'''Masculinity''' pertains to the qualities and/or characteristics of males.<ref>"dictionary.reference.com." April 18, 2014</ref> The term is used to differentiate the male and female. Contrary to masculine are terms such as emasculate or [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Femininity feminine]. A synonymous term for masculine is [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virility virile]. There are many contexts to which the notion of the masculine male refers. For example, Shakespeare, in many of his plays, depicts societies in which his male characters are deemed as [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hegemony hegemonic].
[[Image:David-bradley-as-the-fool-002.jpg|right|Image on right]]

==Examples of Masculinity in Shakespeare==

 [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Shakespeare William Shakespeare] is perhaps the most recognized and influential writer to have ever existed. One of his writing trademarks, so to speak, is his employment of the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motif_(narrative) motif] of masculinity in many of his plays. For example, he differentiates the gender roles or qualities of his male and female characters by either showing the large disparity between the two genders or presenting moments where his male characters are emasculated such as his [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Lear ''King Lear'']. An exemplary moment of Lear's emasculation is when he is taunted by [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespearean_fool The Fool] and he says "O, how this mother swells up toward my heart!/ ''Histerica passio'' down, thou climbing sorrow;/ Thy element's below," which is read by Bruce R. Smith, in his book ''Shakespeare and Masculinity,'' as Lear's division of his upper and lower body, meaning that Lear sees his upper body as a representation of "reason" and logic, and his lower body as " [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passion_(emotion) passion].<ref>"Shakespeare and Masculinity" April 18, 2014</ref> Smith goes on to say that Lear sees the division of his upper and lower body to be gendered: "the heart that he calls 'mine' is threatened by 'this mother' from below. Lear's loss of reason...can be seen...as the triumph of this female passion within, a loss of both [ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriarchy patriarchy]] and masculine identity."

What is “subject/verb agreement”?

2014-04-24T22:55:31Z

Burneyimmanuel1: /* Verb Agreement with Indefinite Pronouns */

Making sure that the subject and verb agree in a sentence is important. When they agree correctly they will make the essay or report easier to read and understand. There are a few techniques that will need to be taken to ensure the subject and verb are in agreement.The verb in every independent or dependent clause must agree with its subject in person or number.

'''The two numbers are:'''
*'''singular'''- indicating one person or thing
*'''plural'''- indicating more than one person or thing

For the subject and verb to agree in singular or plural subjects, they must have a singular or plural verb <ref>Kirszner, Laurie G., and Stephen R. Mandell., ''The Concise Wadsworth Handbook''. Instructor's Ed. Australia: Thomson/Wadsworth, 2005, p.240. [http://www.amazon.com/Concise-Wadsworth-Handbook-Laurie-Kirszner/dp/142829192X]</ref>. The subject takes the base form of the verb in all but the third person singular to make the subject and verb agree in person. The subject and verb must comply in number. In third person singular add an ''s'' or ''es'' to the base form of the verb to make both the subject and verb agree.

'''Example:''' The dog jumps the fence.
*The subject is: '''dog'''
*The verb is: '''jumps'''

'''Example:''' The dogs jump the fence.
*The subject is: '''dogs'''
*The verb is: '''jump'''

==Compound Subjects==

Eugenia Butler states in her book ''Correct Writing'', "Compound subjects joined by "and" normally require a plural verb" <ref>Butler, Eugenia, et al., ''Correct Writing''. 6th Ed. Lexington: D.C. Hath and Company, 1995, p.143-145. [http://www.amazon.com/Correct-Writing-Eugenia-Butler/dp/0669340731]</ref>. The only instance when this is not applicable and the subjects are considered singular is when the subjects refer to the same individual or object.

'''Remember:''' "Nouns joined by '''"and"''' are thought of as a unit or actually refer to the same person or thing, the verb is normally singular".

'''Example:''' My friend Jenn and colleague Sarah are going on vacation.

'''Example:''' The restaurant owner and head chef is coming to the party. (referring to the same person, '''singular''')

When compound subjects joined by '''“or”''' or '''“nor”''', the verb follows the nearest subject.

'''Example:''' My brother or sister is throwing me a party. (nearest subject, sister, is '''singular''')

'''Example:''' Neither my boss or co-workers are feeling well today. (nearest subject, co-workers, is '''plural''')

==Verb Preceding the Subject==

Verbs sometimes come before the subject. This change in order can lead to error in agreement. It is sometimes difficult to remember when the verb comes before the subject.
Below you will find some guidelines and examples to help you.

In normal everyday English, verbs precede the subject.

'''To make questions''' "Does he?" "Can you?"

'''After 'so' 'neither', 'nor'''' "So do I", "Neither do I", "Nor do I"

In written English, as well as in a very formal style, the verb precedes the subject is in the following cases:

'''After negative adverbial expressions'''

*Under no circumstances ''can we'' accept cheques.

*In no way ''can he'' be held responsible.

*At no time ''did she say'''' she would come.

'''After adverbial expressions of place''' :

*Round the corner came the postman.

*On the doorstep was a bunch of flowers.

'''After 'seldom', 'rarely', 'never', in comparisons''' :

*''Seldom'' have I seen such a beautiful view.

*''Rarely'' did he pay anyone a compliment.

*''Never'' had I felt so happy.

'''After 'hardly', 'scarcely', 'no sooner', when one thing happens after another.''' :

*''Hardly had I begun'' to speak when I was interrupted.

*''Scarcely had we started our meal'' our meal when the phone rang.

*''No sooner had I arrived'' than they all started to argue.

'''After adverbial expressions beginning with 'only'''' :

*''Only'' after the meeting ''did I realize'' the importance of the subject.

'''After exclamations with 'here' and 'there'''' :

*''Here comes'' the winner!

*''There goes'' all our money!

==Intervening Expressions==

An intervening expression is an expression that describes the subject and should not affect the verb. These expressions are often mistaken for being the subject of the sentence. Verbs are sometimes separated by words that describe the subject. This can make it difficult to make sure that the subject and verb agree. The key is to make sure that the verb agrees with the subject and not with the word in the modifying phrase. When intervening words ending in "s", such as sometimes and always, the "s" ending still must appear on a present tense verb if the subject is singular.

'''Example:''' The evidence that they submitted to the judge was convincing.
*The subject is: '''evidence'''

*The verb is: '''was'''

The singularity of a subject is not changed by the introduction of phrases or clauses that appear to change the number of the subject.[http://www.bukisa.com/articles/89756_recognize-intervening-phrases-and-clauses]

'''Example:''' Exercise, along with proper rest, is vitally important.
*The subject is: '''exercise'''

*The Verb is: '''is'''

When intervening words ending in "s", such as sometimes and always, the "s" ending must be present on a present tense verb if the subject is singular.

'''Example:''' Her driver always makes wrong turns.

Other Common expressions that sometimes appear to change the number of the subject and verb include: ''in addition to'', ''accompanied by, ''as well as, ''plus'', and ''together with''.[http://dcpspublic.oncoursesystems.com/school/webpage/documents/G52aPC99cfTGA9dfPD/307078-420292/downloadFile.aspx]

==Verb Agreement with Indefinite Pronouns==
Some pronouns are definite in the fact that they can replace a specific noun or another pronoun. But sometimes things aren’t so clear-cut. So what do we do for a pronoun when we find ourselves in this predicament? We will use indefinite pronouns. "Indefinite pronouns refer to nonspecific persons or things" <ref>Hacker, Diana. ''A Writer's Reference''. New York, Boston: Bedford/St.Martin’s, 2003. [http://books.google.com/books?id=g489u9j0XAMC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Hacker,+Diana.+A+Writer%E2%80%99s+Reference&hl=en&sa=X&ei=U_1GU4yDO6vnsASEoIHQDw&ved=0CEQQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Hacker%2C%20Diana.%20A%20Writer%E2%80%99s%20Reference&f=false]</ref>.Some of these indefinite pronouns are always singular or always plural. But some can change their number—they can be either singular or plural, depending on the context.
There are two categories of indefinite pronouns. The first category includes pronouns that refer to a nonspecific noun. These pronouns are:
''anything'',''somebody'', ''no one'', and ''something''. An example sentence using the first category of indefinite pronouns is:

*Somebody is at the door.

The second category of indefinite pronouns are those that point to a specific noun whose meaning is easily understood only because it was previously mentioned or because the words that follow the indefinite pronoun make it clear. These pronouns are: ''both'', ''all'', ''few'', and ''either''. An example sentence using the second category of indefinite pronouns is:

*Both do well at taking tests.

==External Links==

*[http://www.dianahacker.com/writersref Diana Hacker's Companion Site].
*[http://college.cengage.com/english/raimes/digitalkeys/keyshtml/subject3.htm Subject Verb Agreement: Intervening Words].
*[https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/599/01/ Purdue University Online Writing Lab].
*[http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/sv_agr.htm Guide to Grammar and Writing: Subject Verb Agreement].
*[http://www.towson.edu/ows/moduleSVAGR.htm Self Teaching Unit: Subject Verb Agreement].
*[https://sites.google.com/a/jeffcoschools.us/rosado-grammar-expert-site/subject-verb-agreement-1--indefinite-pronouns Rosado Grammar Expert Site].

==References==
<references/>

What is “subject/verb agreement”?

2014-04-23T14:53:17Z

Burneyimmanuel1: /* Agreement with Indefinite Pronouns */

What is “subject/verb agreement”?

2014-04-23T14:52:40Z

Burneyimmanuel1:

Literary Terms

2014-04-23T14:37:22Z

Burneyimmanuel1: /* Masculine to Myth */

Every discipline has its own technical vocabulary; the study of literature is no different. In order to discuss fiction in an intelligent and competent manner, a familiarity (or literacy) with this vocabulary is crucial. Define each of the following words calling from various sources — reference books, lectures, your own reading — making clear your own understanding of the vocabulary. Feel free to define or add your own terms.

== Allegory to Bathos ==

* [[allegory]]
* [[alliteration]]
* [[allusion]]
* [[anagnorisis]]
* [[antagonist]]
* [[anti-hero]]
* [[archetype]]
* [[atmosphere]]
* [[ballad]]
* [[bathos]]

== Canon to Convention ==

* [[canon]]
* [[catharsis]]
* [[character]]
* [[climax]]
* [[colloquialism]]
* [[comedy]]
* [[conflict]]
* [[convention]]

== Deconstruction to Diatribe ==

* [[deconstruction]]
* [[dénouement]]
* [[description]]
* [[deus ex machina]]
* [[diatribe]]

== Epic Poetry to Exposition ==

* [[Epic Poetry | epic poetry]]
* [[epigraph]]
* [[epiphany]]
* [[ethos]]
* [[exegesis]]
* [[exposition]]

== Flashback to Freytag’s Formula ==

* [[figurative language]]
* [[flashback]]
* [[foil]]
* [[foreshadowing]]
* [[Freytag’s Formula]]

== Genre to Lyric ==

* [[genre]]
* [[hamartia]]
* [[hero]]
* [[heroic ideal]]
* [[hubris]]
* [[hypertext]]
* [[hypertext fiction]]
* [[imagery]]
* [[inciting action]]
* [[in medias res]]
* [[irony]]
* [[literary criticism]]
* [[literary theory]]
* [[logos]]
* [[lyric]]

== Masculinity to Myth ==
* [[masculinity]]
* [[melodrama]]
* [[metaphor]]
* [[metonymy]]
* [[milieu]]
* [[mimesis]]
* [[monologue]]
* [[motif]]
* [[mood]]
* [[myth]]

== Narration to Oration ==

* [[narration]]
* [[narrative]]
* [[narrative verse]]
* [[narrator]]
* [[novel]]
* [[novella]]
* [[onomatopoeia]]
* [[oration]]

== Pace to Protagonist ==

* [[pace]]
* [[paradox]]
* [[parody]]
* [[pathos]]
* [[peripeteia]]
* [[personification]]
* [[plot]]
* [[poiesis]]
* [[point of view]]
* [[praxis]]
* [[prose]]
* [[protagonist]]
* [[pun]]

== Resolution to Romance ==

* [[resolution]]
* [[reversal]]
* [[rhetoric]]
* [[rhyme]]
* [[rising action]]
* [[romance]]

== Satire to Syntax ==

* [[satire]]
* [[science fiction]]
* [[semantics]]
* [[setting]]
* [[short story]]
* [[simile]]
* [[stream of consciousness]]
* [[style]]
* [[subplot]]
* [[surrealism]]
* [[symbol]]
* [[synesthesia]]
* [[syntax]]

==Text to Zeugma ==

* [[text]]
* [[theme]]
* [[theoria]]
* [[tone]]
* [[tragedy]]
* [[trope]]
* [[verisimilitude]]
* [[zeugma]]

== External Links ==

* [http://web.cocc.edu/lisal/literaryterms/elements_of_literature.htm Elements of Literature] — Lisa R. Lazarescu begins by defining literature, then discusses various key aspects of the study.
* [http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072405228/student_view0/drama_glossary.html Glossary of Literary Terms] — Cursory definitions to get you on the right track from McGraw Hill’s Online Learning Center.
* [http://www.bedfordstmartins.com/literature/bedlit/glossary_a.htm Glossary of Literary Terms] — from Bedford / St. Martin’s press.
* [http://www.uky.edu/ArtsSciences/Classics/rhetoric.html A Glossary of Rhetorical Terms with Examples] — by Ross Scaife at the University of Kentucky.
* [http://www.northern.edu/benkertl/dictionary.html Literary Dictionary] — covering poetry, drama, short fiction, the novel, and literary criticism, by the students of Lysbeth Em Benkert-Rasmussen.
* [http://www.tnellen.com/cybereng/lit_terms/terms/1terms.html Literary Terms] — A comprehensive list by the students of Ted Nellen.
* [http://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/english/melani/lit_term.html Literary Terms] — Lilia Melani covers many of the basics in detail.
* [http://www.virtualsalt.com/rhetoric.htm Virtual Salt] — A handbook of rhetorical devices by Robert A. Harris.
* [http://web.ubc.ca/okanagan/critical/links.html Words of Art] — A list of terms for the study of art by Robert J. Belton at Okanagan University College.

== Credits ==

* See the LitWiki [[LitWiki:Community_Portal | Community Portal]]

[[Category:Literature]][[Category:Literary Terms]]

What is “subject/verb agreement”?

2014-04-23T14:34:01Z

Burneyimmanuel1:

What is “subject/verb agreement”?

2014-04-23T14:18:32Z

Burneyimmanuel1:

What is “subject/verb agreement”?

2014-04-23T14:18:01Z

Burneyimmanuel1:

2014-04-18T15:18:42Z

Burneyimmanuel1: /* References */

'''Masculinity''' pertains to the qualities and/or characteristics of males.<ref>"dictionary.reference.com." April 18, 2014</ref> The term is used to differentiate the male and female. Contrary to masculine are terms such as emasculate or [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Femininity feminine]. A synonymous term for masculine is [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virility virile]. There are many contexts to which the notion of the masculine male refers. For example, Shakespeare, in many of his plays, depicts societies in which his male characters are deemed as [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hegemony hegemonic].
[[Image:David-bradley-as-the-fool-002.jpg|right|Image on right]]

==Examples of Masculinity in Shakespeare==

 [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Shakespeare William Shakespeare] is perhaps the most recognized and influential writer to have ever existed. One of his writing trademarks, so to speak, is his employment of the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motif_(narrative) motif] of masculinity in many of his plays. For example, he differentiates the gender roles or qualities of his male and female characters by either showing the large disparity between the two genders or presenting moments where his male characters are emasculated such as his [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Lear ''King Lear'']. An exemplary moment of Lear's emasculation is when he is taunted by [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespearean_fool The Fool] and he says "O, how this mother swells up toward my heart!/ ''Histerica passio'' down, thou climbing sorrow;/ Thy element's below," which is read by Bruce R. Smith, in his book ''Shakespeare and Masculinity,'' as Lear's division of his upper and lower body, meaning that Lear sees his upper body as a representation of "reason" and logic, and his lower body as " [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passion_(emotion) passion]. Smith goes on to say that Lear sees the division of his upper and lower body to be gendered: "the heart that he calls 'mine' is threatened by 'this mother' from below. Lear's loss of reason...can be seen...as the triumph of this female passion within, a loss of both [ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriarchy patriarchy]] and masculine identity." Another play that closely examines the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideology ideology] of gender roles is [http://www.studymode.com/essays/Exmine-The-Masculine-And-Feminine-Representations-725792.html ''Macbeth''].

==External Links==
 [http://www.amazon.com/Shakespeare-Masculinity-Oxford-Topics/dp/0198711891 ''Shakespeare and Masculinity'']

 [http://www.studymode.com/essays/Exmine-The-Masculine-And-Feminine-Representations-725792.html ''Macbeth'']

=='''References'''== <ref>Dictionary. reference.com, [http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/masculinity?s=t"], ''Dictionary.reference.com'', date</ref>