LitWiki - User contributions [en]

Millennium Approaches 1.6

2006-04-24T21:45:44Z

DTran:

==Summary==
Louis is crying in a restroom in the building of the Brooklyn Federal [http://www.fedcir.gov/ Court of Appeals], where he works as a word processor, when Joe, a chief clerk for Justice Wilson, enters. Joe starts to ask if everything is fine, finds out that a friend of Louis is sick and tries to comfort him. Louis then makes a comment about Joe calling him a gay republican. When Joe denies being gay, Louis takes advantage and teases him. After a short chat Louis introduces himself and leaves having kissed Joe on a cheek.

==Notes==
*Macho - is a Spanish word that means "male", which refers mostly to animals; or "manly", someone with prominently exhibited masculine characteristics.

==Commentary==
The scene 6 of the first act introduces the first discussion about politics in the “Fantasia on National Themes” through a clash between two characters from the opposite wings of a political spectrum – [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal liberal] Louis and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservatism conservative] Joe.

Joe is a closeted homosexual who is “coming out” and struggling with that as he becomes more and more aware of his being gay (Jacobus 1635). Louis, who is also a gay, notices that oddity in Joe the very moment the latter enters the room because, unlike his three other colleagues, he did not open the door saw Louis crying and fled (35). On contrary, even though he does not know Louis’ name, he remains there to check if the guy in the men’s room is OK. This decision reveals the inner part of him, the almost-as-sensitive-as-women part of him that is untypical among men.

When Louis notices a small distraction in Joe after he calls Joe “A Gay Republican” (35), he starts to tease him:

Louis: [http://www.rnc.org/ Republican]? Not Republican? Or…
[…]
Louis: Oh. Sorry. It’s just…
[…]
Louis: Well, sometimes you can tell from the way a person sounds that… I mean you sound like a…

If Joe was not gay, he would be insulted by the way Louis talks to and probably beat Louis up or at least get out. But Joe does not become angry and stays calm throughout the entire conversation.

Kushner planned the play to be “a pointed attack on conservative values” (Jacobus 1636) and “A Gay Republican” is an irony aimed at those values because the republican administration of President Reagan opposed homosexuals. Yet Joe is a Republican, he voted for [http://www.whitehouse.gov/history/presidents/rr40.html Reagan] twice (35), and is gay.

==Study Questions==
#Why is Louis crying?
#What did three other Joe's colleagues do when they came into the restroom?
#What does Joe give Louis?
#How many times did Joe vote on Reagan?

==Works Cited==
Jacobus, Lee A. ''The Bedford Introduction to Drama''. 3rd Ed. Boston: Bedford, 1997.

---------
[[Angels in America | Millennium Approaches Act 1 Scene 7]]

[[Category:Literature]]

Millennium Approaches 2.6

2006-04-21T20:43:50Z

DTran: /* Notes - Bolshviks */

==Summary==
The scene takes place in a fancy Manhattan restaurant. Joe, Roy and a new character, Martin, who tells them how things are going in Washington, how the Republicans are going to gain full control of the Supreme Court, then the White House and finally the Senate and the whole Congress. After the talk changes to comradeship, Roy and Martin renew their question if Joe accepts the job and agrees to go to Washington. When Joe starts to hesitate, Roy pulls out a letter from the New York State Bar Association with a notice that Roy is going to be tried and disbar. He tells Joe that he needs somebody in the Justice Department to prevent his disbarment and that Joe is the best person for that job. Joe reacts to the plan saying it is unethical and he cannot do it. Only after Roy burst out with anger shouting that he is going to be a lawyer until he dies does Joe promises to think more about this proposal.

==Notes==
*'''Liberalism''' (69) - an ideology, philosophy, and political [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism tradition] which holds liberty as the primary political value.

*'''New Deal Socialism''' (69) - the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Deal name] given to the series of programs implemented between 1933-37 under [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt President Franklin D. Roosevelt] with the goal of relief, recovery and reform of the United States economy during the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Depression Great Depression].

*'''Bolsheviks''' (70) - [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolsheviks members] of the Marxist Russian Social-Democratic Labour Party's Bolshevik faction. Bolsheviks had an extreme socialist and internationalist outlook, and were opponents of the Russian traditional statehood and the Russian Orthodox Church. They initiated the 1917 Revolution which gave the birth to the Soviet Union.

*'''"...turned St. Petersburg into Leningrad..."''' (70) - Roy is referring to [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Petersburg St. Petersburg, Russia], which became known as Leningrad in 1924 in honor of the Bolshevik leader Vladimir Lenin, who led the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_Revolution October Revolution]. It was later changed back to St. Petersburg in 1991, after the collapse of the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union Soviet Union].

*'''Marx and Engels''' (70) - [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marx Karl Marx] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Engels Friedrich Engels] were the co-founders of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxism Marxism] and the authors of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Communist_Manifesto ''The Communist Manifesto''].

*'''Lenin and Trotsky''' (70) - [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin Vladimir Lenin] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Trotsky Leon Trotsky] were both Bolshevik revolutionaries in Russia during the early 20th century.

*'''Josef Stalin and Franklin D. Roosevelt''' (70) - [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Stalin Stalin], leader of the Soviet Union from 1924 to 1953, and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt Roosevelt], the U.S. President from 1933 to 1945, were allies during [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II World War II].

*'''New York State Bar Association''' (71) - Founded in Albany in November of 1871, the [http://www.nysba.org NYSBA] is now the largest [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Bar_Association association] of lawyers in the U.S., with about 72,000 members.

*'''Brahmin''' (73) - a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmin] member of a certain division of the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism Hindu] [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caste_system caste system].

*'''"ipso facto secular humanism"''' (73) - The phrase [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipso_facto "ipso facto"] is Latin in origin and, when used in a religious context, indicates an individual guilty of specified actions considered unlawful by a committee, resulting in removal of membership from the religious group. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secular_humanism Secular humanism] is a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanism humanist] philosophy that upholds reason, ethics, and justice and rejects rituals and ceremonies as a means to affirm their life stance.

==Commentary==
Religion, Judaism in particular, plays a very important role in Tony Kushner's ''Angels in America''. Kushner himself is Jewish, even though he doesn't care much for the religion and instead calls himself a "serious agnostic" (Glenn).
[[Image:Kushner.jpg|right|thumb|''Tony Kushner'']]

One of the characters through which Judaism is represented is Roy Cohn, a divorce lawyer who has been diagnosed with AIDS. Roy is very ambitious, which is shown through his enthusiastic overuse of the telephone system in his office. He uses everything and everyone, especially the law, to his best advantage.

While Roy claims to not be a religious person, he actually just has a very different way of identifying with his Jewish faith (Glenn). He realizes that his faith, as well as his sexuality, would most likely get in the way of his political aspirations so he chooses not to fully embrace these lifestyles. "I'm about to be tried, Joe, by a jury that is not a jury of my peers. The disbarment committee: genteel gentlemen Brahmin lawyers, country-club men. I offend them, to these men ... I'm what, Martin, some sort of filthy little Jewish troll?" (72-73). He believes that his job is affected by his religion, the same way he believes it would be in jeopardy if he publicly announced that he is "homosexual" and has AIDS. As a result, he attempts to hide it all in hope that it will not threaten his political reputation.

Another Jewish character is Louis Ironson. He is also rather detached from his faith, calling himself "an intensely secular Jew" (256) and instead developing "his own philosophy of life" (Glenn). He doesn't speak any Yiddish, he didn't have a Bar Mitzvah, and he does not know the Kaddish (nor what language it's in, for that matter). He criticizes Judaism, insisting that "It should be the questions and shape of a life, its total complexity gathered, arranged, and considered, which matters in the end, not some stamp of salvation or damnation which disperses all the complexity in some unsatisfying little decision - the balancing of the scale" (44-45).

Kushner says that Louis is "the closest thing to an autobiographical character he has ever created" (Glenn). They are both homosexual Jews who are uncertain about their family's religion. Kushner also claims that his family went to a very "Reform" Jewish congregation. "We didn't know Yiddish, we didn't know Hebrew, we didn't know prayers" (Glenn).

Though Louis and Roy are ''very'' different characters, they both, like Kushner, have strayed from their Jewish roots and developed their own views on life.

==Study Questions==
#Who is Mr. Martin Heller and where does he work?
#Why does Roy ask Martin to rub his back?
#Who is Roy's letter from? What does it say?
#Why does Roy say he is being disbarred?
#Why does New York State Bar Association want to disbar Roy?
#Why does Roy want Joe to take the job in Washington?
#What does Roy say he wants to do until the last day of his life?

==External Resources==
*[http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/index.html Jewish Virtual Library]
*[http://www.nysba.org/ New York State Bar Association]

==Works Cited==
* Glenn, Lane A.. "Angels in America." ''Drama for Students''. Gale, 1999.
*Kushner, Tony. ''Angels in America''. New York: Theatre Communications Group, 1995.
----
[[Angels in America | In Vitro Act 2 Scene 7]]
[[Category:Literature]]

Millennium Approaches 2.6

2006-04-21T20:24:03Z

DTran: /* Study Questions */

==Summary==
The scene takes place in a fancy Manhattan restaurant. Joe, Roy and a new character, Martin, who tells them how things are going in Washington, how the Republicans are going to gain full control of the Supreme Court, then the White House and finally the Senate and the whole Congress. After the talk changes to comradeship, Roy and Martin renew their question if Joe accepts the job and agrees to go to Washington. When Joe starts to hesitate, Roy pulls out a letter from the New York State Bar Association with a notice that Roy is going to be tried and disbar. He tells Joe that he needs somebody in the Justice Department to prevent his disbarment and that Joe is the best person for that job. Joe reacts to the plan saying it is unethical and he cannot do it. Only after Roy burst out with anger shouting that he is going to be a lawyer until he dies does Joe promises to think more about this proposal.

==Notes==
*'''Liberalism''' (69) - an ideology, philosophy, and political [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism tradition] which holds liberty as the primary political value.

*'''New Deal Socialism''' (69) - the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Deal name] given to the series of programs implemented between 1933-37 under [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt President Franklin D. Roosevelt] with the goal of relief, recovery and reform of the United States economy during the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Depression Great Depression].

*'''Bolsheviks''' (70) - [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolsheviks members] of the Marxist Russian Social-Democratic Labour Party's Bolshevik faction. Bolsheviks had an extreme socialist and internationalist outlook, and were opponents of the Russian traditional statehood and the Russian Orthodox Church.

*'''"...turned St. Petersburg into Leningrad..."''' (70) - Roy is referring to [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Petersburg St. Petersburg, Russia], which became known as Leningrad in 1924 in honor of the Bolshevik leader Vladimir Lenin, who led the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_Revolution October Revolution]. It was later changed back to St. Petersburg in 1991, after the collapse of the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union Soviet Union].

*'''Marx and Engels''' (70) - [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marx Karl Marx] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Engels Friedrich Engels] were the co-founders of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxism Marxism] and the authors of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Communist_Manifesto ''The Communist Manifesto''].

*'''Lenin and Trotsky''' (70) - [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin Vladimir Lenin] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Trotsky Leon Trotsky] were both Bolshevik revolutionaries in Russia during the early 20th century.

*'''Josef Stalin and Franklin D. Roosevelt''' (70) - [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Stalin Stalin], leader of the Soviet Union from 1924 to 1953, and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt Roosevelt], the U.S. President from 1933 to 1945, were allies during [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II World War II].

*'''New York State Bar Association''' (71) - Founded in Albany in November of 1871, the [http://www.nysba.org NYSBA] is now the largest [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Bar_Association association] of lawyers in the U.S., with about 72,000 members.

*'''Brahmin''' (73) - a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmin] member of a certain division of the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism Hindu] [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caste_system caste system].

*'''"ipso facto secular humanism"''' (73) - The phrase [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipso_facto "ipso facto"] is Latin in origin and, when used in a religious context, indicates an individual guilty of specified actions considered unlawful by a committee, resulting in removal of membership from the religious group. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secular_humanism Secular humanism] is a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanism humanist] philosophy that upholds reason, ethics, and justice and rejects rituals and ceremonies as a means to affirm their life stance.

==Commentary==
Religion, Judaism in particular, plays a very important role in Tony Kushner's ''Angels in America''. Kushner himself is Jewish, even though he doesn't care much for the religion and instead calls himself a "serious agnostic" (Glenn).
[[Image:Kushner.jpg|right|thumb|''Tony Kushner'']]

One of the characters through which Judaism is represented is Roy Cohn, a divorce lawyer who has been diagnosed with AIDS. Roy is very ambitious, which is shown through his enthusiastic overuse of the telephone system in his office. He uses everything and everyone, especially the law, to his best advantage.

While Roy claims to not be a religious person, he actually just has a very different way of identifying with his Jewish faith (Glenn). He realizes that his faith, as well as his sexuality, would most likely get in the way of his political aspirations so he chooses not to fully embrace these lifestyles. "I'm about to be tried, Joe, by a jury that is not a jury of my peers. The disbarment committee: genteel gentlemen Brahmin lawyers, country-club men. I offend them, to these men ... I'm what, Martin, some sort of filthy little Jewish troll?" (72-73). He believes that his job is affected by his religion, the same way he believes it would be in jeopardy if he publicly announced that he is "homosexual" and has AIDS. As a result, he attempts to hide it all in hope that it will not threaten his political reputation.

Another Jewish character is Louis Ironson. He is also rather detached from his faith, calling himself "an intensely secular Jew" (256) and instead developing "his own philosophy of life" (Glenn). He doesn't speak any Yiddish, he didn't have a Bar Mitzvah, and he does not know the Kaddish (nor what language it's in, for that matter). He criticizes Judaism, insisting that "It should be the questions and shape of a life, its total complexity gathered, arranged, and considered, which matters in the end, not some stamp of salvation or damnation which disperses all the complexity in some unsatisfying little decision - the balancing of the scale" (44-45).

Kushner says that Louis is "the closest thing to an autobiographical character he has ever created" (Glenn). They are both homosexual Jews who are uncertain about their family's religion. Kushner also claims that his family went to a very "Reform" Jewish congregation. "We didn't know Yiddish, we didn't know Hebrew, we didn't know prayers" (Glenn).

Though Louis and Roy are ''very'' different characters, they both, like Kushner, have strayed from their Jewish roots and developed their own views on life.

==Study Questions==
#Who is Mr. Martin Heller and where does he work?
#Why does Roy ask Martin to rub his back?
#Who is Roy's letter from? What does it say?
#Why does Roy say he is being disbarred?
#Why does New York State Bar Association want to disbar Roy?
#Why does Roy want Joe to take the job in Washington?
#What does Roy say he wants to do until the last day of his life?

==External Resources==
*[http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/index.html Jewish Virtual Library]
*[http://www.nysba.org/ New York State Bar Association]

==Works Cited==
* Glenn, Lane A.. "Angels in America." ''Drama for Students''. Gale, 1999.
*Kushner, Tony. ''Angels in America''. New York: Theatre Communications Group, 1995.
----
[[Angels in America | In Vitro Act 2 Scene 7]]
[[Category:Literature]]

Millennium Approaches 2.6

2006-04-21T20:21:47Z

DTran: /* External Resources */

==Summary==
The scene takes place in a fancy Manhattan restaurant. Joe, Roy and a new character, Martin, who tells them how things are going in Washington, how the Republicans are going to gain full control of the Supreme Court, then the White House and finally the Senate and the whole Congress. After the talk changes to comradeship, Roy and Martin renew their question if Joe accepts the job and agrees to go to Washington. When Joe starts to hesitate, Roy pulls out a letter from the New York State Bar Association with a notice that Roy is going to be tried and disbar. He tells Joe that he needs somebody in the Justice Department to prevent his disbarment and that Joe is the best person for that job. Joe reacts to the plan saying it is unethical and he cannot do it. Only after Roy burst out with anger shouting that he is going to be a lawyer until he dies does Joe promises to think more about this proposal.

==Notes==
*'''Liberalism''' (69) - an ideology, philosophy, and political [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism tradition] which holds liberty as the primary political value.

*'''New Deal Socialism''' (69) - the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Deal name] given to the series of programs implemented between 1933-37 under [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt President Franklin D. Roosevelt] with the goal of relief, recovery and reform of the United States economy during the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Depression Great Depression].

*'''Bolsheviks''' (70) - [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolsheviks members] of the Marxist Russian Social-Democratic Labour Party's Bolshevik faction. Bolsheviks had an extreme socialist and internationalist outlook, and were opponents of the Russian traditional statehood and the Russian Orthodox Church.

*'''"...turned St. Petersburg into Leningrad..."''' (70) - Roy is referring to [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Petersburg St. Petersburg, Russia], which became known as Leningrad in 1924 in honor of the Bolshevik leader Vladimir Lenin, who led the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_Revolution October Revolution]. It was later changed back to St. Petersburg in 1991, after the collapse of the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union Soviet Union].

*'''Marx and Engels''' (70) - [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marx Karl Marx] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Engels Friedrich Engels] were the co-founders of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxism Marxism] and the authors of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Communist_Manifesto ''The Communist Manifesto''].

*'''Lenin and Trotsky''' (70) - [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin Vladimir Lenin] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Trotsky Leon Trotsky] were both Bolshevik revolutionaries in Russia during the early 20th century.

*'''Josef Stalin and Franklin D. Roosevelt''' (70) - [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Stalin Stalin], leader of the Soviet Union from 1924 to 1953, and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt Roosevelt], the U.S. President from 1933 to 1945, were allies during [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II World War II].

*'''New York State Bar Association''' (71) - Founded in Albany in November of 1871, the [http://www.nysba.org NYSBA] is now the largest [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Bar_Association association] of lawyers in the U.S., with about 72,000 members.

*'''Brahmin''' (73) - a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmin] member of a certain division of the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism Hindu] [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caste_system caste system].

*'''"ipso facto secular humanism"''' (73) - The phrase [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipso_facto "ipso facto"] is Latin in origin and, when used in a religious context, indicates an individual guilty of specified actions considered unlawful by a committee, resulting in removal of membership from the religious group. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secular_humanism Secular humanism] is a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanism humanist] philosophy that upholds reason, ethics, and justice and rejects rituals and ceremonies as a means to affirm their life stance.

==Commentary==
Religion, Judaism in particular, plays a very important role in Tony Kushner's ''Angels in America''. Kushner himself is Jewish, even though he doesn't care much for the religion and instead calls himself a "serious agnostic" (Glenn).
[[Image:Kushner.jpg|right|thumb|''Tony Kushner'']]

One of the characters through which Judaism is represented is Roy Cohn, a divorce lawyer who has been diagnosed with AIDS. Roy is very ambitious, which is shown through his enthusiastic overuse of the telephone system in his office. He uses everything and everyone, especially the law, to his best advantage.

While Roy claims to not be a religious person, he actually just has a very different way of identifying with his Jewish faith (Glenn). He realizes that his faith, as well as his sexuality, would most likely get in the way of his political aspirations so he chooses not to fully embrace these lifestyles. "I'm about to be tried, Joe, by a jury that is not a jury of my peers. The disbarment committee: genteel gentlemen Brahmin lawyers, country-club men. I offend them, to these men ... I'm what, Martin, some sort of filthy little Jewish troll?" (72-73). He believes that his job is affected by his religion, the same way he believes it would be in jeopardy if he publicly announced that he is "homosexual" and has AIDS. As a result, he attempts to hide it all in hope that it will not threaten his political reputation.

Another Jewish character is Louis Ironson. He is also rather detached from his faith, calling himself "an intensely secular Jew" (256) and instead developing "his own philosophy of life" (Glenn). He doesn't speak any Yiddish, he didn't have a Bar Mitzvah, and he does not know the Kaddish (nor what language it's in, for that matter). He criticizes Judaism, insisting that "It should be the questions and shape of a life, its total complexity gathered, arranged, and considered, which matters in the end, not some stamp of salvation or damnation which disperses all the complexity in some unsatisfying little decision - the balancing of the scale" (44-45).

Kushner says that Louis is "the closest thing to an autobiographical character he has ever created" (Glenn). They are both homosexual Jews who are uncertain about their family's religion. Kushner also claims that his family went to a very "Reform" Jewish congregation. "We didn't know Yiddish, we didn't know Hebrew, we didn't know prayers" (Glenn).

Though Louis and Roy are ''very'' different characters, they both, like Kushner, have strayed from their Jewish roots and developed their own views on life.

==Study Questions==
#Why does Roy ask Martin to rub his back?
#Who is Roy's letter from? What does it say?
#Why does Roy say he is being disbarred?
#What is the actual reason for his being disbarred?
#Why does Roy want Joe to take the job in Washington?

==External Resources==
*[http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/index.html Jewish Virtual Library]
*[http://www.nysba.org/ New York State Bar Association]

==Works Cited==
* Glenn, Lane A.. "Angels in America." ''Drama for Students''. Gale, 1999.
*Kushner, Tony. ''Angels in America''. New York: Theatre Communications Group, 1995.
----
[[Angels in America | In Vitro Act 2 Scene 7]]
[[Category:Literature]]

Millennium Approaches 2.6

2006-04-21T20:21:04Z

DTran: /* Summary */

==Summary==
The scene takes place in a fancy Manhattan restaurant. Joe, Roy and a new character, Martin, who tells them how things are going in Washington, how the Republicans are going to gain full control of the Supreme Court, then the White House and finally the Senate and the whole Congress. After the talk changes to comradeship, Roy and Martin renew their question if Joe accepts the job and agrees to go to Washington. When Joe starts to hesitate, Roy pulls out a letter from the New York State Bar Association with a notice that Roy is going to be tried and disbar. He tells Joe that he needs somebody in the Justice Department to prevent his disbarment and that Joe is the best person for that job. Joe reacts to the plan saying it is unethical and he cannot do it. Only after Roy burst out with anger shouting that he is going to be a lawyer until he dies does Joe promises to think more about this proposal.

==Notes==
*'''Liberalism''' (69) - an ideology, philosophy, and political [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism tradition] which holds liberty as the primary political value.

*'''New Deal Socialism''' (69) - the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Deal name] given to the series of programs implemented between 1933-37 under [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt President Franklin D. Roosevelt] with the goal of relief, recovery and reform of the United States economy during the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Depression Great Depression].

*'''Bolsheviks''' (70) - [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolsheviks members] of the Marxist Russian Social-Democratic Labour Party's Bolshevik faction. Bolsheviks had an extreme socialist and internationalist outlook, and were opponents of the Russian traditional statehood and the Russian Orthodox Church.

*'''"...turned St. Petersburg into Leningrad..."''' (70) - Roy is referring to [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Petersburg St. Petersburg, Russia], which became known as Leningrad in 1924 in honor of the Bolshevik leader Vladimir Lenin, who led the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_Revolution October Revolution]. It was later changed back to St. Petersburg in 1991, after the collapse of the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union Soviet Union].

*'''Marx and Engels''' (70) - [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marx Karl Marx] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Engels Friedrich Engels] were the co-founders of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxism Marxism] and the authors of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Communist_Manifesto ''The Communist Manifesto''].

*'''Lenin and Trotsky''' (70) - [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin Vladimir Lenin] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Trotsky Leon Trotsky] were both Bolshevik revolutionaries in Russia during the early 20th century.

*'''Josef Stalin and Franklin D. Roosevelt''' (70) - [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Stalin Stalin], leader of the Soviet Union from 1924 to 1953, and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt Roosevelt], the U.S. President from 1933 to 1945, were allies during [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II World War II].

*'''New York State Bar Association''' (71) - Founded in Albany in November of 1871, the [http://www.nysba.org NYSBA] is now the largest [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Bar_Association association] of lawyers in the U.S., with about 72,000 members.

*'''Brahmin''' (73) - a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmin] member of a certain division of the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism Hindu] [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caste_system caste system].

*'''"ipso facto secular humanism"''' (73) - The phrase [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipso_facto "ipso facto"] is Latin in origin and, when used in a religious context, indicates an individual guilty of specified actions considered unlawful by a committee, resulting in removal of membership from the religious group. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secular_humanism Secular humanism] is a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanism humanist] philosophy that upholds reason, ethics, and justice and rejects rituals and ceremonies as a means to affirm their life stance.

==Commentary==
Religion, Judaism in particular, plays a very important role in Tony Kushner's ''Angels in America''. Kushner himself is Jewish, even though he doesn't care much for the religion and instead calls himself a "serious agnostic" (Glenn).
[[Image:Kushner.jpg|right|thumb|''Tony Kushner'']]

One of the characters through which Judaism is represented is Roy Cohn, a divorce lawyer who has been diagnosed with AIDS. Roy is very ambitious, which is shown through his enthusiastic overuse of the telephone system in his office. He uses everything and everyone, especially the law, to his best advantage.

While Roy claims to not be a religious person, he actually just has a very different way of identifying with his Jewish faith (Glenn). He realizes that his faith, as well as his sexuality, would most likely get in the way of his political aspirations so he chooses not to fully embrace these lifestyles. "I'm about to be tried, Joe, by a jury that is not a jury of my peers. The disbarment committee: genteel gentlemen Brahmin lawyers, country-club men. I offend them, to these men ... I'm what, Martin, some sort of filthy little Jewish troll?" (72-73). He believes that his job is affected by his religion, the same way he believes it would be in jeopardy if he publicly announced that he is "homosexual" and has AIDS. As a result, he attempts to hide it all in hope that it will not threaten his political reputation.

Another Jewish character is Louis Ironson. He is also rather detached from his faith, calling himself "an intensely secular Jew" (256) and instead developing "his own philosophy of life" (Glenn). He doesn't speak any Yiddish, he didn't have a Bar Mitzvah, and he does not know the Kaddish (nor what language it's in, for that matter). He criticizes Judaism, insisting that "It should be the questions and shape of a life, its total complexity gathered, arranged, and considered, which matters in the end, not some stamp of salvation or damnation which disperses all the complexity in some unsatisfying little decision - the balancing of the scale" (44-45).

Kushner says that Louis is "the closest thing to an autobiographical character he has ever created" (Glenn). They are both homosexual Jews who are uncertain about their family's religion. Kushner also claims that his family went to a very "Reform" Jewish congregation. "We didn't know Yiddish, we didn't know Hebrew, we didn't know prayers" (Glenn).

Though Louis and Roy are ''very'' different characters, they both, like Kushner, have strayed from their Jewish roots and developed their own views on life.

==Study Questions==
#Why does Roy ask Martin to rub his back?
#Who is Roy's letter from? What does it say?
#Why does Roy say he is being disbarred?
#What is the actual reason for his being disbarred?
#Why does Roy want Joe to take the job in Washington?

==External Resources==
*[http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/index.html Jewish Virtual Library]

==Works Cited==
* Glenn, Lane A.. "Angels in America." ''Drama for Students''. Gale, 1999.
*Kushner, Tony. ''Angels in America''. New York: Theatre Communications Group, 1995.
----
[[Angels in America | In Vitro Act 2 Scene 7]]
[[Category:Literature]]

Millennium Approaches 1.6

2006-04-20T21:57:12Z

DTran:

==Summary==
Joe, Roy and Martin are in a restaurant in Manhattan. Martin tells them how things are going in Washington, how the Republicans are going to gain full control of the Supreme Court, then the White House and finally the Senate and the whole Congress. After the talk changes to comradeship, Roy and Martin renew their question if Joe accepts the job and agrees to go to Washington. When Joe starts to hesitate, Roy pulls out a letter from the New York State Bar Association with a notice that Roy is going to be tried and disbar. He tells Joe that he needs somebody in the Justice Department to prevent his disbarment and that Joe is the best person for that job. Joe reacts to the plan saying it is unethical and he cannot do it. Only after Roy burst out with anger shouting that he is going to be a lawyer until he dies does Joe promises to think more about this proposal.

==Notes==
*[http://www.heritage.org/About/Staff/EdwinMeese.cfm Meese, Edwin III] – U.S. attorney general under the Reagan’s administration.

*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolshevik Bolsheviks] – political group led by [http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/lenin_vladimir.shtml Vladimir Lenin] which seized power in Russia in 1917 after a revolution and started the Soviet Union.

*[http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/marx_karl.shtml Marx, Karl] – nineteenth-century thinker and philosopher who became the father of communism after his writings and ideologies became the foundations of many political systems in Europe in the 20th century.

*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Engels Engels, Friedrich] – German political philosopher and partner of [[Marx]], with whom he created the foundations for communism.

*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Trotsky Trotsky, Leon] – key figure in the post-revolution Russia.

*[http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/stalin_joseph.shtml Stalin, Joseph] – powerful and murderous dictator of the Soviet Union after the death of Lenin.

==Commentary==

==Study Questions==
#Who is Mr. Martin Heller and where does he work?
#What does Roy ask him to do in the restaurant in front of Joe?
#Why does New York State Bar Association want to disbar Roy?
#How is Joe expected to help Roy once he starts working in the Justice Department?
#What does Roy say he wants to do until the last day of his life?

==External Resources==
[http://www.nysba.org/ New York State Bar Association]

==Works Cited==

---------
[[Angels in America | Millennium Approaches Act 1 Scene 7]]

[[Category:Literature]]

Breakfast at Tiffany's Section 4

2006-03-23T04:44:45Z

DTran: /* Works Cited */

==Summary==

[[Image:Slice-capote-movie-oct-05.jpg|thumb|Philip Seymour Hoffman plays Truman Capote in 2005 sony film]]On a Monday in October 1943, the narrator and Holly Golightly start off their day by drinking Manhattans and champagne cocktails at Joe Bell's bar. Later, they walk down to Fifth Avenue to watch a military parade passing by. The narrator and Holly eat lunch in Central Park, and walk around the park spending a lot of time at an old boathouse site on the lake. The narrator and Holly avoid the zoo because Holly dislikes seeing anything in a cage.

The narrator tells Holly stories of his difficult childhood. Holly talks about hers too, telling the stories of her happy childhood, at which point the narrator asks if her stories are true: did she really run away at fourteen? Holly responds by rubbing her nose and stating that the stories has been made up, only because she did not want to seem like she was competing with the narrator over who had a worse childhood. The narrator and Holly stop discussing their childhood, and Holly wants to go looking for peanut butter for her brother Fred. [[Image:Holly Golightly.jpg|thumb|left|Audrey Hepburn as Holly Golightly]]The narrator and Holly spend the rest of the afternoon going through a multitude of stores searching for peanut butter - which due to the war is hard to find - and end up with only six jars.

As the narrator and Holly pass a Woolworth’s, Holly pulls the narrator into the store and talks him into stealing Halloween masks. The two of them put on masks while the sales lady is occupied, and walk out. They run a few blocks away, not because they are being chased, but from the exhilaration of stealing. Holly tells the narrator how she had to steal in the past just to get by, and how she likes to steal things once in a while just to stay in practice.

==Notes==

*'''Delicatessen''' (55) — a type of food store. A North American delicatessen is often referred to, informally or affectionately, as a deli.(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delicatessen). A delicatessen on Third Avenue is where the narrator and Holly Golightly buy the last of six jars of peanut butter.
*'''Fifth Avenue''' (53) — a major thoroughfare in the center of the boroughs of Manhattan and the Bronx in New York City, USA; a symbol of wealthy New York (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifth_Avenue). The narrator and Holly Golightly wander to Fifth Avenue where a parade is going on.
*'''Manhattans''' (53) — a cocktail consisting of vermouth, whiskey, and sometimes a dash of bitters. (http://www.m-w.com/dictionary/manhattan). The narrator and Holly enjoy Manhattans one day at Joe Bell's bar.
*'''Peanut butter''' (54) — a food product usually consisting of roasted and ground peanuts, usually salted and sometimes sweetened. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peanut_butter). Holly decides to send her brother Fred six jars of peanut butter that he loved.
*'''Woolworth's''' (55) — an extensive chain of five-and-ten-cent stores throughout the U.S. (http://www.m-w.com/dictionary/woolworth). As the narrator and Holly pass a Woolworth's store, she asks the narrator to steal something with her. They leave the store wearing stolen Halloween masks.

==Commentary==
Holly's dislike for cages emulates her own feelings that she does not like to be caged or tied down. She does not want to be attached to anybody nor anything until she finds a place of her own; a place she could call her home. She wants to remain an independent spirit. What she does not realize, however, is that even with her attempts to keep herself distanced from everyone, she still has an impact on their lives; she is still a part of their lives.

Despite the friendship that exists between the narrator and Holly, the sister-brother-like relationship (Garson 87), Holly does not give the narrator the true account of her childhood, when she is asked about it. Instead of telling about the difficult life and her running away from it, she tells him about times full of swimming in the summer, Christmas trees, pretty cousins and parties (54). For her, fictionalizing, inventing stories and hiding behind a mask is better than facing the reality because the truth is too painful and may sometimes bring on the "mean blues" (sadness) or the "mean reds" (fear) (Garson 82-83).

Fred, Holly's brother, is also the most important person to her. He is so close to her that Holly even envisions herself, some time in the near future, in a house in Mexico, near the sea, where she and Fred could live together (Garson 85). He is the only person whom she really loves and cares about. There is such a big bond between them that even on that day, the day of celebration of the narrator's success, Holly still remembers about her brother. In spite of the scarcity of many products during the World War II due to a great demand on them overseas, she decides to find some jars of peanut butter, which Fred loves, to send to him.

"Her rules are her own, derived from a desire for independence and the need to survive in a world she has known to be cruel or indifferent to those who are unprotected" ( Garson 82) plus "her irresponsibilty, childlike unself-consciousness [...] fantasy existence [and] living [...] devoted to having fun" (81) are the reasons why she ever started stealing and keeps doing that, particularly on that day with the narrator. Even if her earlier thefts were a necessity for her and her brother to survive, the act of stealing of the Halloween masks from Woolworth's is, according to Miss Golightly, just for fun.

==Study Questions==
#Why do the narrator and Holly avoid the zoo?
#Holly had been on her own since what age?
#With whom is the saleslady occupied when the narrator and Holly enter the store?
#What do they steal?
#What does Holly say that she should send Fred?
#This section takes place during what season?
#How do they start the day off?
#Why did Holly say that she stole every now and then?

==External Resources==
* [http://www.capotebio.com/ Biography on Truman Capote]

* [http://www.ansoniadesign.com/capote/ A Black & White Tribute to Truman Capote]

==Works Cited==
* Capote, Truman. ''Breakfast at Tiffany's''. New York: Vintage Books - A division of Random House, 1993.

* Garson, Helen S. ''Truman Capote.'' New York, Frederick Ungar Publishing Co. 1980

* Pugh, Tsion. ''Capote's Breakfast at Tiffany's.'' Capote's Breakfast at Tiffany's Fall 2002: 51-53.

* Smith, Liz. ''My Friend Truman Capote.'' Harper's Bazaar March 2006: 426-428.

----
[[Breakfast at Tiffany's Section 3|Section three]] | [[Breakfast at Tiffany's]] | [[Breakfast at Tiffany's Section 5|Section five]]
[[Category:Literature]]

Breakfast at Tiffany's Section 4

2006-03-23T04:26:25Z

DTran: /* Commentary */ Corrected punctuation in the last line

==Summary==

[[Image:Slice-capote-movie-oct-05.jpg|thumb|Philip Seymour Hoffman plays Truman Capote in 2005 sony film]]On a Monday in October 1943, the narrator and Holly Golightly start off their day by drinking Manhattans and champagne cocktails at Joe Bell's bar. Later, they walk down to Fifth Avenue to watch a military parade passing by. The narrator and Holly eat lunch in Central Park, and walk around the park spending a lot of time at an old boathouse site on the lake. The narrator and Holly avoid the zoo because Holly dislikes seeing anything in a cage.

The narrator tells Holly stories of his difficult childhood. Holly talks about hers too, telling the stories of her happy childhood, at which point the narrator asks if her stories are true: did she really run away at fourteen? Holly responds by rubbing her nose and stating that the stories has been made up, only because she did not want to seem like she was competing with the narrator over who had a worse childhood. The narrator and Holly stop discussing their childhood, and Holly wants to go looking for peanut butter for her brother Fred. [[Image:Holly Golightly.jpg|thumb|left|Audrey Hepburn as Holly Golightly]]The narrator and Holly spend the rest of the afternoon going through a multitude of stores searching for peanut butter - which due to the war is hard to find - and end up with only six jars.

As the narrator and Holly pass a Woolworth’s, Holly pulls the narrator into the store and talks him into stealing Halloween masks. The two of them put on masks while the sales lady is occupied, and walk out. They run a few blocks away, not because they are being chased, but from the exhilaration of stealing. Holly tells the narrator how she had to steal in the past just to get by, and how she likes to steal things once in a while just to stay in practice.

==Notes==

*'''Delicatessen''' (55) — a type of food store. A North American delicatessen is often referred to, informally or affectionately, as a deli.(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delicatessen). A delicatessen on Third Avenue is where the narrator and Holly Golightly buy the last of six jars of peanut butter.
*'''Fifth Avenue''' (53) — a major thoroughfare in the center of the boroughs of Manhattan and the Bronx in New York City, USA; a symbol of wealthy New York (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifth_Avenue). The narrator and Holly Golightly wander to Fifth Avenue where a parade is going on.
*'''Manhattans''' (53) — a cocktail consisting of vermouth, whiskey, and sometimes a dash of bitters. (http://www.m-w.com/dictionary/manhattan). The narrator and Holly enjoy Manhattans one day at Joe Bell's bar.
*'''Peanut butter''' (54) — a food product usually consisting of roasted and ground peanuts, usually salted and sometimes sweetened. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peanut_butter). Holly decides to send her brother Fred six jars of peanut butter that he loved.
*'''Woolworth's''' (55) — an extensive chain of five-and-ten-cent stores throughout the U.S. (http://www.m-w.com/dictionary/woolworth). As the narrator and Holly pass a Woolworth's store, she asks the narrator to steal something with her. They leave the store wearing stolen Halloween masks.

==Commentary==
Holly's dislike for cages emulates her own feelings that she does not like to be caged or tied down. She does not want to be attached to anybody nor anything until she finds a place of her own; a place she could call her home. She wants to remain an independent spirit. What she does not realize, however, is that even with her attempts to keep herself distanced from everyone, she still has an impact on their lives; she is still a part of their lives.

Despite the friendship that exists between the narrator and Holly, the sister-brother-like relationship (Garson 87), Holly does not give the narrator the true account of her childhood, when she is asked about it. Instead of telling about the difficult life and her running away from it, she tells him about times full of swimming in the summer, Christmas trees, pretty cousins and parties (54). For her, fictionalizing, inventing stories and hiding behind a mask is better than facing the reality because the truth is too painful and may sometimes bring on the "mean blues" (sadness) or the "mean reds" (fear) (Garson 82-83).

Fred, Holly's brother, is also the most important person to her. He is so close to her that Holly even envisions herself, some time in the near future, in a house in Mexico, near the sea, where she and Fred could live together (Garson 85). He is the only person whom she really loves and cares about. There is such a big bond between them that even on that day, the day of celebration of the narrator's success, Holly still remembers about her brother. In spite of the scarcity of many products during the World War II due to a great demand on them overseas, she decides to find some jars of peanut butter, which Fred loves, to send to him.

"Her rules are her own, derived from a desire for independence and the need to survive in a world she has known to be cruel or indifferent to those who are unprotected" ( Garson 82) plus "her irresponsibilty, childlike unself-consciousness [...] fantasy existence [and] living [...] devoted to having fun" (81) are the reasons why she ever started stealing and keeps doing that, particularly on that day with the narrator. Even if her earlier thefts were a necessity for her and her brother to survive, the act of stealing of the Halloween masks from Woolworth's is, according to Miss Golightly, just for fun.

==Study Questions==
#Why do the narrator and Holly avoid the zoo?
#Holly had been on her own since what age?
#With whom is the saleslady occupied when the narrator and Holly enter the store?
#What do they steal?
#What does Holly say that she should send Fred?
#This section takes place during what season?
#How do they start the day off?
#Why did Holly say that she stole every now and then?

==External Resources==
* [http://www.capotebio.com/ Biography on Truman Capote]

* [http://www.ansoniadesign.com/capote/ A Black & White Tribute to Truman Capote]

==Works Cited==
* Capote, Truman. ''Breakfast at Tiffany's''. New York: Vintage Books - A division of Random House, 1993.

* Pugh, Tsion. "Capote's Breakfast at Tiffany's". Capote's Breakfast at Tiffany's Fall 2002: 51-53.

* Smith, Liz. "My Friend Truman Capote". Harper's Bazaar March 2006: 426-428.

----
[[Breakfast at Tiffany's Section 3|Section three]] | [[Breakfast at Tiffany's]] | [[Breakfast at Tiffany's Section 5|Section five]]
[[Category:Literature]]

Breakfast at Tiffany's Section 4

2006-03-23T04:23:51Z

DTran: /* Commentary */

==Summary==

[[Image:Slice-capote-movie-oct-05.jpg|thumb|Philip Seymour Hoffman plays Truman Capote in 2005 sony film]]On a Monday in October 1943, the narrator and Holly Golightly start off their day by drinking Manhattans and champagne cocktails at Joe Bell's bar. Later, they walk down to Fifth Avenue to watch a military parade passing by. The narrator and Holly eat lunch in Central Park, and walk around the park spending a lot of time at an old boathouse site on the lake. The narrator and Holly avoid the zoo because Holly dislikes seeing anything in a cage.

The narrator tells Holly stories of his difficult childhood. Holly talks about hers too, telling the stories of her happy childhood, at which point the narrator asks if her stories are true: did she really run away at fourteen? Holly responds by rubbing her nose and stating that the stories has been made up, only because she did not want to seem like she was competing with the narrator over who had a worse childhood. The narrator and Holly stop discussing their childhood, and Holly wants to go looking for peanut butter for her brother Fred. [[Image:Holly Golightly.jpg|thumb|left|Audrey Hepburn as Holly Golightly]]The narrator and Holly spend the rest of the afternoon going through a multitude of stores searching for peanut butter - which due to the war is hard to find - and end up with only six jars.

As the narrator and Holly pass a Woolworth’s, Holly pulls the narrator into the store and talks him into stealing Halloween masks. The two of them put on masks while the sales lady is occupied, and walk out. They run a few blocks away, not because they are being chased, but from the exhilaration of stealing. Holly tells the narrator how she had to steal in the past just to get by, and how she likes to steal things once in a while just to stay in practice.

==Notes==

*'''Delicatessen''' (55) — a type of food store. A North American delicatessen is often referred to, informally or affectionately, as a deli.(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delicatessen). A delicatessen on Third Avenue is where the narrator and Holly Golightly buy the last of six jars of peanut butter.
*'''Fifth Avenue''' (53) — a major thoroughfare in the center of the boroughs of Manhattan and the Bronx in New York City, USA; a symbol of wealthy New York (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifth_Avenue). The narrator and Holly Golightly wander to Fifth Avenue where a parade is going on.
*'''Manhattans''' (53) — a cocktail consisting of vermouth, whiskey, and sometimes a dash of bitters. (http://www.m-w.com/dictionary/manhattan). The narrator and Holly enjoy Manhattans one day at Joe Bell's bar.
*'''Peanut butter''' (54) — a food product usually consisting of roasted and ground peanuts, usually salted and sometimes sweetened. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peanut_butter). Holly decides to send her brother Fred six jars of peanut butter that he loved.
*'''Woolworth's''' (55) — an extensive chain of five-and-ten-cent stores throughout the U.S. (http://www.m-w.com/dictionary/woolworth). As the narrator and Holly pass a Woolworth's store, she asks the narrator to steal something with her. They leave the store wearing stolen Halloween masks.

==Commentary==
Holly's dislike for cages emulates her own feelings that she does not like to be caged or tied down. She does not want to be attached to anybody nor anything until she finds a place of her own; a place she could call her home. She wants to remain an independent spirit. What she does not realize, however, is that even with her attempts to keep herself distanced from everyone, she still has an impact on their lives; she is still a part of their lives.

Despite the friendship that exists between the narrator and Holly, the sister-brother-like relationship (Garson 87), when she is asked, Holly does not give the narrator the true account of her childhood. Instead of telling about the difficult life and her running away from it, she tells him about times full of swimming in the summer, Christmas trees, pretty cousins and parties (54). For her, fictionalizing, inventing stories and hiding behind a mask is better than facing the reality because the truth is too painful and may sometimes bring on the "mean blues" (sadness) or the "mean reds" (fear) (Garson 82-83).

Fred, Holly's brother, is also the most important person to her. He is so close to her that Holly even envisions herself, some time in the near future, in a house in Mexico, near the sea, where she and Fred could live together (Garson 85). He is the only person whom she really loves and cares about. There is such a big bond between them that even on that day, the day of celebration of the narrator's success, Holly still remembers about her brother. In spite of the scarcity of many products during the World War II due to a great demand on them overseas, she decides to find some jars of peanut butter, which Fred loves, to send to him.

"Her rules are her own, derived from a desire for independence and the need to survive in a world she has known to be cruel or indifferent to those who are unprotected" ( Garson 82) plus "her irresponsibilty, childlike unself-consciousness [...] fantasy existence [and] living [...] devoted to having fun" (81) are the reasons why she ever started stealing and keeps doing that, particularly on that day with the narrator. Even if her earlier thefts were a necessity for her and her brother to survive, the act of stealing of the Halloween masks from Woolworth's is according to Miss Golightly just for fun.

==Study Questions==
#Why do the narrator and Holly avoid the zoo?
#Holly had been on her own since what age?
#With whom is the saleslady occupied when the narrator and Holly enter the store?
#What do they steal?
#What does Holly say that she should send Fred?
#This section takes place during what season?
#How do they start the day off?
#Why did Holly say that she stole every now and then?

==External Resources==
* [http://www.capotebio.com/ Biography on Truman Capote]

* [http://www.ansoniadesign.com/capote/ A Black & White Tribute to Truman Capote]

==Works Cited==
* Capote, Truman. ''Breakfast at Tiffany's''. New York: Vintage Books - A division of Random House, 1993.

* Pugh, Tsion. "Capote's Breakfast at Tiffany's". Capote's Breakfast at Tiffany's Fall 2002: 51-53.

* Smith, Liz. "My Friend Truman Capote". Harper's Bazaar March 2006: 426-428.

----
[[Breakfast at Tiffany's Section 3|Section three]] | [[Breakfast at Tiffany's]] | [[Breakfast at Tiffany's Section 5|Section five]]
[[Category:Literature]]

Breakfast at Tiffany's Section 4

2006-03-21T16:55:46Z

DTran:

==Summary==

On a Monday in October 1943, the narrator and Holly Golightly start off their day by drinking Manhattans and champagne cocktails at Joe Bell's bar. Later, they walk down to Fifth Avenue to watch a military parade passing by. The narrator and Holly eat lunch in Central Park, and walk around the park spending a lot of time at an old boathouse site on the lake. The narrator and Holly avoid the zoo because Holly dislikes seeing anything in a cage.

The narrator tells Holly stories of his difficult childhood. Holly talks about hers too, telling the stories of her happy childhood, at which point the narrator asks if her stories are true: did she really run away at fourteen? Holly responds by rubbing her nose and stating that the stories has been made up, only because she did not want to seem like she was competing with the narrator over who had a worse childhood. The narrator and Holly stop discussing their childhood, and Holly wants to go looking for peanut butter for her brother Fred. The narrator and Holly spend the rest of the afternoon going through a multitude of stores searching for peanut butter - which due to the war is hard to find - and end up with only six jars.

As the narrator and Holly pass a Woolworth’s, Holly pulls the narrator into the store and talks him into stealing Halloween masks. The two of them put on masks while the sales lady is occupied, and walk out. They run a few blocks away, not because they are being chased, but from the exhilaration of stealing. Holly tells the narrator how she had to steal in the past just to get by, and how she likes to steal things once in a while just to stay in practice.

==Notes==

*'''Delicatessen''' (55) — a type of food store. A North American delicatessen is often referred to, informally or affectionately, as a deli.(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delicatessen). A delicatessen on Third Avenue is where the narrator and Holly Golightly buy the last of six jars of peanut butter.
*'''Fifth Avenue''' (53) — a major thoroughfare in the center of the boroughs of Manhattan and the Bronx in New York City, USA; a symbol of wealthy New York (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifth_Avenue). The narrator and Holly Golightly wander to Fifth Avenue where a parade is going on.
*'''Manhattans''' (53) — a cocktail consisting of vermouth, whiskey, and sometimes a dash of bitters. (http://www.m-w.com/dictionary/manhattan). The narrator and Holly enjoy Manhattans one day at Joe Bell's bar.
*'''Peanut butter''' (54) — a food product usually consisting of roasted and ground peanuts, usually salted and sometimes sweetened. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peanut_butter). Holly decides to send her brother Fred six jars of peanut butter that he loved.
*'''Woolworth's''' (55) — an extensive chain of five-and-ten-cent stores throughout the U.S. (http://www.m-w.com/dictionary/woolworth). As the narrator and Holly pass a Woolworth's store, she asks the narrator to steal something with her. They leave the store wearing stolen Halloween masks.

==Commentary==

==Study Questions==
#Why did the narrator and Holly avoid the zoo?
#Holly had been on her since what age?
#Who was the saleslady occupied with when the narrator and Holly entered the store?
#What did they steal?
#What did Holly say that she should send Fred?
#This section takes place during what season?
#How did they start the day off?

==External Resources==

==Works Cited==

[[Category:Literature]]

Breakfast at Tiffany's Section 4

2006-03-21T16:54:48Z

DTran:

Breakfast at Tiffany's Section 4

2006-03-21T16:19:53Z

DTran: /* Summary */

Breakfast at Tiffany's Section 4

2006-03-16T03:22:53Z

DTran:

==Summary==

On a Monday in October 1943, the narrator and Holly Golightly start off their day by drinking Manhattan’s and champagne cocktails at Joe Bell’s bar. Later, they walk down to Fifth Avenue to watch a military parade passing by. The narrator and Holly eat lunch in Central Park, and walk around the park spending a lot of time at an old boathouse site on the lake. The narrator and Holly avoid the zoo because Holly dislikes seeing anything in a cage.

The narrator tells Holly stories of his childhood and how difficult it was. Holly talks about her childhood, telling stories of her happy childhood, at which point the narrator asks if her stories are true: did she really run away at fourteen? Holly responds by rubbing her nose and stating that the stories has been made up, only because she did not want to seem like she was competing with the narrator over who had a worse childhood. The narrator and Holly stop discussing their childhood, and Holly wants to go looking for peanut butter for her brother Fred. The narrator and Holly spend the rest of the afternoon going through a multitude of stores searching for peanut butter, which due to the war is hard to find.

As the narrator and Holly pass a Woolworth’s, Holly pulls the narrator into the store and talks him into stealing Halloween masks. The two of them put on masks while the sales lady is occupied, and walk out; they run a few blocks away, not because they are being chased, but from the exhilaration of stealing. Holly tells the narrator how she had to steal in the past just to get by, and how she likes to steal things once in a while just to stay in practice.

==Notes==

*Champagne cocktails (53)—
*Delicatessen (55) —
*Fifth Avenue (53) —
*Manhattans (53) —
*Peanutbutter (54) —
*Woolworth's (55) —

==Commentary==

==Study Questions==

==External Resources==

==Works Cited==

[[Breakfast at Tiffany's]] | [[Breakfast at Tiffany's 2|Section two]] >

[[Category:Literature]]

Truman Capote

2006-03-08T15:40:00Z

DTran: /* Works Cited */

[[Image:Capote.jpg|thumb|Truman Capote]]
==Major Works==

===Novels===
Capote published his first [[novel]] in 1948, ''Other Voices, Other Rooms'', when he was twenty three years old. In 1965, afer consuming more than six years of his life, ''In Cold Blood'' was published.

===Short Stories===
In 1945, ''Miriam'' was published in the magazine ''Mademoiselle''. In 1980, ''Music for Chameleons'' was published.

===Plays and Screenplays===
Capote wrote the screenplay for ''The Innocents'', filmed by Henry James. ''The Grass Harp'' was turned into a play, but not successful.

===Others===
A musical, ''House of Flowers'', was written in 1954 with the help of Harold Arlen.

==Biography==
Capote was born in New Orleans on September 30, 1924 to Archulus Persons and Lillie Mae Faulk (Persons) with his birth name being Truman Streckfus Persons. The name Streckfus derived from the Streckfus Company that his father was currently employed with. He was born in the Touro Infirmary. During that time his parents lived in the Monteleone Hotel in New Orleans (133). He died August 25, 1984 , in Los Angeles at Joanna Carson‘s home, previous wife of Johnny Carson. He adopted the Capote surname when his mother divorced Archulus Persons and remarried Joe Capote. Before she committed suicide, Capote and his mother both admitted that she was not suited for motherhood. In the late 1970’s, Capote was treated for a drug and alcohol addiction and suffered from tic doloroux. Capote’s best friend growing up was his neighbor, Nelle Harper Lee, the author of ''To Kill a Mockingbird''. Lee based Dill Harris’s character upon Capote. He had previously based the character of Idabel Tompkins in ''Other Voices, Other Rooms'' on Nelle Harper Lee. At the age of seventeen, Capote went to work for two years at ''The New Yorker''. During those two years he wrote his first unpublished novel, ''Summer Crossing''.

==Awards==
* 1946 - ''[[O. Henry]] Memorial Award'' - established in 1918 to be given to the best stories published in magazines - for the short story ''Miriam''.

==Timeline==
* 1924 - On September 30, Truman Streckfus was born in New Orleans, LA, to Lilie Mae Faulk and Archulus Persons .

* 1942 - After dropping out of a high school in Greenwich, CT, Capote went to work for ''The New Yorker.'' "He started out in the accounting department, was transfered to the art department where he catalogued cartoons and clipped newspapers, and then was moved up to write items for the column 'The Talk of the Town' (Garson 3). In the same year, at the age of seventeen, he got his first stories accepted for publication.

* 1946 - Capote was accepted into Yaddo, a writers’ colony in New York (51); won the ''O'Henry Award'' for the short story "Miriam".

* 1948 - The year Capote's first novel - ''[[Other Voices, Other Rooms]]'' - was published. Despite the opinions both in favor and agaisnt it, the novel became a success and it instantly brought fame to its author, who was then only in his early twenties.

* 1949 - ''[[A Tree of Night and Other Stories]]'' was published. Capote labels it as the beginning of the second cycle in his development as a writer.

* 1954 - The first important film work, a screenplay ''[[Beat the Devil]]'', was written in collaboration with John Huston, a Hollywood director.

* 1958 - Capote reader's most favorite story - ''Breakfast at Tiffany's'', which ended the ten-year period of the sencond cycle - was published.

* 1966 - ''[[In Cold Blood]]'' appeared in print. It was an innovative hybrid of journalistic fact and creative fiction. This novel marked the peak in Capote's career. Capote hosted a masked ball for approximately five hundred of his closest friends in New York at the Plaza Hotel.

* 1975 - He allowed ''Esquire'' magazine to print portions of his unfinished novel, ''Answered Prayers'' as an attempt to prove that he was still alright and was not an alcohol and drug addict.

* 1980 - Capote published the last work of his life entitled ''[[Music for Chameleons]]''.

* 1984 - The writer died in Bel-Air, CA, on August 25.

==Additional Reading about the Author==

==Works Cited==

[[Category:Literature]]
* Garson, Helen S. ''Truman Capote.'' New York, Frederick Ungar Publishing Co. 1980.
* Krebs, Albin. “Truman Capote Is Dead at 59; Novelist of Style and Clarity.” ''New York Times'' 26 Aug. 1984, sec. L1+
* Long, Judy. ''Literary New Orleans''. Georgia: Hill Street Press. 1999.
* Plimpton, George. ''Truman Capote: In Which Various Friends, Enemies, Acquaintances, and Detractors Recall His Turbulent Career''. New York: Doubleday Dell Publishing Group. 1997.

Truman Capote

2006-03-08T15:39:21Z

DTran: /* Works Cited */

[[Image:Capote.jpg|thumb|Truman Capote]]
==Major Works==

===Novels===
Capote published his first [[novel]] in 1948, ''Other Voices, Other Rooms'', when he was twenty three years old. In 1965, afer consuming more than six years of his life, ''In Cold Blood'' was published.

===Short Stories===
In 1945, ''Miriam'' was published in the magazine ''Mademoiselle''. In 1980, ''Music for Chameleons'' was published.

===Plays and Screenplays===
Capote wrote the screenplay for ''The Innocents'', filmed by Henry James. ''The Grass Harp'' was turned into a play, but not successful.

===Others===
A musical, ''House of Flowers'', was written in 1954 with the help of Harold Arlen.

==Biography==
Capote was born in New Orleans on September 30, 1924 to Archulus Persons and Lillie Mae Faulk (Persons) with his birth name being Truman Streckfus Persons. The name Streckfus derived from the Streckfus Company that his father was currently employed with. He was born in the Touro Infirmary. During that time his parents lived in the Monteleone Hotel in New Orleans (133). He died August 25, 1984 , in Los Angeles at Joanna Carson‘s home, previous wife of Johnny Carson. He adopted the Capote surname when his mother divorced Archulus Persons and remarried Joe Capote. Before she committed suicide, Capote and his mother both admitted that she was not suited for motherhood. In the late 1970’s, Capote was treated for a drug and alcohol addiction and suffered from tic doloroux. Capote’s best friend growing up was his neighbor, Nelle Harper Lee, the author of ''To Kill a Mockingbird''. Lee based Dill Harris’s character upon Capote. He had previously based the character of Idabel Tompkins in ''Other Voices, Other Rooms'' on Nelle Harper Lee. At the age of seventeen, Capote went to work for two years at ''The New Yorker''. During those two years he wrote his first unpublished novel, ''Summer Crossing''.

==Awards==
* 1946 - ''[[O. Henry]] Memorial Award'' - established in 1918 to be given to the best stories published in magazines - for the short story ''Miriam''.

==Timeline==
* 1924 - On September 30, Truman Streckfus was born in New Orleans, LA, to Lilie Mae Faulk and Archulus Persons .

* 1942 - After dropping out of a high school in Greenwich, CT, Capote went to work for ''The New Yorker.'' "He started out in the accounting department, was transfered to the art department where he catalogued cartoons and clipped newspapers, and then was moved up to write items for the column 'The Talk of the Town' (Garson 3). In the same year, at the age of seventeen, he got his first stories accepted for publication.

* 1946 - Capote was accepted into Yaddo, a writers’ colony in New York (51); won the ''O'Henry Award'' for the short story "Miriam".

* 1948 - The year Capote's first novel - ''[[Other Voices, Other Rooms]]'' - was published. Despite the opinions both in favor and agaisnt it, the novel became a success and it instantly brought fame to its author, who was then only in his early twenties.

* 1949 - ''[[A Tree of Night and Other Stories]]'' was published. Capote labels it as the beginning of the second cycle in his development as a writer.

* 1954 - The first important film work, a screenplay ''[[Beat the Devil]]'', was written in collaboration with John Huston, a Hollywood director.

* 1958 - Capote reader's most favorite story - ''Breakfast at Tiffany's'', which ended the ten-year period of the sencond cycle - was published.

* 1966 - ''[[In Cold Blood]]'' appeared in print. It was an innovative hybrid of journalistic fact and creative fiction. This novel marked the peak in Capote's career. Capote hosted a masked ball for approximately five hundred of his closest friends in New York at the Plaza Hotel.

* 1975 - He allowed ''Esquire'' magazine to print portions of his unfinished novel, ''Answered Prayers'' as an attempt to prove that he was still alright and was not an alcohol and drug addict.

* 1980 - Capote published the last work of his life entitled ''[[Music for Chameleons]]''.

* 1984 - The writer died in Bel-Air, CA, on August 25.

==Additional Reading about the Author==

==Works Cited==

[[Category:Literature]]
* Krebs, Albin. “Truman Capote Is Dead at 59; Novelist of Style and Clarity.” ''New York Times'' 26 Aug. 1984, sec. L1+

* Garson, Helen S. ''Truman Capote.'' New York, Frederick Ungar Publishing Co. 1980.

* Long, Judy. ''Literary New Orleans''. Georgia: Hill Street Press. 1999.

* Plimpton, George. ''Truman Capote: In Which Various Friends, Enemies, Acquaintances, and Detractors Recall His Turbulent Career''. New York: Doubleday Dell Publishing Group. 1997.

Truman Capote

2006-03-08T15:36:01Z

DTran: /* Timeline */

[[Image:Capote.jpg|thumb|Truman Capote]]
==Major Works==

===Novels===
Capote published his first [[novel]] in 1948, ''Other Voices, Other Rooms'', when he was twenty three years old. In 1965, afer consuming more than six years of his life, ''In Cold Blood'' was published.

===Short Stories===
In 1945, ''Miriam'' was published in the magazine ''Mademoiselle''. In 1980, ''Music for Chameleons'' was published.

===Plays and Screenplays===
Capote wrote the screenplay for ''The Innocents'', filmed by Henry James. ''The Grass Harp'' was turned into a play, but not successful.

===Others===
A musical, ''House of Flowers'', was written in 1954 with the help of Harold Arlen.

==Biography==
Capote was born in New Orleans on September 30, 1924 to Archulus Persons and Lillie Mae Faulk (Persons) with his birth name being Truman Streckfus Persons. The name Streckfus derived from the Streckfus Company that his father was currently employed with. He was born in the Touro Infirmary. During that time his parents lived in the Monteleone Hotel in New Orleans (133). He died August 25, 1984 , in Los Angeles at Joanna Carson‘s home, previous wife of Johnny Carson. He adopted the Capote surname when his mother divorced Archulus Persons and remarried Joe Capote. Before she committed suicide, Capote and his mother both admitted that she was not suited for motherhood. In the late 1970’s, Capote was treated for a drug and alcohol addiction and suffered from tic doloroux. Capote’s best friend growing up was his neighbor, Nelle Harper Lee, the author of ''To Kill a Mockingbird''. Lee based Dill Harris’s character upon Capote. He had previously based the character of Idabel Tompkins in ''Other Voices, Other Rooms'' on Nelle Harper Lee. At the age of seventeen, Capote went to work for two years at ''The New Yorker''. During those two years he wrote his first unpublished novel, ''Summer Crossing''.

==Awards==
* 1946 - ''[[O. Henry]] Memorial Award'' - established in 1918 to be given to the best stories published in magazines - for the short story ''Miriam''.

==Timeline==
* 1924 - On September 30, Truman Streckfus was born in New Orleans, LA, to Lilie Mae Faulk and Archulus Persons .

* 1942 - After dropping out of a high school in Greenwich, CT, Capote went to work for ''The New Yorker.'' "He started out in the accounting department, was transfered to the art department where he catalogued cartoons and clipped newspapers, and then was moved up to write items for the column 'The Talk of the Town' (Garson 3). In the same year, at the age of seventeen, he got his first stories accepted for publication.

* 1946 - Capote was accepted into Yaddo, a writers’ colony in New York (51); won the ''O'Henry Award'' for the short story "Miriam".

* 1948 - The year Capote's first novel - ''[[Other Voices, Other Rooms]]'' - was published. Despite the opinions both in favor and agaisnt it, the novel became a success and it instantly brought fame to its author, who was then only in his early twenties.

* 1949 - ''[[A Tree of Night and Other Stories]]'' was published. Capote labels it as the beginning of the second cycle in his development as a writer.

* 1954 - The first important film work, a screenplay ''[[Beat the Devil]]'', was written in collaboration with John Huston, a Hollywood director.

* 1958 - Capote reader's most favorite story - ''Breakfast at Tiffany's'', which ended the ten-year period of the sencond cycle - was published.

* 1966 - ''[[In Cold Blood]]'' appeared in print. It was an innovative hybrid of journalistic fact and creative fiction. This novel marked the peak in Capote's career. Capote hosted a masked ball for approximately five hundred of his closest friends in New York at the Plaza Hotel.

* 1975 - He allowed ''Esquire'' magazine to print portions of his unfinished novel, ''Answered Prayers'' as an attempt to prove that he was still alright and was not an alcohol and drug addict.

* 1980 - Capote published the last work of his life entitled ''[[Music for Chameleons]]''.

* 1984 - The writer died in Bel-Air, CA, on August 25.

==Additional Reading about the Author==

==Works Cited==

[[Category:Literature]]
Krebs, Albin. “Truman Capote Is Dead at 59; Novelist of Style and Clarity.” ''New York Times'' 26 Aug. 1984, sec. L1+

Long, Judy. ''Literary New Orleans''. Georgia: Hill Street Press. 1999.

Plimpton, George. ''Truman Capote: In Which Various Friends, Enemies, Acquaintances, and Detractors Recall His Turbulent Career''. New York: Doubleday Dell Publishing Group. 1997.

Truman Capote

2006-03-08T13:53:03Z

DTran: /* Awards */

Surrealism

2006-02-23T17:18:43Z

DTran:

A movement in literature and visual art that started in France in the second decade of the twentieth century and thrived in the inter-war period. It originated from [[Dadaism]], a movement created during the First World War that created anti-art and negated reasoning, but took a different path from its precursor because surrealism used the new "'positive' ideas which were to implement the purely negative and destructive outlook of Dadaism" (Samuel 537).

The term ‘super-realism’ was first used by [[Guillaume Apollinaire]] in 1918, but ‘surrealism’ has been introduced by [[André Breton]], a former Dadaist, in his ''[http://www.tcf.ua.edu/courses/Jbutler/T340/SurManifesto/ManifestoOfSurrealism.htm Manifesto of Surrealism]'' in 1924. He defined this new movement as: “Psychic automatism in its pure state, by which one proposes to express -- verbally, by means of the written word, or in any other manner -- the actual functioning of thought. Dictated by the thought, in the absence of any control exercised by reason, exempt from any aesthetic or moral concern” (Breton).

Surrealism was based on a belief that the world of the unconscious mind, where dreams and fantasies resided, is much better than the world of the conscious mind dictated by logic and reason.

In literature, the leading character was André Breton, who defined surrealism not as a ‘poetic form’, but a ‘machine’ that recorded thoughts (Samuel). There were no aesthetic or moral boundaries that limited writers because it was spontaneity that was important. Therefore in pursue of that, many writers often applied the theories of [[Sigmund Freud]] and wrote in hypnoses. Other writers representing surrealism were [[Paul Éluard]], [[Jean Cocteau]], Guillaume Apollinaire and [[Louis Aragon]].

In paintings, surrealists tried to capture the dreams and fantasies and then reproduce them in forms available to the conscious mind (Cuddon 936). Thus in paintings strange objects with abnormal shapes, colors, and proportions were very common. By that they combined two realities together and made a ‘super-reality’ or surrealism. Among painters of surrealism there were Joan Miró, Max Ernst and famous [http://www.picasso.fr/anglais/ Pablo Picasso], and [http://www.dali-gallery.com/html/dali.php Salvador Dali].

[[Image:Persistence_of_Memory.jpg]]

"Persistence of Memory," oil on canvas by Salvador Dali, 1931; in the [http://www.moma.org/ Museum of Modern Art], New York (9.5 x 13 in.). The most famous painting of the most famous surrealist.

----

[[Literary Terms]]

----

== Works Cited ==
* Breton, André. ''[http://www.tcf.ua.edu/courses/Jbutler/T340/SurManifesto/ManifestoOfSurrealism.htm Manifesto of Surrealism.]'' 1924
* Cuddon, J.A. "Surrealism." ''A Dictionary of Literary Terms and Literary Theory.'' Third Edition. 1991
* Samuel, R.H. "Surrealism." ''Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature.'' Volume 1. 1973

[[Category:Literary Terms]][[Category:World Literature]]

Surrealism

2006-02-23T16:55:28Z

DTran:

A movement in literature and visual art that started in France in the second decade of the twentieth century and thrived in the inter-war period. It originated from [[Dadaism]], a movement created during the First World War that created anti-art and negated reasoning, but took a different path from its precursor because surrealism created new, positive form of art.

The term ‘super-realism’ was first used by [[Guillaume Apollinaire]] in 1918, but ‘surrealism’ has been introduced by [[André Breton]], a former Dadaist, in his ''[http://www.tcf.ua.edu/courses/Jbutler/T340/SurManifesto/ManifestoOfSurrealism.htm Manifesto of Surrealism]'' in 1924. He defined this new movement as: “Psychic automatism in its pure state, by which one proposes to express -- verbally, by means of the written word, or in any other manner -- the actual functioning of thought. Dictated by the thought, in the absence of any control exercised by reason, exempt from any aesthetic or moral concern” (Breton).

Surrealism was based on a belief that the world of the unconscious mind, where dreams and fantasies resided, is much better than the world of the conscious mind dictated by logic and reason.

In literature, the leading character was André Breton, who defined surrealism not as a ‘poetic form’, but a ‘machine’ that recorded thoughts. There were no aesthetic or moral boundaries that limited writers because it was spontaneity that was important. Therefore in pursue of that, many writers often applied the theories of [[Sigmund Freud]] and wrote in hypnoses. Other writers representing surrealism were [[Paul Éluard]], [[Jean Cocteau]], Guillaume Apollinaire and [[Louis Aragon]].

In paintings, surrealists tried to capture the dreams and fantasies and then reproduce them in forms available to the conscious mind. Thus in paintings strange objects with abnormal shapes, colors, and proportions were very common. By that they combined two realities together and made a ‘super-reality’ or surrealism. Among painters of surrealism there were Joan Miró, Max Ernst and famous [http://www.picasso.fr/anglais/ Pablo Picasso], and [http://www.dali-gallery.com/html/dali.php Salvador Dali].

[[Image:Persistence_of_Memory.jpg]]

"Persistence of Memory," oil on canvas by Salvador Dali, 1931; in the [http://www.moma.org/ Museum of Modern Art], New York (9.5 x 13 in.). The most famous painting of the most famous surrealist.

----

[[Literary Terms]]

----

== Works Cited ==
* Breton, André. ''[http://www.tcf.ua.edu/courses/Jbutler/T340/SurManifesto/ManifestoOfSurrealism.htm Manifesto of Surrealism.]'' 1924
* Cuddon, J.A. "Surrealism." ''A Dictionary of Literary Terms and Literary Theory.'' Third Edition. 1991
* Samuel, R.H. "Surrealism." ''Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature.'' Volume 1. 1973
* Wentworth-Sheilds, Francis William. "Surrealism." ''Encyclopaedia Britannica.'' Volume 21. 1966

[[Category:Literary Terms]][[Category:World Literature]]

Surrealism

2006-02-14T16:57:29Z

DTran:

A movement in literature and visual art that started in France in the second decade of the twentieth century and thrived in the inter-war period. It originated from [[Dadaism]], a movement created during the First World War that created anti-art and negated reasoning, but took a different path from its precursor because surrealism created new, positive form of art.

The term ‘super-realism’ was first used by [[Guillaume Apollinaire]] in 1918, but ‘surrealism’ has been introduced by [[André Breton]], a former Dadaist, in his first manifesto of surrealism ''[http://www.tcf.ua.edu/courses/Jbutler/T340/SurManifesto/ManifestoOfSurrealism.htm Manifesto of Surrealism]'' in 1924. He defined this new movement as: “Psychic automatism in its pure state, by which one proposes to express -- verbally, by means of the written word, or in any other manner -- the actual functioning of thought. Dictated by the thought, in the absence of any control exercised by reason, exempt from any aesthetic or moral concern” (Breton).

Surrealism was based on a belief that the world of the unconscious mind, where dreams and fantasies resided, is much better than the world of the conscious mind dictated by logic and reason.

In literature, the leading character was André Breton, who defined surrealism not as a ‘poetic form’, but a ‘machine’ that recorded thoughts. There were no aesthetic or moral boundaries that limited writers because it was spontaneity that was important. Therefore in pursue of that, many writers often applied the theories of [[Sigmund Freud]] and wrote in hypnoses. Other writers representing surrealism were [[Paul Éluard]], [[Jean Cocteau]], Guillaume Apollinaire and [[Louis Aragon]].

In paintings, surrealists tried to capture the dreams and fantasies and then reproduce them in forms available to the conscious mind. Thus in paintings strange objects with abnormal shapes, colors, and proportions were very common. By that they combined two realities together and made a ‘super-reality’ or surrealism. Among painters of surrealism there were Joan Miró, Max Ernst and famous [http://www.picasso.fr/anglais/ Pablo Picasso], and [http://www.dali-gallery.com/html/dali.php Salvador Dali].

[[Image:Persistence_of_Memory.jpg]]

"Persistence of Memory," oil on canvas by Salvador Dali, 1931; in the [http://www.moma.org/ Museum of Modern Art], New York (9.5 x 13 in.). The most famous painting of the most famous surrealist.

----

[[Literary Terms]]

----

== Works Cited ==
* Breton, André. ''[http://www.tcf.ua.edu/courses/Jbutler/T340/SurManifesto/ManifestoOfSurrealism.htm Manifesto of Surrealism.]'' 1924
* Cuddon, J.A. "Surrealism." ''A Dictionary of Literary Terms and Literary Theory.'' Third Edition. 1991
* Samuel, R.H. "Surrealism." ''Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature.'' Volume 1. 1973
* Wentworth-Sheilds, Francis William. "Surrealism." ''Encyclopaedia Britannica.'' Volume 21. 1966

[[Category:Literary Terms]][[Category:World Literature]]

Surrealism

2006-02-13T22:12:01Z

DTran: /* Works Cited */

a movement in literature and visual art that started in France in the second decade of the twentieth century and thrived in the inter-war period. It originated from [[Dadaism]], a movement created during the First World War that created anti-art and negated reasoning, but took a different path from its precursor because surrealism created new, positive form of art.

The term ‘super-realism’ was first used by Guillaume Apollinaire in 1918, but ‘surrealism’ has been introduced by André Breton, a former Dadaist, in his first manifesto of surrealism ''Manifeste du surréalisme'' in 1924. He defined this new movement as: “Pure psychic automatism, by which it is intended to express whether verbally or in writing, or in any other way, the real process of thought. It is the dictation of thought, free from any control by the reason and any aesthetic or moral preoccupation.” (Breton).

Surrealism was based on a belief that the world of the unconscious mind, where dreams and fantasies resided, is much better than the world of the conscious mind dictated by logic and reason.

In literature, the leading character was André Breton, who defined surrealism not as a ‘poetic form’, but a ‘machine’ that recorded thoughts. There were no aesthetic or moral boundaries that limited writers because it was spontaneity that was important. Therefore in pursue of that, many writers often applied the theories of Sigmund Freud and wrote in hypnoses. Other writers representing surrealism were Paul Éluard, Jean Cocteau, Guillaume Apollinaire and Louis Aragon.

In paintings, surrealists tried to capture the dreams and fantasies and then reproduce them in forms available to the conscious mind. Thus in paintings strange objects with abnormal shapes, colors, and proportions were very common. By that they combined two realities together and made a ‘super-reality’ or surrealism. Among painters of surrealism there were Joan Miró, Max Ernst and famous Pablo Picasso, and Salvador Dali.

[[Image:Persistence_of_Memory.jpg]]

"Persistence of Memory," oil on canvas by Salvador Dali, 1931; in the [http://www.moma.org/ Museum of Modern Art], New York (9.5 x 13 in.). The most famous painting of the most famous surrealist.

----

[[Literary Terms]]

----

== Works Cited ==
* "Surrealism." ''The New Encyclopaedia Britannica.'' Fifteenth Edition. Volume 11. 1998
* Breton, André. ''Manifesto du Surréalisme.'' 1924
* Samuel, R.H. "Surrealism." ''Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature.'' Volume 1. 1973
* Wentworth-Sheilds, Francis William. "Surrealism." ''Encyclopaedia Britannica.'' Volume 21. 1966

Surrealism

2006-02-13T22:09:51Z

DTran:

a movement in literature and visual art that started in France in the second decade of the twentieth century and thrived in the inter-war period. It originated from [[Dadaism]], a movement created during the First World War that created anti-art and negated reasoning, but took a different path from its precursor because surrealism created new, positive form of art.

The term ‘super-realism’ was first used by Guillaume Apollinaire in 1918, but ‘surrealism’ has been introduced by André Breton, a former Dadaist, in his first manifesto of surrealism ''Manifeste du surréalisme'' in 1924. He defined this new movement as: “Pure psychic automatism, by which it is intended to express whether verbally or in writing, or in any other way, the real process of thought. It is the dictation of thought, free from any control by the reason and any aesthetic or moral preoccupation.” (Breton).

Surrealism was based on a belief that the world of the unconscious mind, where dreams and fantasies resided, is much better than the world of the conscious mind dictated by logic and reason.

In literature, the leading character was André Breton, who defined surrealism not as a ‘poetic form’, but a ‘machine’ that recorded thoughts. There were no aesthetic or moral boundaries that limited writers because it was spontaneity that was important. Therefore in pursue of that, many writers often applied the theories of Sigmund Freud and wrote in hypnoses. Other writers representing surrealism were Paul Éluard, Jean Cocteau, Guillaume Apollinaire and Louis Aragon.

In paintings, surrealists tried to capture the dreams and fantasies and then reproduce them in forms available to the conscious mind. Thus in paintings strange objects with abnormal shapes, colors, and proportions were very common. By that they combined two realities together and made a ‘super-reality’ or surrealism. Among painters of surrealism there were Joan Miró, Max Ernst and famous Pablo Picasso, and Salvador Dali.

[[Image:Persistence_of_Memory.jpg]]

"Persistence of Memory," oil on canvas by Salvador Dali, 1931; in the [http://www.moma.org/ Museum of Modern Art], New York (9.5 x 13 in.). The most famous painting of the most famous surrealist.

----

[[Literary Terms]]

----

== Works Cited ==
* Wentworth-Sheilds, Francis William. "Surrealism." ''Encyclopaedia Britannica.'' Volume 21. 1966
* "Surrealism." ''The New Encyclopaedia Britannica.'' Fifteenth Edition. Volume 11. 1998
* Samuel, R.H. "Surrealism." ''Cassell's Encyclopaedia of World Literature.'' Volume 1. 1973

File:Persistence of Memory.jpg

2006-02-13T21:30:53Z

DTran:

Persistence of Memory by Salvador Dali (1931)

File:Persistence of Memory.jpg

2006-02-13T21:30:05Z

DTran: Persistence of Memory by Salvador Dali.

Persistence of Memory by Salvador Dali.