and goes to warn Valere that Orgon is not keeping his promise.<br /> <br /> ===Act II===<br /> Marianne asks her father, Orgon, about her marriage to Valere but he says he plans to wed her to Tartuffe. She does not like Tartuffe at all because she is in love with Valere.<br /> <br /> ===Act III=== Act III starts with Damis rambling to Dorine about his father’s plan to force Mariane to marry Tartuffe. Dorine tries to get rid of him because she has already made arrangements for Elmire to talk to Tartuffe. Damis won’t leave and Tartuffe is coming so Damis hides in a closet.<br /> <br /> Tartuffe enters and addresses Dorine and asks her to cover up her breast. He says that the flesh is weak, and unclean thoughts are difficult to control. Dorine says that she could see him completely naked and not have any unclean thoughts. Then she tells him that Elmire is coming and wants to speak with him.<br /> <br /> Elmire enters and Tartuffe starts complementing her beautiful body and states how happy he is to be alone with her. She tells him that she wants to talk about a private matter and he says he been waiting for the moment to open his heart to her. He slides closer to her and starts to tell her how he admires her. He puts his had on her knee and she begins to slide away from him as he slides closer. Elmire getting back to the subject asks him about her husband breaking his promise to his daughter. He says that Orgon mentions it but he doesn't want to marry Mariane, because he has his mind on someone else. He keeps talking about how much he likes her. Then she reminds him of his religious status, but he says even religious men are weak when it comes to her charms. He offers to give her his love and assures that he will protect her from the ridicule of others, because he also wants to protect his self. Elmire makes a deal with Tartuffe. She will not tell her husband about what he did if he persuaded Orgon to let Mariane marry Valere.<br /> <br /> ===Act IV===<br /> <br /> Act IV begins with a discussion between Cleante and Tartuffe, in which Cleante advises Tartuffe that causing problems within the family goes against his Christian beliefs and preaching. Tartuffe claims to harbor no ill will against Damis for his having told Orgon of Tartuffe's proclaimations to Elmire in the previous act. Tartuffe also claims to accept Orgon's bequethment of an inheritance for the sole purpose of safe-guarding the wealth from the sinners. <br /> <br /> Dorine, Elmire, and Mariane enlist Cleante's assistance in an attempt to convince Orgon to disregard his intentions to force Mariane to marry Tartuffe. However, Orgon cannot be swayed from his decision, even though Mariane would gladly give up her inheritance to get out of such a fate. Orgon decides that Mariane must marry Tartuffe more than ever, simply because she dislikes the man so much.<br /> <br /> Elmire realizes that Orgon's opinions of Tartuffe can only be swayed were he to witness the man's true nature for himself. Thus, she proposes to trick Tartuffe into re-admitting the feelings he proclaimed for her earlier while Orgon hides under a table. Tartuffe does admit his feelings and requests physical proof that Elmire returns his feelings for her. He then proceeds to speak of how Orgon is completely incompetant. Tartuffe's disloyal words regarding Orgon prove to be the final straw, for Orgon tells Tartuffe to leave the house immediately. Tartuffe promises retribution. As the final scene closes, Orgon makes reference to a strong box, the significance of which will not become apparent until the next act.<br /> <br /> ===Act V===<br /> <br /> == Related Materials ==<br /> * [[Literary Terms]]<br /> * [[Comedy]]<br /> * [[Satire]]<br /> <br /> == Productions and Translations ==<br /> * [http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0228925/?fr=c2l0ZT1kZnx0dD0xfGZiPXV8cG49MHxrdz0xfHE9dGFydHVmZmV8ZnQ9MXxteD0yMHxsbT01MDB8Y289MXxodG1sPTF8bm09MQ__;fc=2;ft=21;fm=1 Kirk Browning]<br /> <br /> ==Critical Perspectives==<br /> * Lucas, Gerald. &quot;[http://earthshine.org/node/406 Keeping Up Appearances].&quot; 15 Jan 2006.<br /> <br /> ==Additional Resources==<br /> * [http://novaonline.nvcc.edu/eli/eng252/tartuffestudy.htm Tartuffe Study Guide]<br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:World Literature]]</div>

Dalligood https://litwiki.org/index.php?title=Tartuffe&diff=4671 2006-02-02T01:24:42Z

<p>Dalligood: /* Elmire */</p> <hr /> <div>A [[comedy]] by [[Molière]].<br /> <br /> ==Background==<br /> &lt;em&gt;Tartuffe&lt;/em&gt; was written in 1664 during a time when the word of the Church was the word of law. Typically, the Church was very corrupt and often sought personal wealth instead of spiritual growth. The Company of the Holy Sacrament was a Catholic group who believed in good deeds and had beliefs similar to those of the Puritans. They were known to place &quot;spiritual advisors&quot; within the homes of the people to ensure the families salvation. The group, in particular, did not like the play because it portrayed Tartuffe, who was spiritual advisor, as a scoundrel and not a pious man.<br /> <br /> ==Themes==<br /> &lt;i&gt;Tartuffe&lt;/i&gt; offers many themes for one to explore. Among them are the dangers of a heirarchy within a family, religious piety and how it can be exploited, and hypocrisy and its effects on the public's view of religion.<br /> <br /> === Hypocrisy ===<br /> &lt;i&gt;Tartuffe&lt;/i&gt; provides hypocrisy and is the hypocrite because of the religious morals he forces upon Orgon and his family, in which he is doing to satisfying for his own personal agenda. The element or idea of a 'masque' that he wears is present by Tartuffe always playing the role of an ever so pious(having, showing, or pretending religious devotion) man who has no desire for worldly goods. This is proven when Damis tries to speaks opposingly of Tartuffe to his father. Tartuffe becomes so completely humble and knowledgeable his status, uses this to turn Orgon against Damis. Tartuffe, however is unmasked towards the end of the play when he makes a pass for Orgon's wife Elmire after we learn that Orgon has given Tartuffe all legal right to his property. Some may also see the play as a criticism of religion and the character of Tartuffe is though to have possibly been based on some figure of the time, he is not only a hypocrite in himself, but may represent hypocrisy in the church of that period.<br /> <br /> ===Hierarchy===<br /> The theme of Hierarchy is very prevalent in &lt;i&gt;Tartuffe because the majority of the play is taking place in the family's home. The home is an example of hierarchy because it is organized in a way such that everyone has their own ranking. The home in which the play takes place is the Father's, Orgon, home. Orgon feels like what he says must go because he is the highest ranking character in the hierarchy. An example of this is when he tells his daughter, Mariane, that she must marry Tartuffe instead of Valere. She would not dare to disobey her father because he is sort of the &quot;ruler&quot; of the household. Someone who does not understand her place in the hierarchy is Dorine. She is the servant, but is one of the most out spoken of them all.<br /> <br /> ==Characters==<br /> === Tartuffe ===<br /> The main antagonist of the play, his role as the hypocrite is concealed until very early on, though suspicion arises during the beginning of the play. He finds people's weaknesses and goes about any means necessary to get what he wants from them. His greatest flaw is his admiration of Elmire, which in the end reveals his true identity to everyone.<br /> <br /> === Orgon ===<br /> Could be considered the protagonist. Father of Damis and Mariane. Husband to Elmire. <br /> <br /> === Damis ===<br /> The son of Orgon and the stepson to Elmire. It is he who witnesses Tartuffe's lust for Elmire and tells his accounts to Orgon.<br /> <br /> === Cléante ===<br /> A man of words, he tries to reason everything in life for the better. However, Madame Pernelle thinks that his words &quot;aren't suitable for decent folk.&quot; (20)<br /> <br /> === Dorine ===<br /> The lady's-maid of Mariane , very &quot;out of place,&quot; constantly interjecting with her opinion and very talkative; not the typical personality for a lady's-maid. Dorine is essential to the comical aspects of the play. It seems her main purpose in the play is for the comic relief, and benefits the family as a level head.<br /> <br /> === Mariane ===<br /> Daughter of Orgon, engaged to Valére, is the subject of controversy when Orgon decides that she is to marry Tartuffe. <br /> <br /> === Elmire ===<br /> Orgon's second wife. She is presumably significantly younger than Orgon. She is the object of Tartuffe's affection, and ultimately the one who brings out Tartuffe's corruptions by flirting with him with Orgon in concealed presence.<br /> <br /> === Valére ===<br /> He represents the loyal &quot;Underdog&quot; of the play. His only wish is to have Mariane's hand in marriage. Even though Orgon breaks his promise to Valere out of ambitious greed, he still rallies for the families cause because of his love for her. He shows true loyalty when others have faltered and is rewarded his heart's desire at the end.<br /> <br /> === Madame Pernelle ===<br /> Orgon's mother. She is the &quot;Lady of the House&quot;, basically an old grandma who is jealous of the youth of her house and their vivacity. She also wants attention and for the people in the house to listen to her and her opinions.<br /> <br /> ==Summary==<br /> ===Act I=== Act I starts with Madame Pernelle appalled by the fact that no one listens to her and she goes off on all of the people in the room. She tells everyone what is on her mind about the individual. Damis and Dorine argue about Tartuffe's credibility with Madame Pernelle. Orgon returns to only be concerned about Tartuffe, who has Orgon praising him. Cleante questions the engagement of Mariane and Valere and goes to warn Valere that Orgon is not keeping his promise.<br /> <br /> ===Act II===<br /> Marianne asks her father, Orgon, about her marriage to Valere but he says he plans to wed her to Tartuffe. She does not like Tartuffe at all because she is in love with Valere.<br /> <br /> ===Act III=== Act III starts with Damis rambling to Dorine about his father’s plan to force Mariane to marry Tartuffe. Dorine tries to get rid of him because she has already made arrangements for Elmire to talk to Tartuffe. Damis won’t leave and Tartuffe is coming so Damis hides in a closet.<br /> <br /> Tartuffe enters and addresses Dorine and asks her to cover up her breast. He says that the flesh is weak, and unclean thoughts are difficult to control. Dorine says that she could see him completely naked and not have any unclean thoughts. Then she tells him that Elmire is coming and wants to speak with him.<br /> <br /> Elmire enters and Tartuffe starts complementing her beautiful body and states how happy he is to be alone with her. She tells him that she wants to talk about a private matter and he says he been waiting for the moment to open his heart to her. He slides closer to her and starts to tell her how he admires her. He puts his had on her knee and she begins to slide away from him as he slides closer. Elmire getting back to the subject asks him about her husband breaking his promise to his daughter. He says that Orgon mentions it but he doesn't want to marry Mariane, because he has his mind on someone else. He keeps talking about how much he likes her. Then she reminds him of his religious status, but he says even religious men are weak when it comes to her charms. He offers to give her his love and assures that he will protect her from the ridicule of others, because he also wants to protect his self. Elmire makes a deal with Tartuffe. She will not tell her husband about what he did if he persuaded Orgon to let Mariane marry Valere.<br /> <br /> ===Act IV===<br /> <br /> Act IV begins with a discussion between Cleante and Tartuffe, in which Cleante advises Tartuffe that causing problems within the family goes against his Christian beliefs and preaching. Tartuffe claims to harbor no ill will against Damis for his having told Orgon of Tartuffe's proclaimations to Elmire in the previous act. Tartuffe also claims to accept Orgon's bequethment of an inheritance for the sole purpose of safe-guarding the wealth from the sinners. <br /> <br /> Dorine, Elmire, and Mariane enlist Cleante's assistance in an attempt to convince Orgon to disregard his intentions to force Mariane to marry Tartuffe. However, Orgon cannot be swayed from his decision, even though Mariane would gladly give up her inheritance to get out of such a fate. Orgon decides that Mariane must marry Tartuffe more than ever, simply because she dislikes the man so much.<br /> <br /> Elmire realizes that Orgon's opinions of Tartuffe can only be swayed were he to witness the man's true nature for himself. Thus, she proposes to trick Tartuffe into re-admitting the feelings he proclaimed for her earlier while Orgon hides under a table. Tartuffe does admit his feelings and requests physical proof that Elmire returns his feelings for her. He then proceeds to speak of how Orgon is completely incompetant. Tartuffe's disloyal words regarding Orgon prove to be the final straw, for Orgon tells Tartuffe to leave the house immediately. Tartuffe promises retribution. As the final scene closes, Orgon makes reference to a strong box, the significance of which will not become apparent until the next act.<br /> <br /> ===Act V===<br /> <br /> == Related Materials ==<br /> * [[Literary Terms]]<br /> * [[Comedy]]<br /> * [[Satire]]<br /> <br /> == Productions and Translations ==<br /> * [http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0228925/?fr=c2l0ZT1kZnx0dD0xfGZiPXV8cG49MHxrdz0xfHE9dGFydHVmZmV8ZnQ9MXxteD0yMHxsbT01MDB8Y289MXxodG1sPTF8bm09MQ__;fc=2;ft=21;fm=1 Kirk Browning]<br /> <br /> ==Critical Perspectives==<br /> * Lucas, Gerald. &quot;[http://earthshine.org/node/406 Keeping Up Appearances].&quot; 15 Jan 2006.<br /> <br /> ==Additional Resources==<br /> * [http://novaonline.nvcc.edu/eli/eng252/tartuffestudy.htm Tartuffe Study Guide]<br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:World Literature]]</div>

Dalligood https://litwiki.org/index.php?title=Tartuffe&diff=4670 2006-02-02T01:22:56Z

<p>Dalligood: /* Elmire */</p> <hr /> <div>A [[comedy]] by [[Molière]].<br /> <br /> ==Background==<br /> &lt;em&gt;Tartuffe&lt;/em&gt; was written in 1664 during a time when the word of the Church was the word of law. Typically, the Church was very corrupt and often sought personal wealth instead of spiritual growth. The Company of the Holy Sacrament was a Catholic group who believed in good deeds and had beliefs similar to those of the Puritans. They were known to place &quot;spiritual advisors&quot; within the homes of the people to ensure the families salvation. The group, in particular, did not like the play because it portrayed Tartuffe, who was spiritual advisor, as a scoundrel and not a pious man.<br /> <br /> ==Themes==<br /> &lt;i&gt;Tartuffe&lt;/i&gt; offers many themes for one to explore. Among them are the dangers of a heirarchy within a family, religious piety and how it can be exploited, and hypocrisy and its effects on the public's view of religion.<br /> <br /> === Hypocrisy ===<br /> &lt;i&gt;Tartuffe&lt;/i&gt; provides hypocrisy and is the hypocrite because of the religious morals he forces upon Orgon and his family, in which he is doing to satisfying for his own personal agenda. The element or idea of a 'masque' that he wears is present by Tartuffe always playing the role of an ever so pious(having, showing, or pretending religious devotion) man who has no desire for worldly goods. This is proven when Damis tries to speaks opposingly of Tartuffe to his father. Tartuffe becomes so completely humble and knowledgeable his status, uses this to turn Orgon against Damis. Tartuffe, however is unmasked towards the end of the play when he makes a pass for Orgon's wife Elmire after we learn that Orgon has given Tartuffe all legal right to his property. Some may also see the play as a criticism of religion and the character of Tartuffe is though to have possibly been based on some figure of the time, he is not only a hypocrite in himself, but may represent hypocrisy in the church of that period.<br /> <br /> ===Hierarchy===<br /> The theme of Hierarchy is very prevalent in &lt;i&gt;Tartuffe because the majority of the play is taking place in the family's home. The home is an example of hierarchy because it is organized in a way such that everyone has their own ranking. The home in which the play takes place is the Father's, Orgon, home. Orgon feels like what he says must go because he is the highest ranking character in the hierarchy. An example of this is when he tells his daughter, Mariane, that she must marry Tartuffe instead of Valere. She would not dare to disobey her father because he is sort of the &quot;ruler&quot; of the household. Someone who does not understand her place in the hierarchy is Dorine. She is the servant, but is one of the most out spoken of them all.<br /> <br /> ==Characters==<br /> === Tartuffe ===<br /> The main antagonist of the play, his role as the hypocrite is concealed until very early on, though suspicion arises during the beginning of the play. He finds people's weaknesses and goes about any means necessary to get what he wants from them. His greatest flaw is his admiration of Elmire, which in the end reveals his true identity to everyone.<br /> <br /> === Orgon ===<br /> Could be considered the protagonist. Father of Damis and Mariane. Husband to Elmire. <br /> <br /> === Damis ===<br /> The son of Orgon and the stepson to Elmire. It is he who witnesses Tartuffe's lust for Elmire and tells his accounts to Orgon.<br /> <br /> === Cléante ===<br /> A man of words, he tries to reason everything in life for the better. However, Madame Pernelle thinks that his words &quot;aren't suitable for decent folk.&quot; (20)<br /> <br /> === Dorine ===<br /> The lady's-maid of Mariane , very &quot;out of place,&quot; constantly interjecting with her opinion and very talkative; not the typical personality for a lady's-maid. Dorine is essential to the comical aspects of the play. It seems her main purpose in the play is for the comic relief, and benefits the family as a level head.<br /> <br /> === Mariane ===<br /> Daughter of Orgon, engaged to Valére, is the subject of controversy when Orgon decides that she is to marry Tartuffe. <br /> <br /> === Elmire ===<br /> Orgon's second wife. She is presumably significantly younger than Orgon. She is the object of Trtuffe's affection, and ultimately the one who brings out Tartuffe's corruptions by flirting with him with Orgon in concealed presence.<br /> <br /> === Valére ===<br /> He represents the loyal &quot;Underdog&quot; of the play. His only wish is to have Mariane's hand in marriage. Even though Orgon breaks his promise to Valere out of ambitious greed, he still rallies for the families cause because of his love for her. He shows true loyalty when others have faltered and is rewarded his heart's desire at the end.<br /> <br /> === Madame Pernelle ===<br /> Orgon's mother. She is the &quot;Lady of the House&quot;, basically an old grandma who is jealous of the youth of her house and their vivacity. She also wants attention and for the people in the house to listen to her and her opinions.<br /> <br /> ==Summary==<br /> ===Act I=== Act I starts with Madame Pernelle appalled by the fact that no one listens to her and she goes off on all of the people in the room. She tells everyone what is on her mind about the individual. Damis and Dorine argue about Tartuffe's credibility with Madame Pernelle. Orgon returns to only be concerned about Tartuffe, who has Orgon praising him. Cleante questions the engagement of Mariane and Valere and goes to warn Valere that Orgon is not keeping his promise.<br /> <br /> ===Act II===<br /> Marianne asks her father, Orgon, about her marriage to Valere but he says he plans to wed her to Tartuffe. She does not like Tartuffe at all because she is in love with Valere.<br /> <br /> ===Act III=== Act III starts with Damis rambling to Dorine about his father’s plan to force Mariane to marry Tartuffe. Dorine tries to get rid of him because she has already made arrangements for Elmire to talk to Tartuffe. Damis won’t leave and Tartuffe is coming so Damis hides in a closet.<br /> <br /> Tartuffe enters and addresses Dorine and asks her to cover up her breast. He says that the flesh is weak, and unclean thoughts are difficult to control. Dorine says that she could see him completely naked and not have any unclean thoughts. Then she tells him that Elmire is coming and wants to speak with him.<br /> <br /> Elmire enters and Tartuffe starts complementing her beautiful body and states how happy he is to be alone with her. She tells him that she wants to talk about a private matter and he says he been waiting for the moment to open his heart to her. He slides closer to her and starts to tell her how he admires her. He puts his had on her knee and she begins to slide away from him as he slides closer. Elmire getting back to the subject asks him about her husband breaking his promise to his daughter. He says that Orgon mentions it but he doesn't want to marry Mariane, because he has his mind on someone else. He keeps talking about how much he likes her. Then she reminds him of his religious status, but he says even religious men are weak when it comes to her charms. He offers to give her his love and assures that he will protect her from the ridicule of others, because he also wants to protect his self. Elmire makes a deal with Tartuffe. She will not tell her husband about what he did if he persuaded Orgon to let Mariane marry Valere.<br /> <br /> ===Act IV===<br /> <br /> Act IV begins with a discussion between Cleante and Tartuffe, in which Cleante advises Tartuffe that causing problems within the family goes against his Christian beliefs and preaching. Tartuffe claims to harbor no ill will against Damis for his having told Orgon of Tartuffe's proclaimations to Elmire in the previous act. Tartuffe also claims to accept Orgon's bequethment of an inheritance for the sole purpose of safe-guarding the wealth from the sinners. <br /> <br /> Dorine, Elmire, and Mariane enlist Cleante's assistance in an attempt to convince Orgon to disregard his intentions to force Mariane to marry Tartuffe. However, Orgon cannot be swayed from his decision, even though Mariane would gladly give up her inheritance to get out of such a fate. Orgon decides that Mariane must marry Tartuffe more than ever, simply because she dislikes the man so much.<br /> <br /> Elmire realizes that Orgon's opinions of Tartuffe can only be swayed were he to witness the man's true nature for himself. Thus, she proposes to trick Tartuffe into re-admitting the feelings he proclaimed for her earlier while Orgon hides under a table. Tartuffe does admit his feelings and requests physical proof that Elmire returns his feelings for her. He then proceeds to speak of how Orgon is completely incompetant. Tartuffe's disloyal words regarding Orgon prove to be the final straw, for Orgon tells Tartuffe to leave the house immediately. Tartuffe promises retribution. As the final scene closes, Orgon makes reference to a strong box, the significance of which will not become apparent until the next act.<br /> <br /> ===Act V===<br /> <br /> == Related Materials ==<br /> * [[Literary Terms]]<br /> * [[Comedy]]<br /> * [[Satire]]<br /> <br /> == Productions and Translations ==<br /> * [http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0228925/?fr=c2l0ZT1kZnx0dD0xfGZiPXV8cG49MHxrdz0xfHE9dGFydHVmZmV8ZnQ9MXxteD0yMHxsbT01MDB8Y289MXxodG1sPTF8bm09MQ__;fc=2;ft=21;fm=1 Kirk Browning]<br /> <br /> ==Critical Perspectives==<br /> * Lucas, Gerald. &quot;[http://earthshine.org/node/406 Keeping Up Appearances].&quot; 15 Jan 2006.<br /> <br /> ==Additional Resources==<br /> * [http://novaonline.nvcc.edu/eli/eng252/tartuffestudy.htm Tartuffe Study Guide]<br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:World Literature]]</div>

Dalligood https://litwiki.org/index.php?title=Tartuffe&diff=4669 2006-02-02T01:20:30Z

<p>Dalligood: /* Dorine */</p> <hr /> <div>A [[comedy]] by [[Molière]].<br /> <br /> ==Background==<br /> &lt;em&gt;Tartuffe&lt;/em&gt; was written in 1664 during a time when the word of the Church was the word of law. Typically, the Church was very corrupt and often sought personal wealth instead of spiritual growth. The Company of the Holy Sacrament was a Catholic group who believed in good deeds and had beliefs similar to those of the Puritans. They were known to place &quot;spiritual advisors&quot; within the homes of the people to ensure the families salvation. The group, in particular, did not like the play because it portrayed Tartuffe, who was spiritual advisor, as a scoundrel and not a pious man.<br /> <br /> ==Themes==<br /> &lt;i&gt;Tartuffe&lt;/i&gt; offers many themes for one to explore. Among them are the dangers of a heirarchy within a family, religious piety and how it can be exploited, and hypocrisy and its effects on the public's view of religion.<br /> <br /> === Hypocrisy ===<br /> &lt;i&gt;Tartuffe&lt;/i&gt; provides hypocrisy and is the hypocrite because of the religious morals he forces upon Orgon and his family, in which he is doing to satisfying for his own personal agenda. The element or idea of a 'masque' that he wears is present by Tartuffe always playing the role of an ever so pious(having, showing, or pretending religious devotion) man who has no desire for worldly goods. This is proven when Damis tries to speaks opposingly of Tartuffe to his father. Tartuffe becomes so completely humble and knowledgeable his status, uses this to turn Orgon against Damis. Tartuffe, however is unmasked towards the end of the play when he makes a pass for Orgon's wife Elmire after we learn that Orgon has given Tartuffe all legal right to his property. Some may also see the play as a criticism of religion and the character of Tartuffe is though to have possibly been based on some figure of the time, he is not only a hypocrite in himself, but may represent hypocrisy in the church of that period.<br /> <br /> ===Hierarchy===<br /> The theme of Hierarchy is very prevalent in &lt;i&gt;Tartuffe because the majority of the play is taking place in the family's home. The home is an example of hierarchy because it is organized in a way such that everyone has their own ranking. The home in which the play takes place is the Father's, Orgon, home. Orgon feels like what he says must go because he is the highest ranking character in the hierarchy. An example of this is when he tells his daughter, Mariane, that she must marry Tartuffe instead of Valere. She would not dare to disobey her father because he is sort of the &quot;ruler&quot; of the household. Someone who does not understand her place in the hierarchy is Dorine. She is the servant, but is one of the most out spoken of them all.<br /> <br /> ==Characters==<br /> === Tartuffe ===<br /> The main antagonist of the play, his role as the hypocrite is concealed until very early on, though suspicion arises during the beginning of the play. He finds people's weaknesses and goes about any means necessary to get what he wants from them. His greatest flaw is his admiration of Elmire, which in the end reveals his true identity to everyone.<br /> <br /> === Orgon ===<br /> Could be considered the protagonist. Father of Damis and Mariane. Husband to Elmire. <br /> <br /> === Damis ===<br /> The son of Orgon and the stepson to Elmire. It is he who witnesses Tartuffe's lust for Elmire and tells his accounts to Orgon.<br /> <br /> === Cléante ===<br /> A man of words, he tries to reason everything in life for the better. However, Madame Pernelle thinks that his words &quot;aren't suitable for decent folk.&quot; (20)<br /> <br /> === Dorine ===<br /> The lady's-maid of Mariane , very &quot;out of place,&quot; constantly interjecting with her opinion and very talkative; not the typical personality for a lady's-maid. Dorine is essential to the comical aspects of the play. It seems her main purpose in the play is for the comic relief, and benefits the family as a level head.<br /> <br /> === Mariane ===<br /> Daughter of Orgon, engaged to Valére, is the subject of controversy when Orgon decides that she is to marry Tartuffe. <br /> <br /> === Elmire ===<br /> Orgon's second wife. She is presumably significantly younger than Orgon, as well. She is ultimately the one who brings out Tartuffe's corruptions by flirting with him with Orgon in concealed presence. <br /> <br /> === Valére ===<br /> He represents the loyal &quot;Underdog&quot; of the play. His only wish is to have Mariane's hand in marriage. Even though Orgon breaks his promise to Valere out of ambitious greed, he still rallies for the families cause because of his love for her. He shows true loyalty when others have faltered and is rewarded his heart's desire at the end.<br /> <br /> === Madame Pernelle ===<br /> Orgon's mother. She is the &quot;Lady of the House&quot;, basically an old grandma who is jealous of the youth of her house and their vivacity. She also wants attention and for the people in the house to listen to her and her opinions.<br /> <br /> ==Summary==<br /> ===Act I=== Act I starts with Madame Pernelle appalled by the fact that no one listens to her and she goes off on all of the people in the room. She tells everyone what is on her mind about the individual. Damis and Dorine argue about Tartuffe's credibility with Madame Pernelle. Orgon returns to only be concerned about Tartuffe, who has Orgon praising him. Cleante questions the engagement of Mariane and Valere and goes to warn Valere that Orgon is not keeping his promise.<br /> <br /> ===Act II===<br /> Marianne asks her father, Orgon, about her marriage to Valere but he says he plans to wed her to Tartuffe. She does not like Tartuffe at all because she is in love with Valere.<br /> <br /> ===Act III=== Act III starts with Damis rambling to Dorine about his father’s plan to force Mariane to marry Tartuffe. Dorine tries to get rid of him because she has already made arrangements for Elmire to talk to Tartuffe. Damis won’t leave and Tartuffe is coming so Damis hides in a closet.<br /> <br /> Tartuffe enters and addresses Dorine and asks her to cover up her breast. He says that the flesh is weak, and unclean thoughts are difficult to control. Dorine says that she could see him completely naked and not have any unclean thoughts. Then she tells him that Elmire is coming and wants to speak with him.<br /> <br /> Elmire enters and Tartuffe starts complementing her beautiful body and states how happy he is to be alone with her. She tells him that she wants to talk about a private matter and he says he been waiting for the moment to open his heart to her. He slides closer to her and starts to tell her how he admires her. He puts his had on her knee and she begins to slide away from him as he slides closer. Elmire getting back to the subject asks him about her husband breaking his promise to his daughter. He says that Orgon mentions it but he doesn't want to marry Mariane, because he has his mind on someone else. He keeps talking about how much he likes her. Then she reminds him of his religious status, but he says even religious men are weak when it comes to her charms. He offers to give her his love and assures that he will protect her from the ridicule of others, because he also wants to protect his self. Elmire makes a deal with Tartuffe. She will not tell her husband about what he did if he persuaded Orgon to let Mariane marry Valere.<br /> <br /> ===Act IV===<br /> <br /> Act IV begins with a discussion between Cleante and Tartuffe, in which Cleante advises Tartuffe that causing problems within the family goes against his Christian beliefs and preaching. Tartuffe claims to harbor no ill will against Damis for his having told Orgon of Tartuffe's proclaimations to Elmire in the previous act. Tartuffe also claims to accept Orgon's bequethment of an inheritance for the sole purpose of safe-guarding the wealth from the sinners. <br /> <br /> Dorine, Elmire, and Mariane enlist Cleante's assistance in an attempt to convince Orgon to disregard his intentions to force Mariane to marry Tartuffe. However, Orgon cannot be swayed from his decision, even though Mariane would gladly give up her inheritance to get out of such a fate. Orgon decides that Mariane must marry Tartuffe more than ever, simply because she dislikes the man so much.<br /> <br /> Elmire realizes that Orgon's opinions of Tartuffe can only be swayed were he to witness the man's true nature for himself. Thus, she proposes to trick Tartuffe into re-admitting the feelings he proclaimed for her earlier while Orgon hides under a table. Tartuffe does admit his feelings and requests physical proof that Elmire returns his feelings for her. He then proceeds to speak of how Orgon is completely incompetant. Tartuffe's disloyal words regarding Orgon prove to be the final straw, for Orgon tells Tartuffe to leave the house immediately. Tartuffe promises retribution. As the final scene closes, Orgon makes reference to a strong box, the significance of which will not become apparent until the next act.<br /> <br /> ===Act V===<br /> <br /> == Related Materials ==<br /> * [[Literary Terms]]<br /> * [[Comedy]]<br /> * [[Satire]]<br /> <br /> == Productions and Translations ==<br /> * [http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0228925/?fr=c2l0ZT1kZnx0dD0xfGZiPXV8cG49MHxrdz0xfHE9dGFydHVmZmV8ZnQ9MXxteD0yMHxsbT01MDB8Y289MXxodG1sPTF8bm09MQ__;fc=2;ft=21;fm=1 Kirk Browning]<br /> <br /> ==Critical Perspectives==<br /> * Lucas, Gerald. &quot;[http://earthshine.org/node/406 Keeping Up Appearances].&quot; 15 Jan 2006.<br /> <br /> ==Additional Resources==<br /> * [http://novaonline.nvcc.edu/eli/eng252/tartuffestudy.htm Tartuffe Study Guide]<br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:World Literature]]</div>

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